IHIisteirio TJHuiniich Agreeinnieinit for Feaoe
Signed 2
Name Becomes
Ail-Time Symbol
Of Appeasement
Editor's note: Daring his recent
speech to the nation on the For
mosa crisis. President Eisenhower
cited the Munich Agreement of
1938 in warning against appease
ment of Red China. Tuesday, Sept.
39, will mark the 20th anniversary
of that fruitless attempt to avert
World War II. The following dis
patch recounts the tragic events
that led up to and followed
"Munich."
By JOSEPH W. GRIGG
UPI Correspondent
London -UPD- "This is peace
in our time," cried the old
man with the umbrella, wav
ing a scrap of paper.
"Peace," roared back the
crowd jamming the sidewalks
outside 10 Downing St. Then
it burst into a storm of frantic
cheering.
The date was Sept. 30, 1938.
Neville Chamberlain,
Prime Minister of Britain, a
"man of peace to the depths
of my soul," had just flown
back to London from Munich.
There, only a few hours earl
ier, along with Adolf Hitler of
GermanyBenito Mussolini of
Italy and Edouard Daladier of
France, he had signed the
Munich Agreement, carving
up little Czechoslovakia.
With him, Chamberlain also
brought back a document to
which he and Hitler had
signed their names only that
morning, pledging "the desire
of our two people never to go
to war with one another
again." .
That warm, muggy Sep
tember night in 1938, Neville
Chamberlain,- the "man of
peace," the man who had won
"peace in our time," was a
national hero.
Locked in War
But a later year, Britain
and France were locked in
World War II with a Nazi Ger
many which had broken ev
ery pledge made to Chamber
lain. The very name of Mu
nich had become for all time
the symbol of appeasement,
defeat and sell-out. Two years
later, Chamberlain, chased
from office a broken and dis
credited man, was dead.
But on Sept 30, 1938, Bri
tain felt only immense na
tional relief at being rescued
from the brink of the abyss.
The Czechoslovak crisis had
been boiling up for a year
and a half-in fact, ever since
Hitler grabbed Austria in the
spring of 1938.
Nearly 3,000,000 of Czecho
slovakia's 14,700,000 popula
tion were German-speaking.
Most of them lived in the
Sudetenland, the strip of ter
ritory bordering Czechoslo
vakia's frontiers with the
Reich.
Hitler Moved Troop
Within days after the Aus
trian Anschluss, the Sudeten
Germans began agitating for
an Anschluss of their own. To
back their demands, Hitler
moved troops toward the
Czech border.
The government of Presi
dent Edouard Benes in
Prague offered negotiations
and concessions. But the only
answer of Sudeten bosses
Konrad Henlein and Karl-
Herman Frank, both Nazi
henchmen of Hitler, was to
increase their demands. With
Hitler's Army and Luftwaffe
massing menacingly, tension
mounted. The Chamberlain
government sent Lord-Runcl
'A Very Lucky Person'
Dogiriid Bergman's
Story
Editor's note: Eight years after
she shocked tne wotia oy leaving
her husband, daughter, home and
Hollywood career for Roberto Ros-
sellini, with wnom sne naa an
illegitimate child, Ingrld Bergman
acain is at a crossroads of her
turbulent life. Her marriage with
Italian film director Rosselllni is
at an end and she waits only for
legal clearance to wed a new love,
millionaire Swedish theatrical pro
ducer Lars Schmidt. It was while
she was in wales with Schmidt ana
her three chUdren by Rosselllni
that British newsman Ralph Coop
er visited Miss Bergman and in
duced her to break her long sllene
and speak frankly ' of her life
from her super-strict childhood to
the present. This Is tne urn or live
dispatches in which Miss Bergman
tells her own story. t
- By RALPH COOPER
Written for UPI
It was on a Welsh hillside
that I met Ingrid Bergman
and for two weeks stayed with
her and talked with her of
life, and love - . . and man's
inhumanity to woman.
After all she has been
through, and all she has had
to suffer I found Ingrid could
almost shrug away the last
eight years by saying:
"I'm a very lucky person.
I have, had so much given
to me in my life so much
that is good that I cannot
complain.
"I would like to have my
private life to myself, , but
there does not seem to be
much I can do about that . . .
so," another shrug ... "I
don't complain.
"I am not bitter about all
the stone-throwing and mud
slinging. In some respects it
was to be expected because
so many who knew me only
on the screen thought I was
perfect and infallible and
then were angry and disap
pointed when I wasn't."
People Were Shocked
. 'Teople were of course
shocked when you had a baby
by Roberto Rossellini before
you were married," I said.
"Let's not be hypocritical
about this . . ." said Ingrid
"It's not the first time this
particular mistake has been
made, and I don't expect it
will be the last.
"I believe people should
be judged by the way they
act after they've made the
mistake . . . that's what's important.
"Perhaps time and tears
change everything.
"My children mean every
thing to me. But sometimes a
woman can be faced with a
terrible decision-I was, when
I had to decide whether to
give up Roberto, with whom
I was in love, or give up the
love I wanted and needed for
my daughter's sake.
"I know 1 h e decision I
made (to leave her husband,
Dr. Peter Lindstrom) was a
selfish one. -1 was sick at
heart having to hurt my
daughter Pia to find happi
ness for myself. No decision
I have ever made in my life
ever gave me so much heart
ache. Environment Big Factor
"What you turn out to be
in life depends a lot on your
environment, how you were
brought up. There has to be a
certain amount of luck about
that . . . but, perhaps not . . .
perhaps you are what you
make yourself. That is some
thing you can sit up all night
arguing about.
W
Carolina Counts
Storm Damage
Wilmington, N. C.-IUPD-
North Carolina coastal resi
dents faced a giant cleanup
job today in the wake of Hel-
ene, a hit-and-run hurricane
now churning away in the
North Atlantic.
Helene delivered a round
house blow to a wide stretch
of -the Carolina ' coast Satur
day, then spun back out to
sea. The Washington Weath
er Bureau said the storm was
still dangerous and warned
shipping to exercise extreme
caution.
In its - advisory issued at
midnight (EJ.T.) the Weath
er Bureau placed Helene's
center at about 400 statute
miles east-southeast of Nan
tucket. It was reported mov
ing toward the east-northeast
at about 32 miles per hour.
The storm was rapidly los
ing hurricane characteristics,
the Weather Bureau said, but
h.'ghest winds were estimated
at . about 110 miles an hour
near the center and gale force
winds extended over a radius
of 350 miles.
Helene's rapid passage
across the Carolina coast in
flicted an estimated $6,827,
0C0 damage on stores, homes,
streets and utilities. It. ranged
on with winds up to 135 miles
an hour, but residents were
warned well in advance and
thef e was no loss of life.
INGRID BERGMAN AND ROBERTO ROSSELLINI
'People Should Be Judged By Way They Act'
Traffic, Water
Take Three Lives
During Week End
By United Press International
Traffic accidents claimed
two lives and a child drowned
in Oregon Sunday.
In addition two week end
traffic accidents -""near the
southern and northern Ore
gon borders claimed two lives
each.
Wilfred Leo Moore Jr., 2,
Eagle Point, was killed when
the car in which he was rid
ing went over . an embank
ment on the Butte Falls high
way Sunday. His parents and
sister,. Sandra, 3, were hos
pitalized in Medford. .
Barney Rivera . Jr., 31,
Warm Springs, was killed in
a one-car accident a mile south
of Dufur. Police said Rivera
was killed when the auto
rolled over him after he was
thrown out. Billy Palmer, 18,
also Warm Springs, was hurt,
and Johnny Guerin, 16,
escaped injury.
Drowns in Trough
Michael Findley, 2, son of
Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Find-
ey, drowned in a drinking
trough for cattle on the fam
ily ranch nine miles south
west of Ontario. His mother
said the boy wandered away
from the house about 5 p.m.,
and she found him floating
in the three-foot deep tank, s
Veotus Brown, about 32,
and Walker K. Mitchell, 12,
Seattle, were killed 12 miles
north of Vancouver, Wash.,
Saturday when a car struck
an embankment.
Charles O. Johnson," 63, Del
Rio, Calif., died in Crescent
City Sunday from injuries
suffered in an accident four
miles south" of the Oregon
border Saturday. His wife,
Mary; 53, was killed outright
when a pickup truck plunged
off. Highway .199 into a deep
canyon.
Folsom Commutes
Death Sentence
Montgomery, Ala. (UPD
Gov. James E. Folsom today
commuted to life imprison
ment the death sentence of a
Negro scheduled to be elec
trocuted Oct. 24 for robbing
a white widow of $1.95 in a
burglary at night, a capital
crime in this state.
Jimmy Wilson, 55, was con
victed of taking $1.95 from
Mrs. Estelle Barker during a
robbery at her Marion, Ala.,
home in July, 1957. Trial tes
timony also showed Wilson
attempted to rape the elderly
woman, but Wilson denied it.
The case had brought pro
tests to Folsom from all over
the world. .
During a clemency hearing
Friday, Solicitor Blanchard
McCleod said the death pen
alty handed down by an all
white jury within minutes "is
fullv justified because Wil--
sen made complete and delib
erate plans to rob and rape an
82-year-old woman. This is
the most vicious, heinous and
contemptible crime man is
capable of."
PROFESSOR DIES "
Charlottesville,' Va. (UPD
Edwin Morris Betts, 65, bio
logy professor at the Univer
sity of Virginia, died Satur
day of a cerebral hemorrhage.
Rockville Centre, N.Y. -(UPD
-Brice Anderson, 68, a retired
bank official, died Sunday
after a heart attack.
"But if you are lucky, as I
have been -and in spite of
everything, I still think I have
been lucky you can learn
from life as you go along.
"I learned early that you
can't take from life all the
time without giving ...
"Some people, even when
they have suffered, do not
learn. Instead the vengeance
takes them and that to me is
a terrible, frightening thing.
"They take one little thing
from the past and never let
it go. 'Just wait till I get a
chance-I'U pay them but' . . .
The firm, the company . . .
the colleagues.
"Why live with all that
rage bottled up inside you
for so long? What is the point
of it? What good does it do
anybody? That is something I
do not understand.
"And what happens in the
end . . . When that chance
comes at last to 'pay off' the
firm, the company or the col
leagues?" "Their friends have been
bored to death with the tale
for years and the people
they're supposed to be scor
ing off they very ? often
couldn't care less any 'more.
Where's the satisfaction?
"There are very few" things
in this life, I have come to
the conclusion, that are worth
getting steamed up and angry
about.
"I don't like to get angry . .
and I can't get mad and throw
things . . . because I 'think
people look so funny when
they are angry. It all seems
so childish and not the way
grown-ups' should behave.
"So when things upset me
-and there are times when
they do-I just hold myself
to my room . . and then I
throw myself on the bed and
scream and cry."
Which is how she felt the
day a granite-faced VIP from
Hollywood went to see her in
Rome shortly after her son
Roberto had been born . .
before her divorce from. Dr
Peter Lindstrom had been fi
nalized, and while Italian
cameramen were clambering
round the balconies of the
nursing home trying to get
pictures of her in bed within
hours of her son being born.
Lays Down Conditions .
This visitor from Holly
wood told her that she could
come back to Hollywood if
she wanted to . . . but only
on certain conditions. And he
was there to present the
terms:
"Give up this passing infat
uation," demanded the movie
mogul, "never see Rossellini
again; send your son to a
home - he need never know
who his father is." ,
And, added the man: "Re
turn to America, apologize to
your husband and to the peo
ple of America over the radio
for your behavior.
"I pointed toward the door,'
she said, and told the man
"Get out!" ...
"It is fortunate I was born
with a sense of humor," says
Ingrid, "I have been :very
grateful for it-many times. If
you can find something to
laugh about when things are
looking their blackest . . .
then you can usually find it
in your heart to forgive."
Tomorrow: Ingrid Berg
man says she believes "the
capacity to love ... is the
most important thing in the
world."
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man to Prague as mediator in
the hope of avoiding a con
flict. Benes offered new conces
sions, including virtual auto
nomy for the Sudeten-every-thing
they wanted, . in fact,
short of handing the territory
over to Nazi Germany.
On Sept. 12, in a speech to
the Nazi Party's annual con
gress at Nuremberg, Hitler
upped his demands and called
for "the right of self-determination"
for the Sudetens. At
the same time, he ordered his
general staff to prepare for
"Operation Green"-the inva
sion of Czechoslovakia. Now
he would be satisfied with
nothing short of outright an
nexation of the Sudetenland.
Worried and Shaken
On Sept. 15 Chamberlain
himself flew to Berchtesgaden
on the first of three "peace"
missions he was to make dur
ing the Czechoslovak crisis.
He returned a worried and
shaken man after Hitler told
him in a three-hour harangue
that he was willing to risk a
world war to obtain the Su
detenland. Chamberlain consulted with
the British cabinet and on
Sept. 19 he urged Benes to
surrender the predominantly
German areas of the Sudeten
land in exchange for "general
guarantees" against unpro
voked aggression.
The Czechs accepted re
luctantly in order to save
themselves from isolation. On
Sept. 22 Chamberlain flew to
see Hitler again, this time at
Bad Godesberg on the Rhine,
to tell him Benes had agreed
to give up the Sudetenland.
But once again Hitler up
ped the ante.
He told a shocked and. an
gered Chamberlain that it
now was too late for the
terms the Prime Minister had
pressured Benes into accept
ing. He demanded nothing
short of immediate dzech
withdrawal from the Sudeten
land and completion of the
handover by Oct. 1, failing
which Hitler would destroy
Czechoslovakia by force.
Returned to London ...
On Sept. 23 the Czechs mo
bilized. Next day Chamber
lain returned to London.
France, bound by treaty to
come to Czechoslovakia's aid,
mobilized 500,000 men. The
British government distrib
uted gas masks and began
digging ' air raid shelters in
London's parks.
With war clouds rolling up
fast, Chamberlain made still
another desperate attempt to
save the peace.
He dispatched his close ad
visor, Sir Horace Wilson, to
Berlin with a final 'appeal to
Hitler to agree to an "orderly
settlement" by an interna
tional conference. That same
night, Sept. 26, in a speech at
Berlin's Sportpalast, Hitler
delivered an ultimatum . de
manding that the Sudetenland
be surrendered by Oct. 1.
Once this was done, he de
clared, "I shall have no fur
ther territorial claims in Eu
rope."
Roosevelt Appealed
Twice in the next 24 hours,
President Roosevelt appealed
to Hitler to avoid war. Hitler's
reply was to give orders for
"Operation Green" to begin
Sept. 30.
The night of Sept. 27 Cham
berlain broadcast a pathetic
message to the British people
speaking of "a quarrel in a
far-away country between
peoples of whom we know
nothing."
Next day, Mussolini urged
Hitler to avoid force. As
Chamberlain addressed the
House of Commons on the
afternoon of Sept. 28, he was
brought a message announc
ing that Hitler had agreed to
a four-power meeting at Mu
nich next day.
"I shall, of course, go,"
Chamberlain told the wildly
cheering House.
On Sept. 29, Chamberlain,
Hitler, Mussolini and Daladier
met at the "Fuehrerhaus" in
Munich. At 2 a.m. . on the
morning of Sept. 30 they put
their names to the Munich
agreement.
It provided that the Czechs
should begin evacuating the
Sudentenfand on Oct. 1 and
that the surrender should be
completed by Oct. 10. An in
ternational commission was to
supervise a plebiscite in the
areas without an overwhelm
ing German population.
Without Right of Appeal
Jan Masaryk, Czechoslo
vakia's Foreign Minister, des
cribed the agreement as "a
sentence without right of. ap
peal." '
. . ' MAIL TmiUHI, MeW. Ore., Mend, September If, 1f j
0 .Years figi Tnnru
Later that morning Cham
berlain visited Hitler again
before returning to London
and signed with him the doc
ument pledging the desire, of
both peoples "never to go to
war with one another again."
Six months later, Hitler in
vaded Czechoslovakia and a
year later the" world was
plunged into the greatest con
flict in its history. Even that
was not the end.
. China, Korea, Indo-China,v
Malaya, Suez, Algeria, Cyprus
hardly for a day have the
guns been silent.
. "Peace in our time i .
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AND
THE
RAINS
CAME
For the second time, the entire
farm of a young Hindu father
was devastated. This time he
lost his wife. How could he
care for a sick infant daugh
ter? Perhaps if he laid her by
the roadside someone better
able to care for her would find
her. And someone did. ..a nurse
from a relief organization op
erated Dy one of America s re
ligious f aiths JSlowly the little
body became stronger. The
young father was traced and
helped to make a new start.
When you support your faith's
overseas aid Program you're
helping unfortunate people to
cope with disaster . . . giving
them a will to live. Please sup
port your faith's local cam
paign or give at your house of
worship. ...
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