Assembly of Princes To Elect Sovereign Head of Vatican State
Vatican City - (LTD - The
forthcoming conclave of
Cardinals marks the only in
stance of a monarchy in
which the sovereign is elected
by an assembly of princes.
That is what election of the
pope as king of Vatican state
amounts to, both In name and
fact. The pope is temporal
sovereign 'of Vatican City as
well as spiritual head of the
Roman Catholic Chdrch. The
cardinals are "princes of the
church."
But for 1.006 years, there
was another world govern
ment bv the same system.
That was the Holy Roman
Empire, counterpart and rival
of the church in a struggle of
giants through most of the
Middle Ages.
The Holy Roman Empire,
founded by Charlemagne on
Christmas Day of 800 A.D.
and abolished by Napoleon in
1806, included Germany, most
of Italy and ,for some time
France, and was considered
the world government of
Christiandom'in the same way
as the church was its spiritual
government.
After the death of each em
peror, his successor was elec
ted by an assembly of "prince
ly electors" in much the same
way as a pope is elected by
cardinals.
The empire started with a
gesture of allegiance to the
Church when Charlemagne
received the imperial crown
from Pope Leo HI in Rome
on Christmas day of the year
800.
But soon the two powers
came to odds, first over elec
tion of popes, then, over ap
pointment of bishops. Each
struggled to overcome the
other and unite spiritual and
temporal might in one hand.
For two centuries, in the
Dark Ages, emperors practi
cally centrolled election of
popes. Pope Clement II even
formally recognized the em
peror's right of appointing
popes in the Council of Sutri
in 1046.
This was eventually repeal
ed in 1060 by Pope Nicholas
II, who transferred the rights
of electing pontiffs to the
clergy and people of Rome.
One century later, in 1179, Al
exander III restricted elec
tion powers to the College of
Cardinals.
The Church counterattack
ed in another way. The great
Pope St. Gregory VII, who re
signed from 1073 to 1 0 8 5,
forcefully proclaimed that
the Roman Pontiff was the
highest authority on earth
and that all sovereigns owed
him allegiance. Emperor
Henry IV, ex - communicated
and abandoned By his support
ers, came to Italy to surrender
to the pope and waited three
days in the open air and snow
before Gregory received him
in the castle of Canossa.
Henry IV won his revenge
in 1081 when he conquered
Rome and ousted the pope.
Gregory VTI died In exile four
years later.
The fight between the two
powers slackened in follow
ing centuries, and was practi
cally aver long before Napol
eon abolished the Holy Ro
man Empire with a stroke of
the pen in 1806.
Today, the Holy Roman
Empire is dust and the Holy
Roman Church remains.
Its victory is recorded
casually in every Catholic
Mass book with a brief note:
"Prayers for the Roman
emperor-these are no longer
in use."
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