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Huge Reflector Due to Scan
Sky for Universe Knowledge
New York-(Scientif ic Amer
ican Feature)-A giant dish
shaped reflector, as big as a
football stadium, supported
on moveable towers half as
tall as the Empire State
Building, is scheduled to start
scanning the sky in 1962 from
the tiny village of. Sugar
Grove, W. Va.
Under construction by the
U.S. Navy, the big dish is the
principal element of the
world's largest steerable tele
scope. It promises to add im
mensely to man's knowledge
of the nature of the universe.
According to Edward F. Mc
Clain Jr., head of the radio
astronomy branch of the
Naval Research Laboratory in
Washington, D.C., the new in
strument will be used to con
duct classified research for
the Navy half of each day
and be made available to as
tronomers for basic studies in
radio astronomy during the
remaining half.
To Focus Radiation
"The very size of the 600
foot radio telescope is the
justification for building it,"
Dr. McClain explains. "Like
the mirror in a light-gathering
telepscope, the parabolic
reflector is simply a device
to collect and focus electro
magnetic radiation. The larg
er the reflector, the more ra
diation it can collect. The radiation-gathering
power of
any telescope increases ap
proximately as the square of
the increase in its diameter.
Radio astronomers have a sec
ond compelling reason to want
such a big telescope. This is
the need for resolving power,
or capacity to distinguish
celestial objects and locate
them accurately. Small tele
scopes give relatively fuzzy,
out-of-focus images; larger
ones, proportionately sharper
ones. The nearest steerable
competitor to the big dish in
size is the 250-foot paraboloid
at Jordell Bank, England."
Construction of the . tele
scope, Dr. McClain stated,
will require 20,000 tons of
steel, 600 tons of aluminum
and some 14.000 cubic yards
of concrete. The reflector will
be cradled in two structures
resembling 400-foot Ferris
wheels, which will tilt it to
any angle of elevation from
the horizon to the zenith. To
turn a full 360 degrees in
the horizontal plane the en
tire structure will ride a cir
cular railroad track on trucks
equivalent to 36 freight cars.
To Strip Mystery
The new instrument prom
ises to strip the mystery from
many puzzling features of
the universe. It will, for ex
ample, be able to follow in
dividual spots on the sun and
to make precise measure
ments of electrical phenomena
associated with solar flares,
the apparent source of "radio
blackouts" on earth which
disrupt Naval as well as other
communications. Since the
new instrument can function
as a transmitter as well as
receiver of radio energy, it
will enable the Navy to com
municate directly and simul
taneously with its world-wide
units by bouncing signals off
the moon.
Astronomers hope, among
other applications, to use the
big dish as a thermometer for
measuring the temperature
of the planets. Far from being
the frigid objects once
thought, it appears from
measurements made by small
er radio telescopes that the
surface temperatures of Venus
and Jupiter may be high
enough to flash water into
steam. The new instrument
should clear up such ques
tions. As for objects outside
the solar system, astronomers
believe the new instrument
will give a detailed picture of
the spiral arms in our own
galaxy as well as to show new
features of our nearest gal
actic neighbor, the Great Neb
ula in Andromeda.
Vexing Question
"An especially vexing ques
tion in radio astronomy is the
determination of distances to
radio sources in the universe,"
said Dr. McClain. "It is im
possible at present to dis
tinguish a low - intensity
source inside the Milky Way
from a high-intensity source
located at a great distance
outside. Perhaps the 600-foot
telescope will find some phe
nomenon to provide the radio
astronomer with a yardstick.
One thing the instrument will
not do, unfortunately, is 'see'
40 billion light-years into the
universe - as has been widely
reported. In a static universe
it could indeed detect objects
that far away. But in our ex
panding universe the velocity
of receding objects increases
with distance and radio wave
lengths received from them
increase proportionately. Long
before the 'seeing' limit of
the new telescope has been
Several plans for railroads
to transport goods from the
east -coast to west coast in
Mexico and Central America
were begun in the Eighteen
Eighties, but proved to be too
expensive. Then someone
thought to dig the Panama
Canal.
reached we will lose the sig
nals because the earth's iono
sphere is opaque to long radio
waves. Within its operating
limits, however, the 600-foot
telescope will make possible
the study of a greatly in
creased number of objects not
accessible to observation by
other instruments."
Scientists Study Time
Factors of Atom Fallout
Washington - (UPD - Recent
research suggests that radio
active fallout from nuqlear
explosions near the fringes
of space takes far longer to
reach the earth than bomb
debris from blasts in lower
regions of the atmosphere.
But scientists described as
"premature" their earlier as
sumption, based on prelimin
ary data, that fallout from nu
clear blasts in the high strat
osphere might take as long as
a century to settle to earth.
Authorities say that fallout
from nuclear tests on the sur
face or a relatively low alti
tudes comes down in 1 to 5
years.
The slower descent of fall
out from altitudes above the
bulk of the atmosphere was
established in studies of radio
active material from two missile-born
H-bombs exploded
20 and 40 miles above John
son Island in the Pacific in
the summer of 1958.
A preliminary report based
on samples obtained up to last
June by aircraft and balloons
indicated the "residence time"
of such explosions in the high
stratosphere might be on the
order of a century.
It was learned, however,
that samples taken in Novem
ber suggests a somewhat
faster rate of descent.
No Conclusion
Dr. M. I. Kalkstein, who is
studying the matter for the
Air Force, told United Press
International that the new
data makes it impossible to
say whether the fallout time
is "20, 50, 10, or five years
or whatever."
He added that the 100-year
figure contained in the pre
liminary report, was based
on the assumption that the
rate noted up to June would
hold steady. That assumption,
he said, "now seems prema
ture." Some scientists have argu
ed that nuclear tests could be
held in space without appre
ciable hazard to human be
ings. They have differed as to
how high the explosions
would have to be set off to
be safe.
Less Radioactivity
The longer the fallout takes
to come down, the less radio
active it is when it finally
reaches the earth.
MAIL TRIBUNE, Mtdf.rrf, Or.
Thursday, Jan. 28, 160
Shipyard Workers
On Strike Today
New York (UPE Shipyard
workers were on strike to'day
at eight Bethlehem Steel Co.
Atlantic Coast yards halting
work on an estimated two
billion dollars worth of ship
building.
Members of the Industrial
Union of Marine and Ship
building Workers went on
strike against six yards at
midnight Wednesday night.
Two others were shut down
last Friday in a dispute with
the company over a new con
tract. The new strike affected
three New York City yards,
two in Baltimore and one in
East Boston, Mass. Previously
closed by the walkout were
the Fore River yard in Quin
cy, Mass., and the Hoboken,
N.J., yard.
Union negotiators called
the strike because meetings
with federal mediators here
had failed "even to wring
consent from management to
meet . . . across the bargain
ing table."
The union has been without
a contract since last July 31.
Negotiations broke down over
work rules, classifications
and higher pay last week.
The union has 17,000 mem
bers at the eight shipyards. It
has asked a pay increase to
$3 an hour for the journey
man classification. They now
receive $2.80. '
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