MONDAY, NOVEMBER U, 1(60
MEDFORD MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD, OREGON
A 9
r ..
THIS
CIVIL WAR
BUCHANAN WORRIED-The
quick and fiery reaction of
the South to the election of
Abraham Lincoln in 1860
worried President James Bu
chanan (top photo). He felt
that union was inevitable. At
one of his cabinet meetings he
read a document which indi
cated force might be used to
halt secession. Southern mem
bers of the cabinet, in violent
disagreement, summoned U.S.
Senator Jefferson Davis, low
er photp, from his Mississippi
plantation. Davis returned to
the capital to take the part of
of the South just 'about the
time Maj. Robert Anderson
took over the defenses of
Charleston harbor-and a fort
named Sumter.
(UPI Telephoto)
Tax Assessors
T ! If
i io Aiienu jession
Salem - IUPD - Tax assessors
1 and deputies from 11 counties
will meet here Tuesday for
a one-day training session on
the use of new cost factor
books in appraising property
; for tax purposes.
' Counties to be represented
! are Marion, Benton, Clacka-
. mas, Crook, Deschutes, Jef
ferson, Lincoln, Linn, Polk,
Wasco and Yamhill.
The cost factor books were
published by the Oregon Tax
commission and the Los An
geles appraisal firm of Mar
shall & Stevens, Inc.
First Secession
Convention Called
In South Carolina
By MERTON T. AKERS
UPI Corrtipondent
One-hundred years ago this
week end - Nov. 13, 1860 - a
simply worded enactment of
the South Carolina legislature
became a law. It called for a
convention to consider repeal
ing the state's original ratifi
cation of the Constitution of
the United States. As simple
as the language was, the por
tent was enormous.
The law provided for dele
gates to the convention to be
elected Dec. 6. They were to
assemble Dec. 17.
In th fall of 1860 the ques
tion whether a state had the
constitutional right to secede
from the Union already was
as old as the republic Itself,
which had recently turned
three score and 10.
Secession Ponibiliiy Sun
The possibility of secession
had been foreseen by makers
of the Constitution. Alexander
Hamilton in "The Federalist,"
the essays he, James Madison
and John Jay wrote m 1787-88
explaining the document in
the campaign for ratification
recognized that the Issue
might arise.
Hamilton wrote in No. 16 of
the Federalist Papers that the
possibility of revolution with
in a state always was present
and that if rebellious forces
attained enough headway then
no form of government, re
public or monarchy, could al
ways avoid or control them.
John C. Calhoun, South
Carolina statesman, put the
issue into simpler language in
1831 during the Nullification
crisis. Calhoun argued in his
Fort Hill address - so-called
because he wrote it in the
quiet of his plantation of the
same name - that tne consti
tution was a compact among
sovereign states with certain
powers delegated to a central
government. If the contract
ing parties could not judge in
fractions of the powers by the
central government, Calhoun
argued, then they had signed
away their rights to an- irre
sponsible body with no hope
oi control.
State's Rights Idea Born
He held that a state's only
recourse against any infrac
tion by the central govern
ment was to interpose to halt
what they believed was the
unconstitutional practice. The
central government's redress
then, he held, was to use the
amendment machinery of the
Constitution and submit the
issue to the states with three-
fourths necessary to ratify.
Calhoun called his doctrine
interposition. A commoner
name was State's Rights. But
Calhoun s theory later would
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be used as a political defense
of slavery.
The Nullification crisis
arose over a tariff law with
which the South, and South
Carolina particularly, d i s
agreed. President Andrew
Jackson met the issue head on.
In a proclamation Dec. 10.
1832, Jackson declared the na
tion to be indivisible, that
state must obey the laws, no
state could leave the Union
and that the whole force of
the federal government would
be used if necessary to collect
revenue in South Carolina.
One historian said of the
proclamation:
'If any single date can be
fixed as that on which a given
date was predetermined, the
Civil War became inevitable
on Dec. 10, 1832."'
Reaction Worries Buchanan
But South Carolina seces
sionists in 1860 were facing
James Buchanan, not Andrew
Jackson. A Pennsylvania
bachelor. Buchanan came to
the presidency in 1856 with
out serious opposition.
The quick and fiery reac
tion to the election of Lincoln
worried Buchanan, but not
enough to force him into ac
tion. Several times Buchanan
discussed the worsening situa
tion witn nis cabinet mem
bers, who were about equally
divided between northerners
and southerners. Once he pro
posed a constitutional conven
tion to reach some compromise
but went no further than to
discuss it. He remarked that
disunion seemed inevitable.
At one of the cabinet meet
ings Buchanan read a docu
ment, the burden of which
was that the South must sub
mit to the election of Lincoln
and indicated force would be
used to halt secession. That
brought violent dissent from
the southern cabinet members
and moved Secretary of Treas
ury Howell Cobb of Georgia
and Secretary of Interior Ja
cob Thompson of Mississippi
to summon Jefferson Davis
from his plantation.
Davis was a U.S. senator
from Mississippi and a for
mer secretary of war under
President Franklin Pierce. He
had played a sort of second
lead previously in the political
in-fighting between the North
and the South and now. was
going back to the capital to
rehearse a bigger role.
Sumter Commander Named
Davis hastened back to the
capital just about the time
Nov. 15 - that a momentous
order cleared the War Depart
ment. The order - Special
Order No. 137 - said that Maj
Robert Anderson, 1st Artil
lery, would immediately take
over command of the defenses
of Charleston, S.C.. and the
defenses included a fort called
Sumter.
Later, Secretary of War
John B. Floyd would say that
he had picked Anderson him
self, a decision which he
would live to regret. Ander
son was a Kentuckian, and
married to a Georgia wife. His
father had helped in the un
successful defens of Ft. Moul
trie in the Revolution and had
been captured by the British.
Moultrie, a short cannon shot
from Sumter, would be Ander
son's headquarters. Despite
his southern background Maj.
Anderson was a Union man.
Floyd apparently did not
know that.
Time for the meeting of
Congress was approaching
rapidly and on Nov. 17 Bu
chanans asked his attorney
general, Jeremiah S. Black, a
Pennsylvanian, for an opinion
on what powers the President
held to meet the emergency. !
Black replied later that thel
Constitution had not provided
for the secession of a state and
contained no legal means for
the President to force a state
to remain in, adding that there
was no question that the Presi
dent was obligated to enforce
the laws.
Stanton Enters Picture
Buchanan also called in an
other Pennsylvania lawyer,
Edwin M. Stanton, for advice.
What Stanton told Buchanan
is not recorded but the Presi
dent seemed to stiffen against
the secessionists after the con
ference. Stanton was destined
for a big share in the strife to
come as Lincoln's secretary of
war.
Jacob Thompson noted the
stiffening of Buchanan, but
said: "Old Buck, at heart, is
right and with us."
But "Old Buck's" message
to Congress would say neither
"yes" nor "no" to the seces
sionists and the drift to war
gained momentum.
I .
flV,
ELECTION BET PAID Director Mervyn is paying off a bet he made with Sinatra on
Leroy dries his tears as he leads a donkey the outcome of the recent election. Sinatra
carrying singer Frank Sinatra. Leroy, lead- is an ardent backer of President-elect Kcn
er of the celebrities for Nixon committee, nedy. The payoff occurred in Hollywood.
(UPI Telephoto)
Morse Deplores
Chiang's Remarks
On War in Asia
Washington IUPD Sen.
Wayne Morse (D-Ore.) says
the United States should make
it clear that this country
would not support Chiang
Kai-shek in any threat to .
make war in Asia. j
"At the same time," Morse
said Sunday night, "we must j
make clear . . . tnat we're not !
going to permit Red China
to pull a Communist blood
bath on Formosa."
Morse, a member of the
Senate Foreign Relations Com
mittee and a U. S. delegate
to the U.N. General Assem
bly, denounced Chiang's re
cent declaration that he
would retake the mainland
of China within three to five
years.
The senator said President
Eisenhower should have an
nounced immediately that the
United States was "no part of
any such threat, because that's
a proposal for war."
Everyone in the world
knows that Chiang couldn't
take the mainland of China
without the support of the
7th Fleet and American mili
tary forces," Morse said.
"And I was shocked that
Chiang was allowed to get by
with it."
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S 135 PINE cpe27nrtl NO 4-1273
3 County 4-H Members
To Attend National Meet
In Chicago Nov. 26-Dec. 2
Patsy Charley, Central
Point, Phillip Krouse, Apple
gate, and Craig Wright, Med
ford, are among 26 Oregon
4-H'ers who will attend the
National 4-H Congress next
week in Chicago. The group
will leave by train from Port
land Thanksgiving day.
They will arrive Saturday
in Chicago for a week's stay.
The 1960 Congress activities
get underway with a private
showing of "Tomboy and the
Champ," a Hollywood movie
about 4-H'crs. Saturday night
the 1,600 4-H'ers will attend
a get-acquainted party.
Other highlights of the
week's trip include a Pop
concert by the Chicago Sym
phony orchestra, directed by
Arthur Fiedler, director of the
Boston Pops, who will fly to
Chicago from Boston for the
performance.
Special Events
Monday, Nov. 28, Miss
Charley will be a guest as
state food preparation winner
at a dinner at the Conrad
Hilton. ' While in Chicago, Phillip
will compete for one of six
S400 college scholarships.
Wednesday, Nov. 30, Craig
will be a guest as state poul
try winner at a breakfast at
the Conrad-Hilton
These three and other 4-H
club members at the confer
ence will also tour the Mu
seum of Science and Industry,
the Museum of Natural His
tory and visit the Internation
al Harvester plant. At the IH
plant they will view an assem
bly line of manufacturers of
farm machinery.
Tours Included
Dances, three banquets
day, and tours of the city also
await the club members. One
afternoon they will visit the
International Livestock and
Dairy exposition.
Delegates will return to Or
egon Dec. 4
' Lois Redman, slate 4-H ex
tension agent; Gene Lear,
state extension agent, and
Frank von Borstel, Douglas
county agent, will accompany
the 25 Oregon youths.
Two 4-H leaders, Mrs. W.
E. Townsen, Gresham, and
Mrs. Arthur Kaley, Lakeview,
will also attend the 4-H Con
gress as a tribute to their serv
ice as 4-H leaders.
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