s
o
'Colonial' Trouble Spots
World Topic of Decisions
(Fdltlor'f aotr: This 1i mother In
eri?t of article furnished by
the general extension division,
Oregon state system of higher
O education, in connection with the
"fireajY llerislons . . . 1957" pro-
grain. Today's article discusses
coistiialism around the world).
As bloodshed, tcjror and gen
eral strikes build tension in Al
geria and other "colonial" trou
ble spots around the world, ob
servers warn that the American
q people face in the next few
weeks one of the most difficult
(.-cisions in their history:
Can the United States find a
Oworkable compromise between,
eft the one hand, its military al
liance with the principal "colo
nial powers of Europe, and, on
the other hand, its friendship
with the rising new African and
Asian nations which could swing
the balance in any global show
iwn with Russia?
Critical Area
Algeria is one of those criticaf
areas frequently referred to as
a "colonial" problem, although
few students of the area dismiss
the problem so simply. Algeria
is not a colony in the usual sense
of the word; its four coastal de
partments (or counties) are le
gjilly a part of France proper.
Since 1946 all Algerians, regard
less of race or religion, have
been Fnch citizens.
However, the 8,300,000 Mos
lem Algerians object to the fact
that they have no greater voice
in the Algerian government
than do the 1.200,000 Europeans
living in Algeria. Representa
tion In the Paris and Algiers leg
islatures, aid voting rights, are
controlled to give equal voice to
the two racial-religious groups
rather than to all citizens on a
population basis.
More than 20.000 Frenchmen
and Algerian rebels were killed
in the past 12 months. At least
three divisions of French troops.
nominally assigned to NATO
and the defense of Wester Eu-
"Great Decisions ... 1957"
topics will be discussed in
three radio and television pro
grams locally this week. Radio
station KMED will broadcast
the program at 9 p.m. today,
and station KWIN. Ashland,
will carry the program at 9:15
p.m. today. The program will
be telecast on station KBES
TV starting at 6:30 p.m.
Thursday.
rope, are now in Algeria trying
to put down the revolt. Some of
these troops are equipped with
American weapons furnished to
the French army under military
aid provisions of the North At
lantic treaty.
Maintain Peace
In this conflict many Ameri
cans sympathize with the
French government, believing
France must maintain peace and
order in its own backyard in or
der to be an effective ally in the
defense of Europe.
This viewpoint was outlined
in an "open letter to Americans'
which appeared as a full-page
advertisement in some Oregon
newspapers two weeks ago.
Other Americans, and most
of Africa and Asia, sympathize
with the Algerian revolution
aries, feeling the rights of these
Moslem people to self-determination
and self-government must
be recognized.
And Washington, aided by
American public opinion, must
decide which viewpoint to sup
port within the next few weeks.
The question of Algeria is on
the agenda of the UN general as
sembly. The U.S. will have only
three choices: to vote with
France, against France or to ab
stain from voting at all.
Sincere Effort
In a news conference last
Mar4. President Dwight D. Eis
enhower described U.S. attitudes
toward Algeria as follows: "It
remains our sincere effort in all
of these aras to try to retain
nendship with both sides and
therefore use our good offices to
bring abouta decent solution."
At the same time. C. Douglas
Dillon. U.S. Ambassador to
France. -stated: "The four de
partments of Algerfa are French
territory ... the U.S. stands
solidly " behind France in her
srch for a liberal and equit
riie scon of the problems in
In the mnvths following these
policy statements, the Algerian
fe h worsened. Other Mos
ipm nations, especially Egypt
and Syria, have tepped up their
a, aid to theoAlgerian nationalists.
And Anglo-French military op
eratic; in gypt during No-0-ember
and December, 1956. are
believed to have injured French
(r tStestica considerably, thus aid
ing the nationalist movement in
Algeria.
Independent Policy
In the midst cf this crisis
Vice President Richard M. Nix
on referred in a campaign speech
to a possible indpendent U. S.
policy. "For the first time in
history," he declared, "we have
shown independence of Anglo
French policies toward Asia and
Africa which seemed to us to
reflect the colonial tradition."
Few observers believe, in
early 1957, that the U.S. can
operate completely indpendent
of British nd France. The ques
tion is rgw much of a balance
can be struck between outright
support and outright opposition
to, for example, French policies
in Algeria.
The U.S. dilemma has both
moral and military aspects.
Morally, the U.S., which start
ed out as a group of colonies
itself, traditionally opposes the
rule of one people over another ! election is generally considered
without the express consent of :as a sap against the U.S. mili
the governed. Algerian Moslems j tary government which rules the
do have some say in their gov
ernment, however, and the rights
of the European Algerians must
be protected; furthermore
France has indicated it is eager
to make reforms in Algeria as
soon as the rebels agree to a
cease-fire. But to most of the
rest of the world, those African
and Asian nations which have
just won their own independ
ence, this is not enough.
Prestige Damaged
If the United States votes
against this large segment of
world opinion, its own bargain
ing power and prestige may be
damaged. Russia, by contrast,
faces no such dilemma; it has
nothing to lose by supporting
the Algerian nationalists, and
much to gain by embarrassing
France.
On the military side, the
French armed forces are con
sidered essential to the defense
of Europe in any future war.
But three of France's NATO di
visions are in Algeria holding
down a revolution, instead of
in France supporting Western
defenses. U.S. representatives
agreed to this because Algeria,
as a legal part of France, is
technically part of the NATO
defense area.
This technicality is a source
of embarrassment to the United
States, because French troops
are using U.S. weapons against
Algerian rebels.
Raised in U.N.
This is the second time the
Algerian crisis has been raised
before the UN. In September,
1955, France walked out of the
general assembly and stayed out
until the UN dropped Algeria
from its agenda, on the grounds
that it was "an internal French
problem."
In this second round, how
ever, France appears willing to
debate possibly because a UN
discussion will give France an
opportunity to blame the revolu
tion on "interference" by Egypt
and other Moslem nations.
Even the former French pro
tectorates of Morocco and Tu
nisia have given moral and per
haps finanical aid to the Alger
ian revolutionaries. Normally
friendly relations between
France and Morocco were se
verely damaged last October
when French authorities inter
cepted and imprisoned five Al
gerian nationalist leaders who
were traveling by air, over
neutral water, as guests of
Morocco's Sultan Mohammed V.
Inside Algeria
Inside Algeria itself, the po
litical climate is varied. Alger
ians of European origin vigor
ously resist any loss of their
power. Some Moslem Algerians
are sympathetic to a Paris-spon
sored compromise. Others insist
on complete autonomy or in
dependence for Algeria.
The government of French
Premier Guy Mollet is commit
ted to a "liberal" solution: first,
an unconditional cease-fire, to be
followed by free elections in
three months, based on "strict
equality of rights regardless of
origin and religion." In addi
tion Paris promises economic
and social reforms including
land redistribution, wage in
creases, expanded schools and
broader access for Moslems to
government jobs.
The immediate challenge fac
ing the U.S. delegation in the
UN is how to vote on any resolu
tion which might call on France
to cease all military operations
in Algeria and to negotiate with
rebel leaders regarding the
country's future political status
keeping in mind both tradi
tional friendship with France
and public opposition to "colon
ialism," supported both in the
United States and among scores
of African and Asian nations in
the UN.
OKINAWA PROBLEM
j The United States has come in
; for a share of resentment as a
I "colonial" power because of its
! policies on Okinawa, a U. S. mil-
itary base in the Japanese island
territories of the Ryukyus.
Re4ations between the U. S.,
Okinawan farmers and the Jap
anese government have been
strained for some months be
cause of U. S. requisitions of
farm land for military air base
use.
Okinawan resentment ex-
pressed itself most strongly last
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i December, when a 49-year-old
: newspaperman, widely reported
to be both "leftist" and "anti
American," was elected mayor
of the principal city of Ts'aha.
Denies Charges
The mayor, Kamejiro Senaga,
has denied both charges, but his
island.
Shortly after the election, the
U. S. military commander, Gen.
Lyman L. Lemnitzer, announced
a reduction in "our existing re
quirements" for air base land.
U. S. land holdings on Okinawa
for military purposes amount to
21 per cent of all the arable land
on the island, which is 60 miles
long and nine miles wide. Okin
awan farmers and civil adminis
trators claim the island is al
ready overcrowded and unable
to feed its 600,000 population,
growing at the rate of 20,000 a
year.
As a direct aftermath of the
mayoralty election, the U. S.
military administration withheld
reconstruction funds from the
city of Naha until it could re
view the mayor's reportedly "anti-American"
policies.
This stopped city contracts and
threw 4,000 Okinawans out of
work.
Other Complaints
Other complaints besides the
requisitioning of scarce farm
land have included a charge that
rents paid for these lands are too
low, not even equalling the value
of the crops which could have
been grown there.
Principal bone of contention,
observers believe, is the question
of the political status of the
Ryukyus. The islands were oc
cupied by the U. S. under the
Japanese peace treaty. The U. S.
recognized Japan's "residual sov
ereignty" in a separate agree
ment but retained the right to
apply for a UN trusteeship over
the islands. This application has
never been made.
Meanwhile the islands are
ruled by a military government.
Secretary of State John Foster
Dulles has stated that "we in
tend to exercize our rights in
Okinawa as long as we consider
there is danger to international
peace and security in the Asian
theater."
Population Wish
Students of the area agree that
the overwhelming proportion of
the Ryukyuan population wishes
the islands to be returned to Ja
pan. With this the Japanese gov
ernment agrees. It is on this
principle that the charge of "col
onialism" has been made against
the U. S. government.
Late last month Russia inject
ed itself into the Okinawan con
troversy. On Jan. 23 the Russian
press warned that "most serious
consequences might result" if
U. S. "atomic units" were based
on Okinawa.
This is interpreted as a warn
ing to Japan that, in the event of
a U. S.-Russian war, American
atomic installations in a Japa
nese possession would bring cn
Russian retaliation against Ja
pan. 'COLONIAL' DANGER SPOTS
Besides Algeria and Okinawa,
there are several other coun
tries throughout the world
where Western nations are hav
ing "colonialism" troubles.
Cyprus, third largest island in
the Mediterranean, has been
much in the headlines recently.
Now governed by Britain, it has
a population over 80 per cent
Greek, with the remainder most
ly Turkish. The Greek Cypriots
are agitating for union with
Greece; this is opposed by Brit
ain, which wants to keep its
strategic bases on Cyprus, and
by Turkey, which objects to the
union on the basis of possible
discrimination against the
island's Turkish minority.
Port of Singapore
Another British possession
where rioting has been flaring as
recently as last October is the
sea and naval port of Singapore
on the southern tip of the Malay
peninsula. Malaya itself has
been granted full dominion sta
tus in the Commonwealth as of
this Aug. 31, but self-govern
ment has not been granted to
Singapore largely because of its
internal Communist threat. Out
of a population of 1.100,000,
some 900,000 are Chinese with
close ties to Red China. Singa
pore's purely advisory legisla
ture contains three Communists
and 10 Labor Front party mem
bers out of 25 elected represent
atives. Less difficulty has been heard
from Belgium's large African
colony, the Belgian Congo. Al-
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Throughout
Discussion
though the Belgian government,
in paternalistic fashion, is edu
cating 50 per cent of the school
age children and in the course
cf two generations has convert
ed 40 per cent of the population
to Christianity, nobody has the
right to vote either white or
black.
U.S. Possession
The United States itself, in its
relationship with its possessions,
has had its problems. The Philip
pines have been granted their
independence, but the question
of statehood for Hawaii and
Alaska continually bogs down in
Congress. Although in the case
of Hawaii statehood was talked
about as long ago as 1854, neith
er territory allows its citizens
the right to vote, nor to elect
their own governor, although
they are required to pay U.S.
taxes.
Puerto Rico has since 1951
had a special commonwealth sta
tus in relation to the United
States. Puerto Rico has its own
elected government, but its rep
resentative has no vote in Con
gress and its foreign affairs are
controlled by the U.S. Puerto
Rican nationalists have agitated
for independence, but in 1956,
the largest vote was polled by
the Democratic party, which fa
vors the present conynonwealth
status.
There has also been friction
over U.S. control of the Panama
canal zone, rented from the gov
ernment of the Republic of Pan
ama. In 1955 the United States
agreed to raise its payments to
Panama from $430,000 to $1,
900,000 a year. Panama had re
quested $5,000,000 annually.
Ancient Egyptian
Formula Said Helpful
Van Nuys, Calif.iU.R) Math
ematicians at the Lockheed Mis
sile Systems division here re
cently found the formulas of
astronomer Claudius Ptolemy in
ancient Egypt may help modern
scientists in their conquest of
space.
The problem concerned the
scientists' need to keep in touch
with missiles in flight so they
can learn how they perform and
how they can be improved. The
specific headache was the fact
that the magnetic tape system,
used in recording the radio sig
nals from a missile in flight, got
"jammed.
The sound recorded on the
tape is subject to what engineers
call "flutter" and "wow" or
distortion when played back.
They sought a mathematical for
mula which could 'be used to
chart a series of variations for
an average.
They tried a formula stem
ming from a technique that
Ptolemy had used to try to ex
plain the puzzling variations of
certain planets in relation to the
stars. It worked. As a result,
the missile division expects to
be able to process data much
more swiftly and accurately.
Ptolemy, born in Greece,
practiced astronomy in Alexan
dria, Egypt, shortly after Christ
was born. He supposed the earth
to be a fixed center of the uni
verse about which the sun and
stars revolved. Todays scien
tists know he was all wet as an
astronomer, but his reputation
as a sharp mathematician remains.
People are talking about us
AND WE LIKE IT
This time of year there's always good news
aplenty about the profits folks earn on
their savings with us. Open your account
with us and enjoy the extra income yourself!
Current Dividend
FIRST FEDERAL
Savings & Loan Association of Medford
29 North Ivy Street R. F. Kyle, President
Is That So?
By Eugene Burnt
Ranger-Naturalist
Most land - dwelling warm
blooded animals are capable of
swimming should the need arise
or at least of keeping at the sur
face of water. Even animals as
far removed from the aquatic
life as rabbits, porcupines, arma
dillos, and cats, will sometimes
take to water of their own will
and, under great compulsion,
can cross small streams when
pursued. Chickens, too.
Most hoofed animals are
strong swimmers, particularly
the caribou whose hollow hair
helps it float high in turbulent
water. The moose cannot easily
be overtaken by two paddlers
in a canoe and they can travel
right around seven miles an
hour.
Most mice and shrews are
good swimmers the water
shrews' toes are lined with stiff
hair and when the toes are
spread make excellent swim
ming paddles.
Moles can swim, too. along
with ermine, skunk, and mink.
Bats can keep themselves on
the surface and some, particu
larly those which pursue insects
close to the water, have no dif
ficulty in resuming flight after
having remained some moments
on the surface.
Bears are able to swim for
many miles without pausing. As
for the polar bear, one of its
popular names is "water bear."
Rightly, too. Streamlined for
easy swimming, this water lover
has legs which are jointed so
that they can be swung in a
wide circle to make swimming
easier. It will not hesitate to
strike across the rolling sea,
swimming perhaps 15 to 20
miles without stopping.
Crosses Huge Streams
The plodding armadillo read
ily crosses huge streams such as
the Mississippi. When the water
way is narrow, it crosses by
walking on the bottom; if too
wide, it dogpaddles to the top,
takes in a deep breath, puffs it
self up like a balloon and
buoyed by this internal life pre
server, crosses the widest river
despite its comparatively heavy
coat of armor.
The bulky hippopotamus is
most agile in water. It can float
on the surface at will, sink to
the bottom, or submerge until
only its eyes and nostrils can be
seen. Even queerer, it has the
rare ability to run along the
bottom of rivers.
Although many monkeys are
good swimmers, a few like the
lars gibbon are virtually in
capable of swimming despite
their great mobility. Placed in
the water, their fur soon be
comes water-logged. Gorillas
and chimpanzees, too, are ex
ceedingly poor swimmers if
they swim at all.
(Released by McClure News
paper Syndicate)
Free: By special arrangement
with the editors of the Encyclo
pedia Americana, my panel of
judges will award each week to
the reader who sends me the
best true-life nature adventure,
the best nature observation, or
the best question on nature and
wildlife, a complete 30-volume
set of this world-famous refer
ence work in a handsome Seal
craft binding. Each week new
submissions will be considered.
Sorry, I simply can't answer
your many friendly letters.
Please address your letter to: Is
That So! co Medford Mail Trib
une, Box 575, Sausalito, Calif.
New Hampshire has had a
state system of education since
1647 when a general court re
quired that every community of
50 or more persons must erect
and maintain a school building.
3i2c
O per Anr
Sunday, February 17. 1957
Increase Shown in Budget
For Rogue River Schools
Rogue River The Rogue
River school disrict budget rec
ently presented to the .county
rural school board shows an in
crease of 522,809.82 oVer the
proposed budget submitted last
year, John B. Harr, superin
tendent, has announced.
The chief increase is in cost
of instruction, he said. The maj
or raise is S8.000 for two extra
teachers in the high school. The
expected enrollment for the
present year was 160 pupils and
this year's budget was planned
accordingly.
Emergency Money
Emergency money for an ex
tra teacher was awarded by the
county rural board. However,
no qualified teacher was avail
able so an enrollment of 175
this year has been handled by
the same size staff as was used
last year for an enrollment of
135, Harr said. The expected
rise to an enrollment of 200
next year will necessitate an ad
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MOTHER OF JESSE JAMES Mr. and Mrs. George Lanning
of 661 Wabash St., Medford, found this old photograph in a
trunk they purchased recently from a local transfer company.
On the back, written in pencil, are the words "Jesse James
mother. 1881." Mrs. Lanning feels that it is Mrs. James since
letters and other articles found in the trunk date back to that
time. The photograph is postcard size and has turned yellow
with age.
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1 k Medford's Bargain
ditional staff member besides
the one already authorized, he
pointed out. The smallness of
the high school classrooms is
largely responsible for this sit
uation, dictating the need for
10 additional sections of classes
next year.
Harr said 57,275 of the in
crease in instruction represents
salary increases on the revised
salary schedule and is spread
across 27 certified personnel.
This brings the local salary sit
uation to about the same level
as the other surrounding school
districts with which Rogue
River competes for teachers, he
pointed out.
High school teaching supplies
show an increase of S895, but
because of increased enrollment
the per pupil cost has drop
ped from $26.84 last year to
525.95.
Other Major Item
The other major Item of in
crease, Harr said, is an addi-
uz lsi y riinu
CREASE RESISTANT
VALUES TO 79c YARD
LA) $CT
nj) yds.
NEWBERRY Co. ti
Corner Sixth
MEDFORD (OREGON) MAIL TRIBUNE F1V
Toasfmasfers Speed
Finals Are Monday
The Medford Toastmasters
club will hold its annual speech v
contest finals Monday nignt at
the Medford hotel.
Finalists are Dr. Ralph Hibbs,
Cliff Ouellette, Douglas Roach
and Robert Kyle Jr. The winner
will represent the Medford club
in the area contest March 9 in
Grants Pass.
Toastmaster for the contest
will be Ron Cordon. George Dis
tell will be topicmaster, Russ
Mitchell, critic, and Ken Blair,
official timer.
Judges for the finals will be
Dick House, Hugh Friel and
Manville Heisel, past members.
Reservations may be made by
contacting Al Bradford.
tion of 54.494.45 for operation
of the plant. Of this, S3. 100 is
due to salary increases for cus
todians and for additional jani
tor time required by the in
creased enrollment and the
crowded conditions which de
crease custodial efficiency.
The increase of $1,394.45 in
supplies for operation of the
plant is largely due to a 10 to
20 per cent increase in cost of
supplies, the superintendent not
ed. Fuel oil prices in particular
have increased more than 20
per cent.
The proposed budget calls for
a per pupil cost for next year of
$391.31 for all 12 grades. By
comparison, for 1956-57 the av
erage per pupil cost for three
other Jackson county schools of
similar size was $404.66, ranging
from $393.44 to $422.57, the sup
erintendent stated.
William Howard Taft is the
only man ever to have held the
two highest offices in the Unit
ed States those of President
and Chief Justice.
The Suez canal has no locks.
It is a waterway on a sea level
status.
CHARLES D.
HOLBROOK
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