Gresham outlook., June 12, 1914, Page 19, Image 19

Caring For Cheap and W aste Products
Kinds of Soil for Fruit Described
New College Bulletin Tells Plans for Establishing and Operating
By-Products Plants.
Theory That Trees W ill Grow Anywhere Disproved by W riter
of This Article.
'A K IN G the view th a t it is easy to
dispose of firs t class products but
th a t th e p ro fit of th e fru it and
v eg etab le business depends very largely
upon a u tilizatio n o f th e second and
th ird class products, P rofessors
1.
Lew is an d W. S. Brown, of Oregon A g ri­
c u ltu ral College, have issued a new col
lege bu lletin called “ F ru it aiol Vcgc
ta b le B y p ro d u c ts,’’ in which they ex ­
p lain th e conditions and processes of
o rganizing and ru n n in g by-products fa c ­
tories.
T
The highly im portant questions of the
am ount of money necessary, the q u an ­
ti ty of products raised w ithin the p ro­
posed by-products te rrito ry , and w h at
k inds o f plants to establish, are treated
in tim ately from the point of view of
tho grow er.
“ The question of w hat kind of p lan t
should be put in cannery, v inegar works,
ev ap o rato r, or jelly fa cto ry —-cannot be
answ ered o ff h a n d ,” says P rofessor
Lewis. “ There is undoubtedly a splen-
di<T field for all those m an u factu rin g
plan ts. It would be unwise, however, to
tr y w orking all our low grades into any
one of these forms. I f wc were to a t ­
tem pt to work ull valu ab le produce into
v in eg ar we should easily over stock the
m arket. Wc must rem em ber th a t th ere
are only certain ty p es o f products th a t
arc ad ap ted to each of th e special uses.
The ideal to which every association
should work is first to handle as large
a percentage of the product as is feasi
hie in the fresh state, to establish a can
niug facto ry th a t can handle large quan
titic s of both vegetables and fru its, amt
to install au ev ap o rato r for the handling
of all classes. F in ally th e vinegar works
should be added. In other words we
should aim to have a p lan t so organized
th a t n othing would go to w aste, each
p lant supplem enting th e o th e rs.’’
As au exam ple o f th is m ethod it is
shown how peelings and cores from the
cannery could be used in v inegar works,
or if more pro fitab le, how the peelings
could bo driet to excellent ad v an tag e
and la te r worked into jam s and jellies.
By a com bination of p lan ts losses in all
lines would bo reduced to a minimum.
Because the success o f the associa­
tion fo r hanuling these products would
depend very largely upon th e ch aracter
of th e co n tract en tered into by the
grow ers th is question is treated quite
fully in th e new bu lletin and sam ple
co n tracts are presented in tho appendix.
M ethods of organization are also treated
quite fully, so th a t th e bulletin is of tho
g reatest p ractical value to all producers
who m ust face the p ro fit and loss s itu a ­
tion in th e ir in dustry. Those desiring
copies may secure them by w ritin g to
R. U. H etzel, D irector, C orvallis, Oregon,
fur E xtension ¡Series 2, No. 21.
Guard Against Hog Cholera Advised
TO cholera has not as yet gained a
Oregon, and by
easily-followed
rules th e dread seourage may be held a t
a distance. Inquiries have reached the
o ffice of the Oregon A g ricu ltu ral C ol­
lege v eterin arian in d icatin g th a t swine
grow ers are face to face w ith tile p ro b ­
lem in some sections o f th e state.
W hile these inquiries have been an
sw ered locally, Dr. B. T. Simms, a ss ist­
a n t professor of V eterin ary Science,
wishes to have all grow ers throughout
th e sta te on th eir guard ag ain st th e in ­
trod u ctio n and spread o f th e disease.
“ To handle th e disease su ccessfu lly ,”
says Dr. Simms, “ one m ust know some
th in g o f its cause and th e common nietli
ods o f spread.
“ Hog cholera is caused by a micro­
scopic germ th a t is p resen t in th e blood,
flesh and droppings o f hogs th a t are s u f­
fe rin g w ith th e disease.
Some hogs,
even a f te r recovery, continue to pass
Winter Plowing is
Now Favored
H E R E is a d iv ersity of opinion as
to th e a d v isab ility o f plow ing in
th e w in ter time.
I t is g enerally conceded, how ever,
th a t sod lands should be plowed in th e
w in ter sea.-on. The freezin g rn d th aw
in g o f th e soil p u ts it in much b e tte r
condition th an it can be put by th e
plow and harrow a fte r th e spring has
opened.
W in ter plow ing also destroys m any
in sects th a t would dam age erops if
th e y were allowed to live.
T here will be much more m oisture
’aid up in the soil and saved fo r th e
nse o f th e grow ing erop the next y ear
i f the plow ing is done d u rin g th e w in ­
te r season than th ere would be if it
w ere le ft u n til spring.
The cap illary connection w ith th e
•nbsoil will have tim e to be renew ed
i f th e plow ing is done early.
T his is an im p o rtan t item th a t is not
o ften considered.
I have m ade a p raetiee fo r several
y ears o f g e ttin g as n early all of my
•cd land as I can tu rn ed before i t quits
freezing.
T
Lebancr Oregon, n tise n s h a r t tscidsd to
hold. on Jsno 4 and 5, the stra w b e rry fa ir
eh has breum * an annual leauva e v e n t
w’
germ s in th eir droppings. These hogs
spread th e disease ju s t as human car
riers sp read typhoid.
“ U nder o rdinary lot conditions the
germ s will die out in fo u r m onths. On
th e o th er hand they w iU -resist th e or
d in ary m ethods employed in curing
m eat nt th e big packing houses.”
E xten siv e experim ents have proven
th a t th e disease is not usually tra n s ­
m itted through tho air.
Among the
more common methods of spread are the
follow ing: C ontact w ith cholera hogs,
hum ans who have been in co n tact w ith
cholera hogs, dogs, buzzards, etc., th a t
have fed on diseased h o g s’ carcasses,
stock cars infected w ith cholera germ s,
infected w ater, infected swill, slop and
garb ag e co n tain in g bacon rinds or
bones of diseased hogs.
By care in gu ard in g ag ajn st co n tam i­
n atio n from these sources individual
grow ers and the en tire s ta te may keep
th e disease aw ay from Oregon hogs.
C
From the physical p o in t of view, it is
harder to say what co n stitu tes th e best
soil, but th ere are ce rta in properties
lh a t we find desirable. F irst, it should
be deep, the deeper the b etter. I t should
contain enough sand and g ravel to allow
one to till it easily. It should have good
drainage. It should contain enough
clay to m ake it n good m oisture and
p lan t food retainer, and should contain
a t least 2 per cent humus.
N itrogen is an elem ent which leaches
very easily from th e soil, and th is ex
plains to a large degree the small per
ren tag e found in some soils. Each grow
er must, to a certain degree, study his
own soil from a chemical stan d p o in t by
ex perim enting on a sm all scale with
commercial fertilizers, cover crops, etc.
creases as it has in the past few months,
the churning capacity will have to be
increased. The splendid quality of Oak
Harbor butter is rapidly becoming
known in all of the larger cities, and
the company hag discovered the ad van
tage of dealing direet with the mer
chant instead of allowing the butter to
pass through the hands of the commis
sion men.
The fa c t th a t a soil runs d eficien t in a
certain elem ent, a fte r all, is not a v e ry
g reat draw back, as it is com paratively
easy, in tho m ajo rity of cases, to supply
the lacking clem ent; but the physical
condition of th e soil is indeed very im­
p o rtan t, au it is bard to change it m a­
terially. W hile a heavy soil can be made
lig h ter by the additiou of humus and
careful m ethods of handling, and a lig h t
soil made more compact by the ad d itio n
of humus, aside from this, the physical
condition can n o t be changed. W here ir­
rigation is practiced, by grow ing cover
crops and supplying a rtific ia l m oisture,
m any eo m n e a ly supposed poor soils can
be made to give good returns.
Good Cultivation Needed.
To no sm all degree, the success of or­
charding depends upon good cu ltiv atio n
and proper handling of the soil. To have
healthy p lan t grow th a certain am ount
of oxygen must, be in the soil. This oxy­
gen is form ed in the air. Again, good
preparation should deepen the soil, in ­
creasing the feeding surface, all tho
more encouraging roots to strik e deeply
and bringing the m oisture up from tho
w ater table. By having the soil particles
small the w ater is enabled to rise. Thus,
in the feeding area of the si.il we have
set more p lan t food free, anil we also
have plenty of m oisture. These tw o
points are very essential, ns the only
way p lant food can en ter the roots is
in the form of a solution. W ater m ust
be present. This solution en terin g tho
roots rises to th e leave«, w here the food
is retained fei fu tu re use and the w ater
is given o il. ’1 he more m oisture th a t
outers the p lan t, tin more food is de­
posited.
In sum mer our object is to pulverize
two or thro«' inches on the surface as
finely as possible to p revent the mois­
tu re from evap o ratin g from the soil.
The n earer wo h u n g the top soil to the
condition of road dust the b e tte r will
be our results. The fine soil prevents
the w ater from passing through it. If
we Stopped w ith the spring cultivation,
tho soil, a fte r ea, h rain, would l ake
Hie crust, and it would i rack open, le t­
tin g out the moisture. Hummer cu lti­
vation also keeps down thp weeds, and
Ibis is well w orth while, as weeds pump
out an enorm ous amount of w att r from
the soil
i-------- ---------------------------------------------
Farmers To Convene
at St. Joseph
VER a y e a r ago the largest atten d
ance o f farm ers at an agricu ltu ral
|
Final Plans For Cold Storage.
convention took place a t the first
The Y'akima V alley F ru it G ro w ers’ In te rsta te A g ricultural and Industrial
Association has com pleted arran g em en ts Congress in S t. Joseph. Mo., when 3,665
for th e construction o f a 500 carload farm ers registered. The second meet
cap acity cold storage p la n t a t Zillah, ing of th is congress is announced for
Wash. The p lan t will cost about $75,000 December 9, 10, 11 and 12, 1914, in the
and will be owned b y a corporation, all A uditorium a t Kt. Joseph.
of th e stock being held by m em bers of
This congress, according to the plans
the fr u it g ro w ers’ association.
The which are beginning to tak e gha|>e, will
plans call fo r a bu ild in g 140 by 140
be even b e tte r than th* last, as it will
feet, th ree stories in h eig h t and w ith a
p ro fit by the experience of the other,
basem ent fo r the sto rag e of ice. Work
and arran g em en ts will be made for the
will be commenced im m ediately.
educational addresses to reach those
who are most directly interested in
Pine Manufacturers Show Gain.
them. P rovisions will be made also for
A ccording to figures su b m itted to the
the ex h ib itin g of appliances in whic.h
q u arterly m eeting o f th e W estern Fine
farm ers and th eir fam ilies are interest
M an u fa c tu re rs' A ssociation by S ecre­ ed.
ta ry Cooper, the lum ber shipm ents from
I t is exjiected th a t one o f the exhibit
the mills of th e association durin g the
firs t th ree m onths of 1914 to taled 214,- featu res will be a herd of ten cows
000,000 feet, an increase o f 16,000,000 to be cared fo r and milked under tin'
supervision o f U nited S ta te s d airy of
feet over the same period last year.
ficials, and a daily record posted in
fro n t of each cow, th e feed being
Creamery Now Being Enlarged.
The Oak Harbor, Wash., Co-operative A rrangem ents are being perfected for
Creamery Co. has enlarged its plant by displays by th e s ta te agricultural col
providing an office room, cold storage leges of K ansas, N ebraska, Missouri and
room and salt room. If patronage in ­ Iow a.
“ The io
are tom e tim es
la
Josephine
C o u n t y ,’ »ays the G ra n t s P ate, OrecoD, Oonr
" w it h the railroad bond eaa« fin a lly
g tte rm in c d in favor of tho eity, irrig a tio n
The a t r i r r . n l reqwtremcr) t . f the ^rrsat
m ingly taking d e fin ite shapa, the mines ra ­ servir« th»t all sb-ep b . dipped before cn
n i n< a rolum e of wealth and the Alm eda ta rin s tha national frre e ta has [— — - f “ f
gishurau>( <4 0 ,0 00 to iia creditors. ”
eradicated eeekia* aa tbuae araaa.
tar.
T
Best Soil Discussed.
Methods of Handling Dread Swine Disease Are Told by 0. A. C.
Veterinarian, Dr. B. T. Simms.
stro n g foothold in
H observing
a few
BY C. I. L E W IS.
H E opinion is quite p rev alen t th a t
fru it trees will grow and flourish in
alm ost any kind of soil. This theory
however, appears to be wrong, fo r fru it
trees, to put forth th e ir best effo rts,
require a soil of good q u ality , as much
so as do th e sm aller crops, such as
grains, corn, potatoes, etc. W here such
crops th riv e, some fru its are found to
do equally well. Good soils v ary in
many p articu lars, but th e y should be
fertile; th a t is, contain tho necessary
elem ents for p lant grow th.
The soil
should be deep and mellow if best re ­
sults arc desired. D epth is indeed a very
im portant fa c to r in successful fru it
growing, because the root system s o f the
trees require p lenty of room for good
developm ent. Young tre e s will th riv e
for a tim e on shallow roils, b u t sooner
or Inter th ey will become unprofitable,
as it is im possible for them to obtain
the maximum developm ent in such soils.
The question is som etim es asked:
“ W hat is m eant by good s o il! ” From
the chemical point of view , we would
m ake the follow ing classificatio n : Poor
soils contain about .15 per cent of |u>t
ash, .05 per cent phosphoric acid, .2 per
cent lime, .05 per cent nitrogen. Fro
dnetive soils: .25 per cen t potash, .1 per
cent phosphoric acid, .5 per cent, lime, .1
per cent nitrogen. E xcellent soils: .35
per cent potash, .25 per cen t phosphoric
acid, 1.0 per cent lime, .2 per cent ni
trogen.
O
Eggs For Hatching
Should Be Fresh
LL EGGB intended for hatching
purposes, w hether under hens or
in inenbators, should be a s fresh
as possible when set. These e g g s should
be from sound, vigorous, healthy breed
ing stock only. Choose medium sized
eggs th a t arc well formed and th a t
havo smooth, normal ap p earin g shells.
Thin or rough shelled eggs should uot
be set, neither should eg.-s be used on
which there a re any little w arty like
exerceene.es of lime, as th e s e wiii be
sure to chip o ff in tu rn in g and leave
holes in th e egg shell which will pre­
v ent fu rth e r developm ent of the e m ­
bryo.
Eggs intended for hatching
should be k ept in a cool, dry, clean
place and should not be tu rn ed while
being so kept. The tem perature « f th o
room in which they are k ip t should not
fall below 4<> degrees or go abov< till
degrees F. Prolonged exposure of eggs
to a te m p eratu re of 70 d e g r e e s or at ,e
will injure th e v ita lity of the germ
and be alm ost certain to result in dead
germ s or fully formed chirks dead m
the
A
riies Arc Dodginr Eugene
• ' I t is a f t e r th e middle of May and I
can fin d scarcely a fly in Kngem
said
Dr. P W. Comings. c,ty health officer,
who ban tak en consistent purl in tho
Eugene, Oregon, an ti fly cam paign.
“ The cam paign has made Eugene alm ost
wholly clean from a sa n ita ry point of
W. C. Brown, president of the New
York Central railway and one of the
foremost men in the United States in
the advocation of better farming, will
act as permanent chairman of the eon-
green. The exeeutive committee la R. M
Bacheller, P. W Faiirot, K U Platt,
IL W. Han dusky, 8 R Connett, 0. M vi«W. ’ ’
The special police officer appointed ta
BetW and K. K. Blater.
see that sanitary ordinance« were en­
forced says a eity wide sentiment favor­
Fl.eep require about the same p a r able to «leaning up fly breeding |laeo*
turage acreage, weight for weight, as has been developed Dr Cam mgs ho pea
do cattle, eh*ep tari re *a a
to see th* aiV
Dyto*e that earn
hi Mt