J
Medford
Section A
Russians
mm Most Sobering Effect on West
Editor's note: Soviet scientific
, achievements have come as a shock
to most in the Free World. How was
. it possible for a nation so long
derided as technologically backward
to beat the U.S. into the Space
Age? In the following dispatch, a
' UPI Moscow correspondent an
' swers that question as he surveys
Russian space accomplishments
( during the past year.
, By ROBERT J. KORENGOLD
Moscow-IUPD-The time was
more than 25 years ago. The
speaker was Joseph Stalin.
, "We are 50 to 100 years be-
hind the advanced countries,"
said the man who was to rule
I the Soviet Union from shortly
after the death of Lenin until
his own death in 1953. "We
must make good the distance.
We must ourselves become
, experts. W e must turn to sci
ence." And turn to science the So
' viets did, with results that
have never been more ap
parent and for the West more
sobering-than in 1959.
Soviet scientists had their
finest hours in 1959 since they
astonished the world with the
first Sputnik on Oct. 4, 1957,
2nd followed that by quickly
boosting "Laika," the first
fcanine space traveler, into
crbit in Sputnik II.
brought Recognition
. R u s s i a s two successful
moon shots one a direct hit,
the other a successful picture-taking
expedition to the
previously unseen back side
otj the moon - brought the
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Fofllow SfaflSn's AdvSce
USSR worldwide recognition
as the pacemaker in the race
to outer space.
Whether the Soviets can
hold their lead is a matter
to be determined in the years
- perhaps the decades - to
come. But there is no doubt
that the successes of the
USSR space program have
wrought a profound change in
the nation's entire scientific
outlook.
During 1959 in particular,
and gradually now for several
years, Soviet science has op
ened its doors to the West
on a hitherto unprecedented
scale.
Russian scientists - more
eager than ever before
to talk and exchange data -popped
up, and often stole the
limelight, at conferences all
over the world in 1959.
Still Trails West
Record numbers of West
ern scientists toured the So
viet Union, visited USSR sci
entific establishments and re
turned home with usually
similar conclusions: that So
viet science still trails the
West, particularly the United
States, as far as broad-scale
application of new techniques
is concernced; but in areas
where the Kremlin has decid
ed to make an all-out effort
particularly physics and ther
monuclear and space research
mm
Free Parking
Right at the Door
H. D. CHRISTENSEN
St. Ph. SP 2-9169
CU1KU
-Russia is often equal to or
ahead of the capitalist world.
Largely responsible for this
is the nation's emphasis on
scientific training. In addi
tion to the chance for rapid
advancement, top pay and
privileges, a scientific degree
provides Soviet youth with
somewhat the same social
prominence enjoyed in the
U.S., for instance, by distin
guished doctors and lawyers.
Allowing for varying defi
nitions of an "engineer," some
106,000 engineers were grad
uated in the USSR in 1959
and the nation plans to turn
out 119,000 more in 1960.
Kremlin leaders like to boast
that this is more than three
times the number of engi
neers graduated annually in
the U.S.
Overseen by Academy
In addition, there is a So
viet scientific establishment
of mammoth proportions with
more than 3,200 scientific in
stitutes employing more than
300,000 scientific workers
full-time.
Overseeing this vast com
plex is the august USSR
Academy of Sciences headed
by Alexander Nesmeyanov, a
scientist who also knows how
to keep his political skirts
clean.
Just after the first Sputnik
was launched, Nesmeyanov
outlined once again the sci
entist's role in the Soviet
Union.
'Science must fulfill its
sole task of making Soviet
engineering, economy, indus
try, agriculture, public health
and welfare in the USSR sur
pass me leveis acnieved in
the most developed capitalist
countries," he said.
This is the grinding rule
at all levels.
Main Body in Rear
To make their probing ad
vances into such fields as
space research, the Soviets
have often left the main body
of tneir scientific effort in
the rear. Everything is de
voted to what the Kremlin
and the Academy :, consider
important.
"I was impressed with their
equipment. When they want
ed to do something they had
the finest available. But often
it was housed in quarters that
would seem makeshift and
ill-tended by Western stan
dards." Thus did one highly quali
fied Western scientist sum up
his impressions here after a
comprehensive tour of Soviet
scientific facilities recently.
What the Soviet leaders
want are results. Never mind
the frills, and hang the cost.
But when results aren't
forthcoming, there can be
trouble.
' The official Communist
Party newspaper P r a v d a
scored the entire Soviet sci
ence program last March for
lack of coordination, waste
ful efforts by some scientists,
delays and red tape that were
hampering the speedy trans
formation of scientific discov
eries into tangible results.
The newspaper sharply
criticized "unproductive" sci
entists who "spend large
amounts of state funds and
do not produce any valuable
scientific results for years on
end."
Certainly Soviet science
has more vigor than it did in
the Stalinist days when it
seemed in some respects to
be subordinate to the party
line. But it cannot go too far
in its new-found freedom.
As long ago as 1956, the
magazine "Party Life," ideo
logical organ of the Commu
nist Party, warned: "The free
dom of discussion of scientific
problems does not mean at
all the freedom to preach
bourgeois ideology."
Within- its ideological
boundaries Soviet science
ranged far and wide in 1959
with many accomplishments
as notable in their way as
the three Luniks. (Lunik I,
fired Jan. 2, went past the
moon and into orbit around
the sun. In autumn came the
even more spectacular Luniks
II and III.)
In the nuclear field, there
was the September launching
of the atom icebreaker "Len
in." In the fall it was an
nounced that the world's lar
gest radio telescope was un
CLOGSTON'S
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Phone SP 3-1014 Evenings
Tribune
Pages 1-6
der construction in Lenin
grad. In medicine, the USSR
announced it had completed
large-scale anti-polio yaccin
ations with a live virus serum
and with reportedly good re
sults. A couple of new drugs,
reportedly useful in treating
some kinds of cancer, also
have been announced.
But it is the Soviet space
achievements that have dom
inated the news. Each new
success has given impetus to
the question: when will the
Soviet Union put a man into
space?
Academician Leonid Sedov,
one of the top spokesmen for
the Soviet space program,
told western reporters right
after the successful moon
strike last September that a
manned moon shot was "not a
matter of the next few
months."
Strong Indications
But a sudden rash of care
fully uninformative articles
in the Soviet press about the
previously undiscussed Soviet
astronaut program has given
strong indications that the
Soviets are pushing ahead at
full speed.
Responsible Soviet offi
cials, however, have contin
ually echoed the words of
Prof. Boris Kukarkin, vice
president of the International
Astronomical Union, who de
clared: "No man will fly in space
rockets until his life, health
and safe return to earth are
guaranteed. This is the rea
son for the intensive program
of experiments with animals
being conducted by Soviet bi
ologists and doctors."
The Soviets in 1959 fired a
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VE YOU DECIDED W' AQE . VOL I X WO'S JUST GOT YWE WON'T SEE MUCH OF
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rabbit and ' several dogs-including
one named "Otvazh
naya" (Daring) who made
four such- trips-to high alti
tudes in rockets and then re
covered them in good condi
tion. Said Cheapening
Perhaps the year's most
surprising development was
the tradtionally close-
mouthed Soviet press' almost
tabloid interest in Russian
scientific i achievements. Ev
eryone from obscure labora
tory technicians to distin-
g u i s h e d academicians was
suddenly giving out inter
views to the point where
three top Academicians com
plained in Pravda that such
sensational and often irre
sponsible - treatment was
cheapening the name of Sovi
et science.
Despite such problems,
there was little doubt as 1960
began that Soviet science
was well on the way to carry
ing out its assignment-help
ing the USSR . overhaul its
capitalist competitors.
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Civil Air Patrol Pilot
In Flying Fireman Role
Washington -flJPD- A Civil
Air Patrol pilot has ushered
in the age of the volunteer
flying fireman.
Col. Don Speirs was passing
low over the Maryland coun
tryside in his single-engine
light plane when he spotted
flames spouting from the attic
of a farmhouse near Pooles
ville. Speirs was returning at the
time from a mercy trip to
Martinsburg, W. Va., where
he delivered an emergency
shipment of blood.
The 41-year-old Speirs ra
dioed the information about
the fire to the Federal Avia
tion Agency's Washington
communication station, which,
in turn, alerted local authori
ties. Meanwhile, Speirs circled
low, caught the attention of a
farmer plowing his field, and
directed him to the fire.
. "That . farmer . broke his
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plowing pattern, Speirs said
later,, "headed his tractor for
the barn, got his car . . . and
rushed to the burning place."
Speirs also helped the
Bealsville and Hyattstown,
Md., volunteer fire depart
ments over rural roads to the
fire by flying over the correct
roads.
Then he landed in an open
field, aided the firemen in
running their hose to a pond
about a quarter of a mile from
the house, and pitched in to
help move furniture.
The house was "saved, but
damages were placed at $5,
000. There were no injuries.
Speirs is operations officer
for the Middle East region of
the CAP. A father of four
children, he lives in Annan
dale, Va.
"We carried out two more
flights, uneventfully, before
we called it a day," he said.
Save now on the biggest buys
15
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OPEN TONIGHT TIL 9
Alien Response Pleases Officials
Portland - Immigration of
ficials are well pleased with
the rsponse of aliens in Ore
gon to address report require
ments. James L. Turner, district
director of the immigration
and naturalization service,
stated that although the pro
gram had been underwav
only 14 days, the number re-'
porting thus far is well ahead
of the number reporting dur
ing the same period last
year.
Aliens have until the end
of January within which to
submit their report of address
to the government. Forms for
purpose may be obtained - at
any post office or any office
of the immigration and natu
ralization service.
All aliens, with few excep
tions, are required to report.
Those excused from the re
quirement include diplomats,
NOMINATES AMBASSADOR
Wasington -(UPD- President
Eisenhower Thursday nomi
nated G. Frederick Reinhardt
of San Francisco, a career
foreign service officer, to be
U. S. ambassador to the United
Arab Republic.
Fossil plants found in An
tarctica show that the frozen
continent supported tropic
vegetation 200 million years
ago.
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