8
HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
United Slates Department of Agriculture Page
Bulletins and Special Articles of Interest to the Northwest, Issued by the Government; Suggestions Covering a Wide Range
of Activities; Results of Federal Investigations, Etc,
Making Table Sirup from Apples
Department of Agriculture Applies for Public Service Patent;
Hood River Experiment.
Place for Sheep on the Farm
Government Says Small Flock May Be Maintained at Little
Expense.
FLLOWING extensive experiments
begun last spring, the head of
the fruit and vegetable utiliza
tion laboratory of the Department
of Agriculture has applied for a pub
lic service patent covering the mak
ing of a new form of table sirup
from apple juice. This patent will
make the discovery, which the spe
cilialists believe will be of great
value to all apple growers as a
means of utilizing their culls and
excess apples, common property of
any cider mill in the United States
which wishes to manufacture and
sell apple cider sirup.
The new sirup, one gallon of
which is made from seven gallons of
ordinary cider, is a clear ruby or
amber colored sirup of about the
consistency of cane sirup and maple
sirup. Properly sterilized and put
in sealed tins or bottles, it will keep
Indefinitely, and when opened, will
keep under household conditions as
well as other Birups. It has adls
tinct fruity aroma and special flavor
of Its own which is described as be
ing practically the same as the
sirupy substance which exudes from
a baked apple.
Used like Other Sirups.
The Birup can be used like maple
or other sirups for griddle cakes,
cereals, household cookery, and as
flavoring In desserts. The Govern
ment cooking experts are at present
experimenting with it in cookery and
expect shortly to issue recipes for
use of the new sirup in old ways
and for taking advantage of its spe
cial flavor in novel dishes.
The Department chemists have al
ready produced over ten gallons of
this sirup in their laboratories, using
summer and other forms of apples.
The success of the experiments has
greatly interested some of the apple
growers, and during October a large
cider mill in the Hood River Valley,
Oregon, will in co-operation with the
Government chemists, endeavor to
produce 1,000 gallons on a commer
cial scale and give the new product
a thorough market test by making it
accessible through retailers in a lim
ited field.
New Commercial Field.
The interest of apple growers in
the product arises from the fact that
the new apple cider sirup promises
to give them a commercial outlet for
vast quantities of windfall and other
apples, for which they hitherto could
find no market either in perisable
raw cider or in vinegar. Cider pro
Smith-Lever Act Is
Educational
MANY letters are being received
by the U. S. Department of
Agriculture which indicate
that farm women in various sections
of the country have come to believe
that the Government is about to as
sist them with grants of money to
individuals. This unfortunate mis
take which, it is feared, will be the
cause of considerable disappointment,
appears to have arisen through a
misunderstanding of the Smith-Lever
Act recently passed by Congress.
Under this Act funds contributed
both by the Federal and State gov
ernments are made available for
practical demonstration work in
agriculture and home economics.
Experts from the Agricultural Col
leges and county agents, both men
and women, are to show farmers
and farm women the value of mod
ern methods in agriculture and
housekeeping, and demonstrate the
use of labor-saving devices. The
purposes of the Act are thus entire
ly educational; and there are no
provisions whatever lor direct finan
cial assistance.
duction, it Beems, comes largely at
one season of the year during which
the market is more or less flooded
with this perisable product. The
bulk and perishability of the raw
cider, moreover, the cider makers
state, often make it unprofitable for
them to ship the raw cider of one
district long distance to a non-apple-growing
region. The market
for cider, therefore, has been largely
restricted in many cases to localities
near the area of production. No
method of sterilizing ordinary cider
has been found practical for the rea
son that foiling cider, at once inter
feres with its delicate flavor.
With the cider mill able to make
a palatable, long-keeping table sirup
out of its apple juice, growers, it is
believed, will be able to use all ex
cess juice for bottled or canned ap
ple sirup. The new sirup, the spe
cialists find, will keep Indefinitely,
so that the cider makers can mar
ket it gradually throughout the
year. '
The Process.
The process for making the sirup
calls for the addition to a cider mill
of a filter press and, open kettles or
some other concentrating apparatus.
The process is described as follows:
The raw cider is treated tith pure
milk of lime until nearly, but not
quite, all of the natural malic acids
are neutralized. The cider is then
heated to boiling and filtered
through a filter press, an essential
feature of the process. The result
ant liquid is then evaporated either
in continuous evaporators or open
kettles, just as ordinary cane or
sorghum sirup is treated. It then is
cooled and allowed to stand for a
short time, which causes the lime
and acids to form small crystals of
calcium malate. The sirup is then
re-filtered through the filter press,
which removes the crystals of cal
cium malate and leaves a sirup with
practically the same basic composi
tion as ordinary cane sirup. Its
flavor, hover, and appearance are
distinctive.
Calcium malate, the by-product, is
a substance used in medicine and at
present selling for $2 per pound. It
is believed that if calcium malate
can be produced in this way cheap
ly and in large quantities, it can be
made commercially useful in new
ways, possibly in the manufacture of
baking powder.
The cost of making this sirup on
a commercial scale will be deter
mined during the test in October.
This demonstration work which the
Smith-Lever Act is designed to pro
mote, has already met with consid
erable success in the States where
it has been started, but the addi
tional funds now available will
greatly increase its efficiency. To
avail themselves to the full of its
possibilities the Department officials
recommend that farm women form
local clubs and then communicate
with the county agent or the State
agricultural college. In this way it
will often be possible to secure a
visit from the county agent or from
the home economics expert.
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AS THE SHEEP breeding season
is now opening, the United
States Department of Agricul
ture urges the desirability of main
taining a small flock of sheep upou
the farm. With proper care and
attention, a flock of twenty-five or
thirty ewes can be kept at very lit
tle expense, and they will prove of
inestimable value in freeing the
farm of weeds, and adding some
thing to the farm income. In addi
tion to providing a considerable sup
ply of delicious wholesome food for
the farm table, there will be a sur
plus for sale, and an additional item
of revenue in the form of wool.
Many farmers make a practice of
buying ewes in the fall, breeding
them and selling the lambs the fol
lowing summer. Such ewes can
be carried through the winter on
wheat and rye fields if not pastured
too closely, or on clover hay with
some roots and a little linseed meal.
If the clover hay is not available,
corn fodder may be used as rough
age, in which case it should always
be supplemented with bran or lin
seed meal. Lambs should come early
and should be taught to eat as soon
as they are old enough. Give lambs
access to corn by providing a creep
through which they can go without
allowing the ewes to follow.
Purchase Prices.
Ewes can be purchased at the
present time at prices ranging from
$3.00 for common, inferior sorts to
$7.00 for good fairly well-bred ewes.
For farm purposes the black-faced
ewss arc more popular than the
others, although good results can
frequently be obtained from the
white-faced ones. In buying ewes,
be sure that they stand well on their
feet, have good straight backs and
good mouths. Ewes that have broken
teeth, or teeth that are badly worn
down, should not be bought. As a
rule, a sheep has one pair of per
manent incisor teeth when it is one
year old; two pairs when it is two
years old; and three pairs or a full
mouth when It Is three years old.
A full mouthed ewe, if the teeth are
in good condition, can be used for
breeding with good results, although
she may be as much as five years
old. Never buy a ewe that has a
broken mouth, that is, with teeth
that have been broken off or lost.
None but a purebred ram should
be used. It is not necessary to have
a show animal, but a strong vigor
ous buck is essential. Shropshire,
Oxford, Southdown, and Hampshire
rams sire excellent mutton lambs
and these breeds are recommended
for the farm states. A suitable ram
can be bought for $8.00 to $20.00.
Drawbacks and Remedies.
The two principal .drawbacks to
the sheep industry in the farm states
are dogs and stomach worms. The
dog nuisance can be obviated to a
great extent by placing dog-proof
fences around the pastures. The
United States Forest Service has had
excellent results in protecting sheep
from coyotes and wolves by building
fences constructed in the following
manner: A barbed wire is first
stapled to the posts right on the sur
face of the ground. Three inches
above this is placed a panel of close
woven wire, 36 inches high, and
above this two strands of ordinary
barbed wire. Care should be taken
to see that there are no openings be
tween the ground and the lowest
barbed wire. An inclosuro made In
this manner, into which sheep may
be turned at night, is inexpensive,
and dogs will not get through it.
MoRt of the damage by dogs is done
at night.
The presence of stomach worms is
a very serious drawback. The young
lambs become infested with them by
eating grass to which the worms
have attached themselves, the eggs
being deposited by the mature sheep.
It is therefore desirable to keep the
c.
lambs on land on which the mature
sheep have not run, and if possible
in cases of bad infestations to keep
the lambs away from the mature
sheep as much as possible.
In the farm states, the farmers
will find it to their best advantage
to regard the wool from the sheep
as a by-product, and direct their
principal attention to the production
of lambs, and mutton for the tablo.
YOU WANT THE BEST SPRAYER
You wul to lave unv
temper, trouhU and tieea.
You want to raiat fruit thai
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You want to kaow all ahcjl
out prayer More you Ihi:
I here it more you ought ro
know. Do You Want To
f TV. D.-l
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