GREAT DECISIONS
Topic No. 5
How Should the U. S.
Deal With Red China?
THE PROBLEM
The U.S. faces one of the most
difficult foreign policy decisions
in its history where China is
concerned. A wartime ally and
one of the five "great powers"
in the allied world, China was
granted a permanent' seat on
the powerful United Nations Se
curity cquncil. along with the
U.S., Britain, France and Russia.
Today the Security Council is
occupied by the Nationalist Re
public of China, a government
in exile headed by Chiang Kai
shek, which rules over Taiwan
(Formosa) an island the size of
Connecticut and Massachusetts
combined.
Mainland China, the greatest
population mass in the world,
comprising 20 per cent of the
earth's population, is ruled by a
communist government, the
People's Democratic Republic of
China. UN troops from 16 dit
ferent nations battled Chinese
communist armies during the
Korean war. U.S. casualties
numbered 100,000. The UN
branded communist China an
aggressor and the U.S. has re
fused to extend diplomatic rec
ognition to the Peiping govern
ment. But by now, the communist
regime is recognized by 25 na
tions as the legal government of
China. Red China's growing im
portance economically and mili
tarily, her close partnership
with Russia and her friendly re
lations with important neutrals
may force a showdown this
year.
It may come in the UN, over
seating the communist delega
tion; or on the diplomatic and
economic battlegrounds of the
intensified 1956 cold war; or as
World War III. touched off by
U.S.-Chinese fighting in the For
mosa strait.
What are the specific conflicts
between the U.S. and Red
China? What ties and obligations
does the U.S. have to the Nation
alist government? How are these
Issue shaping up in 1956? Where
do our allies stand? How much
room is there for negotiation,
compromise, a settlement or
war-to-the-finish.
Story in Headlines
Here are the most important
events of 1955-56 in headline
stories:
Jan. 1, 135! The Red China
government announced agree
ment with North Korea on de
tails of a $338,000,000 aid and
barter program to help rebuild
the war-shattered North Korean
economy.
Chinese grants and loans will
provide North Korea with build
ing materials, communications
and transportation equipment,
steel, metal products, machin
ery, raw chemicals, coal, paper,
cotton and textile machinery.
In return, China will receive
electric power, minerals, fish
and fruit.
Jan. 10. 1955 UN Secretary
(the
General Dag Hammarskjold and
Red China's premier and foreign
minister, Chou En-lai, concluded
a five-day conference. Ham
marskjold has been attempting
to secure the release of UN mili
tary personnel held by China as
spies since the Korean war.
Jan. 30, 1355 Russia request
ed an emergency meeting of the
Security Council to consider
"U.S. acts of aggression against
the Chinese People's Republic in
the Taiwan (Formosa) area and
other islands of China."
The UN secretary general ex
tended an invitation to commu
nist China to send representa
tives to the Security Council
debate on the Taiwan situation
and particularly the question of
a cease-fire.
Feb. 3. 1955 Red China's for
eign minister refused a UN in
vitation to send observers to the
Security Council debate on a
Taiwan strait cease-fire. China
will send a delegate to the UN
only if the Chinese Nationalist
representatives are driven out
of the Security Council and the
Council agrees to discuss the
Russian proposal for condemn
ing U.S. "acts of aggression" in
the Taiwan area.
Feb. 14, 1955 Communist
party chairman Mao Tse-tung
praised Russian economic assist
ance to Red China and boasted
"With the great cooperation be
tween China and the Soviet
Union . . . should imperialists
start a war of aggression we . . .
will certainly wipe them clean
from the surface of the globe."
April 2. 1955 The U.S. State
department announced that 76
Chinese students who have been
refused exit visas are "free to
depart" for their homes. They
had been detained on the
grounds they possess technical
knowledge and skills 'which
might be of aid to the Chinese
communist government.
April 23, 1955 A Red Chi
nese proposal for joint talks
with the U.S. on a peaceful set
tlement of the Taiwan crisis was
received in Washington. The of
fer, released in Bandung, Indo
nesia, before a conference of 29
Asian and African countries,
was hailed at the conference as
a major contribution to peace in
the Far East.
April 24, 1955 The National
ist Chinese government declared
it will "never sit down at the
same table" with representa
tives of communist China.
April 27, 1955 President Eis
enhower endorsed Secretary of
State Dulles' statement that the
Chinese Nationalists would not
necessarily have to be present
at discussions with Red China
on a ceasefire in the Taiwan
area. He declared that the, U.S.
would he willing to negotiate
directly with communist China.
May 25, 1955 The govern
ment radio of Communist China
announced that China has taken
over all facilities from Russia at
IT'S
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Credit Bureau of Medford, Inc.
223 West 6th
emblem of
fl)g SOUND CREDIT)
the Port Arthur naval base. The
Port was lost to Japan in the
Russo-Japanese war of 1904-05
and "restored" to Russia by. the
Yalta agreements in 1945.
May 31, 1945 Hong Kong po
lice reported that four American
airmen released by the Chinese
communists crossed the border
to liberty.
June 4, 3955 Sen. John L.
McClellan (D.-Ark.) of the Sen
ate Permanent subcommittee on
Investigation, urged the State
department to "take some force
ful action with allies," to halt
the trend of increased trade with
communist China. He singled
out Great Britain and the Chinese-controlled
companies oper
ating out of Hong Kong.
June 10. 1955 The commu
nist Chinese government repeat
ed its offer to negotiate with the
U.S. "in order to ease and elimi
nate tension over Taiwan."
June 18, 1955 Prime Minister
Mohammed Ali of Pakistan urg
ed the U.S. and Red China to
meet "at the highest level" to
relieve the threat of war in the
Taiwan Straits.
He proposed that Communist
China should be given a UN
seat, that Chiang Kai-shek gov
ernment evacuate the islands
close to the communist shores,
and that the U.S. 7th fleet with
draw from the Taiwan strait.
June 19. 1955 India's roving
ambassador, V. K. Krishna
Menon, ended six days of confer
ence with U.S. officials on the
question of maintaining peace in
the Far East. He suggested the
Taiwan government should
evacuate the islands of Quemoy
and Matsu; the trade embargo
against Red China be eased; and
the U.S. extend recognition to
the communist government.
July 8. 1955 Ho Chi Minh's
communist government of North
Viet Nam will receive $338,000,
000 in outright aid from Red
China. The money will be used
to rebuild docks, railways, high
ways and bridges and to restore
and construct textile mills and
other factories.
July 25. 1955 The U.S.
agreed to initiate talks with
Communist China on the ambas
sadorial level to explore the re
lease of civilians detained by
both governments, involving 41
American civilians.
Aug. 9, 1955 Red China has
increased its purchases of Egyp
tian cotton in the current season
by S9, 800,000. Egyptian sources
admitted they had found no
Western markets.
Sept. 10, 1955 The U.S. and
Chinese communist ambassadors
released a joint statement on the
progress of their talks. They
said 1) that measures are being
taken to permit all Chinese na
tionals who wish to do so to
leave the U.S. for China; 2)
make identical arrangements for
U. S. Nationals in China.
Nov. 10, 1955 The U.S. re
jected a Chinese communist of
fer to renounce force unless the
offer specifically applies to Tai
wan and other islands held by
the Chinese nationalists.
Feb. 3, 1356 Prospects of a
"broad future" in trade were
held out by Communist China
in a memorandum to a meeting
of the UN Economic commission
SAY
for Asia and the Far East
(ECAFE).
The memorandum calls on the
West "to eliminate the artificial
barriers to peaceful trade" and
contends the embargo has "pri
marily and mainly" hurt the
west.
Feb. 21. 1956 The official
Chinese communist press called
for "complete aboltion of colo
nialism," attacking the U.S. at
the same time as the "biggest
colonialist in the world."
The press called for closer re
lations between China and other
Asian countries, an end to the
Western embargo on trade, and
a conference between the for
eign ministers of China and the
U.S. to follow up the currently
stalled talks on the ambassado
rial level in Geneva.
WHAT ARE THE ISSUES?
In an official statement on
U. S. policy on Red China, Pres
ident Eisenhower in July, 1954,
said- the government is "com
pletely and unalterably opposed
to the admission of communist
China to the UN" and he believ
ed that "95 per cent of the popu
lation of the United States"
would take the same stand.
He declared the issue is a
moral one and that Communist
China has shown that she is not
"morally entitled" to UN admis
sion. Secretary of State Dulles ask
ed the question, "Will it help
our country if, by recognition,
we give increased prestige and
iluence to regime that attacks
our vital interest? . . . The an
swer is: No." He declared Red
China is "consistently and vi
ciously hostile to the U.S."
The U.S. Senate overwhelm
ingly approved a resolution in
January, 1955, stated that ". . .
a friendly government (in Tai
wan) ... is essential to the vital
interests of the United States."
It authorized the president to or
der U.S. troops into action "as
he deems necessary for the spe
cific purpose of securing and
protecting (Taiwan) and the Pes
cadores against armed attack,
and to use armed force in repel
ling a communist invasion of
the off-shore islands of Quemoy
and Matsu if he believes such
an attack threatens Taiwan.
The Mutual Defense Treaty
between Nationalist China and
the U.S. ratified early last year,
provides for mutual aid in the
event of communist invasion or
subversion in Taiwan or in U.S.
territories in that area.
Armed attack would be re
ferred to the UN Security Coun
cil. U.S. aid will be given the
nationalist government for U.S.
bases on Taiwan.
IS RED CHINA IMPORTANT
IN THE COLD WAR?
What is Communist China's
relationship to Russia? Is there
any evidence that China is a
"satellite" or "second class part
ner"? What is Red China's role
in Asia? Why do some neutral
and U.S. allies recognize Red
China? What effect does the UN
embargo have on economics of
neutral countries in Asia?
Is trade with China a real pros
pect or simply propaganda? Re
cently the U.S. Senate Foreign
Relations committee suggested
in 1921 with Russian assistance,
ocratic India are competing for
leadership in Asia. The rest of
Asia, the senators said, is watch
ing to see whether communism
or free enterprise will win.
WHAT IS THE TAIWAN
ISSUE?
Both the Chinese communists
and the Nationalists agree that
Taiwan is part of China. The
U.S. , on historical grounds, does
not consider Taiwan a part of
China. But the U.S. recognizes
the Chiang Kai-shek govern
ment as the legal government
of China. Does this mean the
U.S. hopes to see Chiang recon
quer the mainland? Does it
mean we hope the communist
regime will collapse Internally?
Is either likely?
Under present U.S. policy,
what kind of settlement is pos
sible? .
WHAT U.S. POLICT
ON RED CHINA?
How can the U.S. policy
against recognizing Red China
be described (realistic, legalistic,
moral, strategic)? How would
U.S. recognition affect U.S. in
terests? Does our policy con
tribute to or detraot from a
peaceful settlement of Far East
problems? Does the U.S. want a
settlement? Want war with Red
China?
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'$ Jp i ,J-n "'
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LYNN COLBY
133 South Central Phone 2-9322
&
THE TWO CHINAS
WHAT THEY STAND FOR
Modern Chinese history dates
back to 1912 when Sun Yat-sen
led a successful revolution
against the Manchu dynasty. He
was never able to unite the
country, however, and there was
constant civil war. The Chinese
Communist party was organized
in 1921 ith Russian assistance.
Chiang Kai-shek took control
of the nationalist party in 1925
after Dr. Sun's death, and occu
pied most of China and set up a
national government. He then
broke with the many commu
nists he Tiad used as advisers.
When the Japanese attacked
Pearl Harbor, China had already
been at war with Japan for 10
years; at the same time Chiang
and the Chinese communists
were fighting each other. The
latter signed an uneasy truce in
1937.
When Japan was defeated,
the communists and nationalists
renewed their war. Late in 1949
the remnants of Chiang's de
feated armies fled the mainland
and set up the government-in-exile
on Taiwan. Since then, the
communists have extended their
government to every part of
China.
WHERE IS RED
CHINA GOING?
The communist government
on the mainland originally
promised three reforms: A unit
ed government on behalf of the
masses; land reform and im
provement of the peasants' lot;
and expanded heavy industry.
We know accomplishments in
clude: Mainland China is united
under a single government for
the first time in history; private
wealth and property have nearly
disappeared; communists have
placed greater emphasis on agri
cultural reform; socialism of
production and distribution is
extensive; China appears eco
nomically stable; Red China is
the world's fourth largest air
power, and has an estimated
3,500,000-man army.
"She has established diplomatic
and trade relations with most
of the important countries out
side the Western hemisphere.
WHERE IS NATIONALIST
CHINA GOING?
The native inhabitants of Tai
wan are a mixed race of abor
igines and Chinese stock. The
island was designated China's
35th province at the end of
World War II.
Chiang's government, fighting
a bitter war on the mainland
I pursued an unpopular economic
policy on the island. The gov
ernment bought sugar, camphor,
and other principal products at
low prices and resold them
abroad at market prices, divert
ing the profit to the national
treasury.
A 1947 revolt by the Taiwan
ese cost 10,000 lives. Major re
forms, initiated partly with U.
S. economic aid, began in 1949.
Taiwanese take part in the gov
ernment, but mainland Chinese
hold all key posts. Chiang has
complete control.
Sound planning and over $1,-
000,000,000 in U. S. economic
aid (apart from military aid) has
created considerable improve
ment in Taiwan economy in the
last six years. Per capita income
is well above the Asian average.
Last year the Nationalists be
gan drafting Taiwanese into the
armed forces. Most of the 600,
000 army men are veterans of
the civil war. The Chiang gov
ernment, along with South Ko
rea, Pakistan and Turkey, re
ceives the lion's share of U. S.
military aid in 1956.
WHAT CHOICES HAVE WE? ..
Should the U. S. recognize
Red China? What are the argu
ments for recognizing the1 Peip
ing government and continuing
recognition of the Taiwan gov
ernment? Does diplomatic recog
nition necessarily imply "ap
proval"? On what principles
should we extend recognition to
another government?
What should the U. 8. do
about China in the U. N. Pre
sumably the U. S. will use the
veto to keep the Peiping govern
ment from taking over China's
seat in the Security Council. The
U. S. has no veto in the General
Assembly, however. What should
we do if a majority in the as
sembly votes to seat the commu
nist representatives? Should we
continue to block the Security
Council seat ... go along with
the majority . . . walk out of
the UN? What possible compro-
Buying a car?
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Sunday, April 22, 1938
Schmidt Opens Office
For Counseling Here
An office for personal counsel
ing service has been opened in
the Leverette building by Ben.
H. Schmidt.
Schmidt said he plans to co
operate with homes, schools,
churches and the police depart
ment wherever possible. He ma
jored in psychology at the Uni
versity of Oregon and at North
western university. He also at
tended at Columbia graduate
school.
Schmidt has lived in Medford
for the last 12 years and has
worked with the YMC A,
churches and community organ
izations. More than 8,000 patents have
been granted for the manufac
ture of leather soles and shoes
since the U.S. patent office was
established in 1836.
mises might the U. S. consider?
What are the advantages and
disadvantages in having the
Peiping government in the UN?
What should the U. S. do
about Taiwan? Should we con
tinue to support the Nationalist
government? How important is
it to U. S. security? Does the U.
S. have moral obligations to
Chiang? Should we risk war
with Red China to defend Tai
wan? Should we treat Taiwan
as an independent country?
Should it be considered a "great
power" and enjoy one of the
five vetoes in the Security Coun
cil? From the Taiwanese point
of view, do you think the Chiang
government is democratic 'and
representative ... or authori
tarian and repressive? Should
the development and defense of
Taiwan be turned over to the
UN?
YOUR OPINION COUNTS
The U.S. government's policy
on the "two Chinas" "should be
a policy which the American
people can believe in and sup
port. Your decisions, after
Ihougihful discussion, have an
important place in shaping offi
cial government policy.
The Great Decisions program
is designed to form the basis of
discussion groups on foreign af
fairs. Letter?, or ballots included in
the Great Decisions faci sheets
should be mailed to Don Han
sen, chairman of the Great De
cisions committee, Franklin
building, Medford. The results
will be forwarded to the U.S.
State Department and to our
congressional representatives.
The material above is a con
densation of the fact sheets.
Mil. At
MEMBER OF THE SAVINGS
4r
Knight of Pythias
To Attend Ceremony
About 20 or 25 Medford mem
bers of the Dramatic Order,.
Knights of the Khorassan, and
the Nomads of Avrudaka, will
attend a joint ceremonial of the
two orders in Grants Pass Sat
urday, May 5, it was announced
yesterday.
A number of state officers
from Portland, including Harry
Wood, grand chancellor, will at
tend, as will Medford officers
including Harry Hoehne, royal
vizier of Fuhat Burkan temple.
Session headquarters will be at
the KP b'uilding in Grants Pass.
Local KPs have been advised
of the death last week of Earl
Ward, Eugene, grand vice chan
cellor of the state Knights of
Pythias
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WE GIVE S&H GREEN STAMPS
In 1 83 1 , the first Savings and Loan Association in the United
, States was founded at Frankford, Pennsylvania. This first
Association was founded to help its members save for and
buy their own homes.
Today, more Americans go to insured Savings and Loan
Associations for home financing than anywhere else.
6,000 new savers each day!
Today, the people of America are saving for many impor
tant things and look with special confidence to Savings and
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ciations has increased in 125 years to over IS million . . .
and new savers are coming to these insured Associations
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These savings dollars are not subject to market fluctua
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Responsibility to public trust
Today, Americans are putting more of their savings account
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On the occasion of this 125th anniversary, the Savings
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of these principles which have enabled them to serve so
successfully two of America's most cherished traditions . . .
thrift and home ownership.
A MESSAGE FROMt
FIRST FEDERAL
Savings & Loan Assn. of Medford
27 North Holly R. F. Kyle, President
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Hi-Times Wins Award
From Press Group
The Medford Hi-Times, stud
ent publication at Medford High
school, won a first class rating
for the first semester of the
school year, it was reported Sat
urday. The rating is made by the Na
tional Scholastic Press associa
tion. Miss Elizabeth Settle was
advisor for the paper during the
semester.
Staff members included June
Pike and Barbara Maxon, co-editors;
Lorita Jennings and Denise
Bruning, feature editors; Kath
ryn Stewart, news editor; Ralph
Bates, sports editor; Dennis Wy
att and Lois Kelley, advertising
managers, and Harold O'Con
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