MONDAY, DECEMBER 26, 1960
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, ORE,
Chance of Shooting War Declared To Be Less in Latter Part of Year
14 A
Miscalculation
Held Possibly
Greatest Danger
Editor'! note: A new era of III
feelfne between Kast and Wes
replaced the Camp David spirit In
19bD. The loliowlnr dlspatrti is a
assessment of event of the last
12 months and now they may af
fect war or peace.
By PHIL NEWSOM
UPI Foregin News Analyst
As I960 drew to a close, the
. world still sought peace on
earth. But chances (or a cal
culated all-out shooting war
between East and West re
ceded slightly..
For 1961, the greatest dan
gcr could be war by miscalcu
lation.
Perhaps the greatest single
deterrent to war to emerge in
1960 was the United States
atomic submarine equipped
with the nuclear-tipped Polar
is missile. It made retaliation
inevitable no matter how dev
astating a surprise Commu
nist attack.
' The atomic submarine
George Washington, with a
base on Scotland's Firth of
Clyde, is in operation and oth
ers soon will follow. .
: ' Besides the balance of wea
pons, other events indicated
Soviet Premier Nikita Khru
schev cither did not want or
was no ready for an all-out
test of arms.
I In May, Khruschev used
the incident of the US spy
plane as his excuse to torpedo
the Paris summit conference.
He accused the United
States of aggression, said such
acts inevitably would lead to
war and threatened to anni
hilate with Soviet rockets any
foreign base 'used by a U.S.
plane for landing or take-off.
Eisenhower's reply:
The U2 flights were neces
sary to ass' re the safety of
the United Slates and the free
world .against "surprise , at
tack by a power which boasts
of its ability to devastate oth
ers by missiles .,. with at
omic warheads."
Khruschev's charges of
"treachery" against the Presi
dent plunged U.S.-U.S.S.R. re
lations to their , lowest point
since the Stalin era but the
rockets remained on their
pads. On July 1, U.S. RB47
photo - reconnaisance plane
took off from its British base
on a northerly route off th
Soviet coast over the Barents
Sea. Its equipment suggested
it was to check Russian radar
defenses.
The Russians shot it down,
and charged it had pene
trated over Russian territory
Three of its crew members
were killed and two are being
held for Russian trial.
The United States introduc
ed, evidence, to show it had
been shot down over Interna
tional waters.
The delay in the trial of the
two Americans suggests that
the U.S.S.R. cannot prove its
case.
In any case, Russian prop
aganda repeated previous
threats against U.S. foreign
bases.
Three other events might
have tempted the Communists
to test their armed strength.
The governments of Turkey
and the Republic of Korea fell
Both border on Red soil, and
in the resulting chaos cither
might have been a target for
Communist intervention,
However, the Soviets refrain
ed.
Coup In Laos
The third occurred in the
Southeast Asia kingdom of
Laos after last August's coup
toppling the pro-Western Lao
tian government. Russian
arms began flowing to Red
commanders in Laos, but as
pro-Western forces appeared
to be gaining the upcr hand,
neither the Russians nor the
Red Chinese made any im
mediate moves to follow up
what had been a momentary
advantage.
Headlines recorded other
cold war tides: i
Khruschev warns France
of reborn German militar
ism." ,
French explode atomic
bomb over Sahara Desert. De
Gaulle cries, "Hurrah for
France.' " :
U.S. atomic submarine
travels submerged around the
world."
"U.S. fires Alias ICBM rec
ord 9,000 miles."
"Communists quit Geneva
disarmament talks."
Red China rejected In
United Nations."
Elsenhower orders ships
and planes to patrol coasts of
4 -fix i'MmkiLf fii$
. . ... , . ' - ' . .'v..-Ui4
AUTO PRICES HIGH-The automobile situ- East Germany's Wartburg costs $2,250. In
ation in Communist satellite countries is far this photo people study a Wartburg on dis
from bright. Prices are high compared with play at a Leipzig, Germany, consumer goods
the average wage of the satellite worker. 1 fair. (UPI Telephoto)
Guatemala and Nicaragua."
As I960 passed its midpoint
and Cuba slipped surely into
the Red orbit, Khruschev said
Red rockets would protect
Cuba against U.S. aggression
Later, he said he hoped his re
marks would be taken as symbolic.
There were indications that
at least some of Khruschev's
violent language was a cover-
up for difficulties within his
own camp.
The U2 incident had proved
Soviet defenses to be less in
vulnerable than advertised, a
public embarrassment for
Khruschev.
Crop failures were lntcrfer-
ng with Khurschcv's announ
ced intention of catching up to
nd surpassing the industrial
nd economic might of the
United States.
Finally, his theme of co
existence with the West was
meeting a more than cool re
ception from Red China, A
Communist "summit" session
which dragged on for the bet
ter part of three weeks in
Moscow resulted in a 25,000
word manifesto which gave
lip service to Khruschev.
The manifesto placed co
existence at the vop of the
Communist program. But a
pledge to aid and encourage
revolution from within na
tions not yet in the Commu
nist orbit indicated the Red
Chinese at least had won a
point.
Khruschev could not yet
say he held total sway over
world Communism.
But, while the danger of
an all out shooting war seem
ed to recede in I960, the fluid
nature of Soviet foreign pol
icy continued to move it in
our direction.
Just as Russia had moved
to absorb Cuba ideologically
and economically, so also it
was rnoving to infiltrate other
Latin American nations.
Offsetting the Soviet drive
was President Eisenhower's
enunciation of a modern-day
Monroe policy for South and
Central America and a new,
$500 million program for Lat
in America aid.
But pointing the way. for
new U.S. difficulties in 1961
and Indicating some initial
success for the Communist
drive were a rash of brush-
fire outbreaks throughout
Latin America near the year's
end.
In Japan, the Communists
were seeking to exploit the
neutralist and left-wing senti
ment which forced cancella
tion of Eisenhower's visit to
Tokyo.
There was evidence that
new Communist attempts
were being made to infiltrate
South Korea.
Africa was another special
target.
Swift action by the United
Nations prevented a take-over
by a Moscow-oriented govern
ment in the Congo.
It resulted in an all-out at
tack by Russia on Secretary-
General Dag Hammarskjold
before an unprecedented gath
ering of heads of state in the
U.N. s General Assembly.
Khurschev demanded Ham
marskjold's . resignation and
reorganization of the U.N.
either to render it powerless
or an arm of Soviet policy.
Stalemated at the. end of
1960 were all attempts toward
disarmament or a ban on nu
clear weapons tests.
Auto Situation in Communist
Satellites Far From Bright
Vienna UPu Three years
ago Hungarians remarked
wryly: "Our motorization con
sists of the diplomats' cars
and the cars that follow the
diplomats' cars."
In comparison, there is al
most a parking problem in
Budapest today. With a ratio
of one car to 8,000 inhabi
tants, one can no longer drive
confidently up to the Buda
pest opera five minutes be
fore a performance and slide
into an oversize parking space
before the door.
But the automobile situa
tion in the satellites still is
far from bright.
Parts Unavailable
In Bulgaria, complaints are
common that "innumerable"
cars stand useless because
spare parts are unavailable.
In Warsaw last February, 500
persons lined up at a car
dealer's at dawn the day sales
began, and in Lodz, Poland,
the line formed three days in
advance.
Czechoslovakia, most high
ly motorized of the Commu
nist countries, has a waiting
list of 92,000 would-be auto
mobile owners, and delivery
takes two to three years. A
thriving black market in used
cars . and gasoline goes on
throughout the curtain states
despite severe penalties on all
caught-or suspected-of such
dealings.
Although the Hungarian
government promises that the
second five year plan, which
begins next month, will put
39,000 cars on the road, only
5,000 autos are due for sale
in 1961.
While a state-issued permit
to buy a car is no longer nec
essary in Hungary (although
still in Czechoslovakia), buy
ers must deposit the full
price before getting onto the
waiting list.
Prices are high compared
with the average wage of the
satellite worker. East Ger
many's Wartburg costs $2,250,
Czechoslovakia's Skoda $2,700
and Russia's Moskvich $2,800.
And the average Hungarian's
wage is $60 a month. Never
theless, buyers line up eager
ly to rise above the pedestrian
mob. What especially angers
the Hungarians is that al
though there are only some
8,000 privately owned cars,
the total number of registered
passenger vehicles is 18,000.
The Hungarian weekly
"Gazdasagi Figyeloe" com
plained bitterly that "we hold
a very low position in the in
ternational car-owning statis
tics, but would probably run
first in the world regarding
the percentage of cars run by
state ministries." .
Due to the disproportion of
demand to supply, Budapest's
one used car dealer, "Auto
ker," docs a thriving business
in old models discarded by the
state-owned taxi service The
manager says 500 persons jam
the store each morning and
there is a daily turnover of
eight to 10 cars-when avail
able. Ancient Wartburgs of a
vintage that would be sold for
scrap in the West net $1,700,
Moskviches $2,400.
In Czechoslovakia, the situ
ation is somewhat better, with
a satellite record of 100,000
private automobiles on the
road. The Czechs, however,
are understandably irate that
two-thirds of their automo
bile production is exported at
prices lower than within the
country. Thus, an Octavia
Super may be bought in Aus
tria for $1,468 whereas in
Prague it costs $5,361.
- Despite the lack of automo
biles, mechanical interest and
understanding runs high in
the satellites. Western diplo
mats, accustomed to finding
crowds three deep around
their parked cars,, admit with
chagrin that they are con
stantly asked highly techni
cal questions about the in
nards of their model - which
they usually cannot answer.
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