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THURSDAY. June S. I960
MEDFOHD, MAIL TRIBUNE, MEDFORD; ORE.
Enforcement of
ling Laws
Major Question
By WM. B. DICKINSON. JR.
Washington- T he gambling
passion, which Balzac said
"lurks at the bottom of every
heart," can be more easily
grawied in the United States
today than at any time since
the heyday of the riverboat
gamblers. Betting of certain
kinds is approved by law in
a growing number of states
In countless communities
where gambling is not legal,
it nevertheless flourishes in
one form or another with lit
tle or no police interference.
Public tolerance of betting,
legal and illegal, has brought
expressions of concern from
national and state legislators.
Sen Estes Kefauver (D-Tenn.)
complained recently that a
good many people had "so
far forgotten the lesson" of
the hearings held a decade
ago by his Special Senate
Committee to Investigate Or
ganized Crime that "they now
propose legalization of gam
bling or the spread of legal
ized race betting to off-track
locations where hoodlums will
be even more difficult to con
trol." Whether rigorous enforce
ment of anti-gambling laws
can break the power of gam
bling syndicates is a question
that may be answered before
long in New York. The state
legislature recently enacted
new laws intended to put a
hard brake on the activities
of professional gamblers. And
on May 22 the bipartisan New
York State Commission of In
vestigation, which has been
holding public hearings on
' gambling, recommended addi
tional state and federal regu
latory and punitive legislation.
The commission at the same
time indicated that the ulti
mate solution of the problem
lay with the public. It cau
tioned that "A $2 bet with
a bookie is a direct contribu
tion to the underworld."
Some persons believe that
anti-gambling legislation and
pleas to the public to refrain
from gambling are futile. A
committee named by Mayor
Robert F. Wagner of New
York City to study legaliza
tion of off-track betting point
ed out last year that "The
history of restrictive gambling
and liquor sale legislation
demonstrates that it is impos
sible to effectively enforce
the prohibition of activities
for which there is a persist
ent public demand, particu
larly in the case of democratic
countries where law enforce
ment requires public support."
Subsequent efforts by May
or Wagner to persuade the
legislature to approve an off
track betting plan have been
unsuccessful. But there are
signs of some weakening in
the face of ever-mounting
costs of government. Off-track
betting in New York City
might yield annual revenue
of as much as $200 million
which, under Wagner's pro
posal, would be equally di
vided between New York
State and New York City.
Enforcement of federal anti-gambling
statutes has been
impeded by narrow court In
terpretations of the laws and
by a feeling that effective
control depends almost entire
ly on local and state action. A
special federal tax on gamb
lers, levied by Congress in
1951, had little effect in re
ducing their numbers. Evad
ers who came to the atten
tion of federal prosecutors
were, as often as not, small
time operators who had failed
to make local protection payoffs.
Another federal law ap
proved in 1951, making it a
crime to transport slot ma
chines or their parts in Inter
state comrierce, ran into en
forcement difficulties when
the Supreme Court ruled in
1953 (hat the Justice Depart
ment lacked authority to keep
track of intrastate sales. This
ruling made it impossible to
trace the origin of the ma
chines or to establish proof of
law ivolations to the degree
required in criminal cases.
Correction legislation has
made no headway In Con
gress. The sums of money Involved
In gambling continue to
mount. Around $3.2 billion
passed through parl-mutuel
windows in 1959 in the 24
states where such race track
betting has been legalized.
Perhaps as many as a million
persons can be counted at
bingo tables on a given night
In the 12 states where that
game is regulated and in the
others where bingo parties are
staged in the name of charity
but without legal authority.
Seven million tourists gamble
S3 billion annually at Ne
vada's casinos. The numbers
racket Is said to gross a bil
lion dollars a year In New
York City alone. Billions
more are lo to the virtually
unbeatable "slots" and to pro
fessional bookies. The old Ke
fauver committee estimated
conservatively" in 1951 that
$20 billion changed hands an
nually in illegal betting. Ev
eryone thinks the total is
much larger today.
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