MEDFORD (OREGON) MAIL TRIBUNETHREE
(My Two Inoculations of Anti-Polio Vaccine
ESe Needed r. Sallk Peclaires
Tuesday, AprU 12, 1955
Polio Rarity Makes Evaluation
Of Vaccine Complicated Matter
Ann Arbor. Mich. (U.R) Po
lio is not a simple disease. For
that reason the evaluation of the
Salk anti-polio vaccine could
not be a simple, open-or-shut
matter.
It is a rare disease, despite
the annual polio "scares" and
despite all the publicity il has
had. The chance of any one in
dividual getting polio in a recog
nizable form is exceedingly
slight.
But, paradoxically, the three
virus types which cause the dis
ease get around quite freely.
.Scientists believe that probably
most people have had one or
more of the three viruses in them
and didn't know it. Maybe they
had a sore throat at the time,
maybe they didn't.
Nevertheles, all these people
are protected against any fur
ther invasions by whatever type
of polio virus got in them in the
first place. The original invasion
stimulated their blood chemistry
into producing tiny particles call
ed antibodies. These antibodies
killed off the original invaders
and they stay around to take
care of any newcomers.
Natural. Immunity
This is "natural" immunity. It
Is why the victims of most infec
tious diseases never have a dis
ease a second time. But natural
immunity in polio is complicated
by two things: (1) To be immune
to one of the three types of polio
viruses is not to be immune to
the other two; and (2) most of
the people who have been made
naturally immune to one or more
types, don't know that they are
immune.
It becomes plain, therefore,
why evaluation of any anti-polio
vaccine has to be complicat
ed. For one thing, you might
vaccinate a person who already
was immune. If you did that, the
vaccine was superfluous. For an
other thing, the disease is so
rare you couldn't be sure that
any one vaccinated person (or
any hundred or thousand or ten
thousand persons, for that mat
ter) would encounter a potently
paralyzing virus.
Yet if there was no demon
strable "challenge," there could
b-? no test results which would
be accepted without question by
physicians and other scientists.
To complicate the business even
more, the Salk anti-polio vaccine
had two strikes against it, in the
minds of many scientists, be
cause it is made with "killed"
viruses.
Experimented With Monkeys
Natural immunity always is
bestowed by "live" viruses vir
uses capable of causing the dis
ease. Salk's "killed" viruses
couldn't possibly cause the di
sease. Therefore, the skeptics
among scientists reasoned, the
vaccine couldn't stimulate the
body into producing enough
lasting antibodies to ward off
live, disease-causing viruses.
Dr. Jonas E. Salk demon
strated that monkeys immunized
with his "killed" . viruses were
entirely immune to injected
"live" viruses. He showed that
in some 8,000 human beings vac
cinations with his vaccine gave
them high levels of antibodies if
they had none and boosted the
level if they already had anti
bodies. Impressive as these results
were, they were not acceptable
to scientists generally and for
a very good reason. What can be
produced in the laboratory and
how viruses behave under "con
trolled" laboratory conditions,
do not necessarily even approx
imate what goes on in nature
and how viruses behave under
natural conditions.
Now, you have a vaccine of
"killed" viruses which seem ca
pable of creating enough lasting
antibodies to stop all three
types of polio viruses before
they can multiply and paralyze
or kill. This vaccine may wipe
out paralytic polio. So you want
every doctor everywhere to be
lieve in it. You want every par
ent to want his child vaccinated.
In short, you want to prove its
worth beyond even a slight
doubt.
Mass Tests Conducted
That was the position of Basil
O'Connor, president of the Na
tional Foundation for Infantile
Paralysis, who has devoted al
most twenty years to a crusade
against the disease. There was
only one way to do it to organ
ize a mass testing followed by a
precise, scientific evaluation.
Last spring, 460,000 children
were vaccinated. With such a
large number, some were bound
to be "challenged" by live vi
ruses under natural conditions.
They were scattered through 211
test areas in 44 states and in
Canada and Finland, to elimin
ate any chance of freakish
"local" conditions having any
part in the result. Serving as
"controls" were 1,370,000 of
these children's schoolmates.
They did not get the vaccine,
but they have been "observed"
just as closely as the vaccinated
children.
There had to be an "evalua
tion center" where the results
could be collected, put together,
compared with one another, and
the group of answers added up
into the big answer as to
whether the vaccine had been
effective under natural condi
tions and how effective.
Simple Blood Test
Determines Immunity
Pittsburgh (U.R) Dr. Jo
nas E. Salk developed during
his vaccine research a simple
one - drop blood test to deter
mine if a person is immune to
polio.
Using the new micro-test, that
is to polio what the famed
Schick test is to diptheria, Salk
found that of 10,000 Pittsburgh
children tested only 10 per cent
were naturally immune.
While the micro-test worked
"very well" and aids greatly in
research, Salk foresaw little pub
lic use for it in the future. In
noculation with his new vaccine
is even easier.
"The Schick test is not used
any more because it is simpler
to vaccinate," Salk pointed out.
Apology Brings Lower
Penitentiary Term
Pontiac, Mich. (U.R) Roy E.
Hankins might have to spend
only two years in prison because
he apologized to police.
Circuit Judge Russel Holland
sentenced Hankins to two to 15
years in prison with a recom
mendation for the minimum sen
tence because the confessed
burglar said he was sorry for
escaping while touring with po
lice the places he had looted.
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Statement Means
13,
More
May Receive Shots
Ann Arbor, Mich. (U.R) Dr.
Jonas E. Salk said today only
two inoculations of his polio vac
cine, instead of three, will be
needed to give the majority of
children immunity during the
1955 polio season.
His announcement meant that
some 13,000,000 more children
would be able to receive the vac
cine by June 1.
Salk, 40, University of Pitts
burgh researcher who developed
the vaccine which was adjudged
effective today, said the third
shot, or booster shot, should not
be given until at least seven
months after the second inocula
tion. Vaccine Ordered
Local health officials through
out the nation had been basing
their plans for immunizing chil
dren in the three-shot plan used
in last year's mass test. Salk's
announcement means more "in
itial" inoculations than planned
will be possible before the so
called polio season.
The National Foundation for
Infantile Paralysis ordered 27.
000,000 cubic centimeters of the
vaccine before the evaluation of
last spring's mass Salk inocula
tions was completed.
Since then the foundation es
timaxes anotner Z7,uuu,U0O cc
has been manufactured.
It predicts another 43,000,000
cc will have been produced by
June 1, or 114,000,000 in all by
June 1.
During the mass inoculations,
three shots were given during a
five week period. Salk said the
first two inoculations should be
spaced four weeks apart for max
imum effectiveness.
Shots for More Children
On the basis of three cc per
child, only 39,000,000 children
could be inoculated by June 1.
But it figured on the basis of
only 2 cc per child, 52,000,000
could receive shots, or the addi
tional 13,000,000 this year.
It is estimated there are about
64,000,000 children of "tjolin
age" in the United States.
Salk suggested that all chil
dren who received noli
lations during last spring's field
trials should eet an arlrfitinnai
booster dose this year. He said
ttus was necessary because the
three doses given in a five week
period in 1954 could not have
been expected to produce more
than a primary effect.
The secondary effect or lonz-
term immunity, can be accom
plished only if the third booster
shot is given at a time several
months beyond the first two
doses," he said.
"The third inoculati
booster shot, should not be given
before at least seven months have
elapsed, but certainly before the
onset of the 1956 polio season,"
bailc said.
Salk's Three Sons Among First
To Get Anti-Polio Inoculations
Vaccine Will Cost
Public About $6
Ann Arbor. Mich. (U.Pl
Three cubic centimeters of Salk
vaccine, enough to inoculate a
child, will cost the public about
$b, representatives of pharma
ceutical firms said today.
The spokesmen, attending a
meeting at which Dr. Thomas
Francis Jr. reported on the ef
fectiveness of the vaccine, said
physicians and drug stores
would be able to obtain the
serum at about 30 Der cent less
than that but it would be sold
to the public at about S2 a cub
ic centimeter.
The fees of the nhysician who
administers the vaccine is not
included in the $6 price.
Easter Flower Sniff .
Costs Woman $1,350
Detroit (U.R) Mrs. Sarah
Droste estimated today it cost
her $1,350 to smell an Easter
flower.
Mrs. Droste sniffed a notted
hyacinth, dropped the plant on
the gas pedal of her car and
smashed through two garages
and struck another automobile.
KELVIN ATOR
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JOHNSTON STORES
112 South Riverside
Pittsburgh U.R) Dr. Jonas
E, Salk, who says development
of his polio vaccine came as "no
surprise," is a painstaking, seem
ingly untiring worker with ex
treme confidence in his results.
His own children were among
the first to receive inoculations
soon after he started his first
tests on human beings.
In May, 1953, when leading
scientists still were fearful that
the vaccine might cause polio
instead of preventing it, Salk in
jected the fluid, filled with
"killed" virus, into the veins of
his three sons, the youngest then
only three.-
"He said he wanted to give us
the vaccine before he went out
to give it to others," the scien
tist's wife, Donna, recalled. Un
til that time, the vaccine had
been administered only to per
sons who had had polio and ac
quired an immunity,
The Manhattan born polio ex
pert regards his accomplish
ments in the battle against virus
diseases with great modesty. De
velopment of the polio vaccine,
he said, was merely "just anoth
er job to be done in a field in
which I was interested.
Salk became devoted to re
search early in life.
In 1947, Pitt asked Salk to
head its virus laboratory and
open an all out drive against the
virus diseases, since the antibi
otics such as penicillin had large
ly brought the bacterial sickness
under control.
When Salk arrived, virtually
the only equipment he had was
a desk in the Pittsburgh Munici
pal Hospital for Contagious Dis
eases. He threw his -tremendous
energy into building a staff and
facilities. Now 50 persons work
in laboratories occupying three
floors of the building in Pitts
burgh's Medical Center.
As he worked in his labora
tory, often from before dawn
until after dusk, he conceived
the idea of developing a vac
cine, containing "killed" virus
of all three types, which would
cause a person's blood to build
up immunity - giving antibiotics
without infecting him with the
disease.
After months of experiment
ing with monkeys 15,000 were
used in the project Salk decid
ed in June, 1952, that the time
had come to test the vaccine on
human beings, Forty volunteers,
all of whom had recovered from
polio, were inoculated with the
pink, crystal-clear fluid.
In the days of waiting for the
results, Salk said, his chief feel
ings were "interest and curiosity
as to what was coming ' out."
Then, blood tests showed the
hoped-for antibodies building up
in the recipients' blood. ,
So smooth
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Uh Mail Tribune Want Ada
r
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