HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
Poultry and Dairy Products at Exposition
What "Small Produce" Means to the Modern Farmer, Appliances and Methods to Be Shown In Agricultural Palace at Panama
Pacific Fair, the Farm as a Manufacturing Plant.
(By Charles W. Stevenson.)
TAKIXG the farm as a manufactur
ing unit tho value of the small
produce rises into large national
importance. It is not many years since
J. Ogden Armour startled tho country
by a series of articles in the Saturday
Evening Tost on tho use of the re
frigerator car and its value to the farm
ers of the country. The growth of
great cities while presenting problems
of serious political import furnishes a
vast market for the farmer. The in
crease of transportation lines and the
facilities for marketing produce have
added materially to the farmer's an
nual income. The well-managed farm
lias become in truth, a factory. Inven
tion and machinery have become neces
aary adjuncts, and the telephone fur
nished a daily price list.
But as in the case with every ad
vancing industry in a country densely
populated, having direct and abundant
railroad connections, the larger markets
fontrol prices. That this has been of
immense advantage to the farmer the
present high scale of prices of milk,
butter, poultry and eggs testify. St
Louis, Chicago and New York prices
on turkeys, as an illustration, during
the holiday season, now control the
table of the town-dweller throughout
the whole Mississippi Valley. And
where, twenty years ago, the market in
the adjacent town controlled the price,
per dozen of spring broilers, today the
price is qnoted, per pound, at an ad
vance of 300 to 400 per cent, where,
formerly, the fanner ten miles from a
country town could not market the
milk of his cows Bave by the laborious
process of churning it into butter by
primitive methods, now by means of
the cream separator, the extracted
.values can be sold at stable market
prices at the front gate. So that it has
become profitably practical to pay at
tention to these by-products of the
arm.
Two Results.
From these changes two results are
apparent. Small factories are continu
ally springing up to consume the dairy
products of smaller growing farm
areas; and country towns and small
railroad stations have become shipping
points for all kinds of farm products,
especially poultry aBff eggs. Not- only
this, but the farm has become a fac
tory for converting the raw material
into the finished product, or advancing
it part way toward completion for con
sumption. And again, reverting to the
farm as a unit, the farm industry can
no longer ignore these sources of in
come. Nor can the farmer refuse to
keep abreast of the prices which pre
vail; and while the world's crop con
trols the price of cereals, domestic con
sumption and trade must always afford
a minimum of domination in the sev
eral countries in the matter of small
produce, albeit affected by the density
of population and the growth of great
eities. The law of supply and demand
has more freedom of action and gives
greater benefit.
It follows that a group of the ex
hibits in the coming Panama Pacific
International Exposition devoted to a
showing of "Appliances and Methods
Used in Agricultural Industries" of the
character enumerated, must prove of
decided advantage and great service to
the farmers of the world. And it is to
be mentioned that the farmers of the
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United States may learn much from the
display of European states, while South
American countries have even a larger
source of information in tho progress of
both.
Magnitude Shown,
A few figures on dairy products and
the production of poultry and eggs in
the United States, available from the
thirteenth census, shows the magnitude
of these industries. In 1909 the pro
duction of poultry, inclusive of chick
ens, guinea fowls, turkeys, geese, ducks,
pigeons and peafowls, amounted to
$48S,46S,354; the value of fowls raised
during the year reaching $202,506,272,
an increase of 47.9 per cent over the
total value for ten years earlier. The
production of eggs for the same year
(1909) was 1,591,311,371 dozen. For
this year this was a production of 5.31
fowls per capita and 17.3 dozen eggs per
capita.
Again, the dairy industry for the
United States, year 1909, reveals the
following:
Cows kept for milk on
farms, number 20,625,432
Cows kept for milk not on
farms, number 1,170,338
Total 21,795,770
Milk produced on farms,
gaUons 5,813,699,474
Butter made on farms, num
ber of pounds 994,650,610
Butter made in fatcories,
pounds 624,764,653
..1,619,415,263
Total
Cheese made on farms,
pounds , 9,405,864
Cheese made in factories,
pounds : 311,126,317
It becomes imperative therefore that
the progressive farmer acquaint himself
not only with the appliances applicable
to the individual farm, but with those
larger systems which are employed in
the local factories now being planted
adjacent to the farms. He has double
interest in this class of displays, first
in the machinery he can install on his
own farm, and second in the best kind
to install in the factory in which he
may become a stockholder.
These are economic and political
problems connected with this gronp of
farm industries that are worthy of
mention. The tendency of these small
products of the farm must be to reduce
its acreage, a condition which should be
hailed as a civic boom. Not only does
the intensive farming of the individual
acre enlarge its production, but the in
crease of the country home adds stabil
ity to a nation's political life. The
spread of this form of investigation and
knowledge has a far-reaching effect and
adds a force and value to the depart
ment of agriculture at an exposition
that is above material benefits and
commercial profit
rami as a Factory. '
Nevertheless, it intensifies the farm
er's consideration of the farm as a
unit, a factory, if you will, to be oper
ated in the light of the best business
methods. Just how far the individual
farmer may go in devoting land, time
and capital to these phases of produc
tion will employ his highest business
acumen and must be dependent upon
not only the productive conditions of
his individual acreage, but his relation
to the immediate and remote markets.
But it seems certain that, with cur-
Total 320,532,181
Condensed milk produeod,
pounds . 494,795,544
International Displays.
Remembering that the Panama-Pacific
is an International Exposition, and
that the European nations by govern
mental or individual participation are
to be present, the educative importance
of these displays must rise in the pub
lic regard. Our international agricul
tural exchanges must continue under
the natural laws of production in the
great staples, but this class of farm
industries in Countries like Germany,
France, Holland and England must have
much to tell the farmers of the United
States and the rest of the world. The
industries are classified as follows:
OEOTJP 118,
Appliances and Methods Used In Agri
cultural Industries.
Class 567 Types of agricultural fac
tories connected with farming;
dairies; creameries; cheese factories,
etc.
Class 568 Oil mills; margarine fac
tories; grain elevators and appliances.
Class 569 Workshops for the prepara
tion of textile fibres.
Class 570 Equipment for tho breeding
of birds and for the artificial hatch
ing, raising or fattening of poultry.
Poultry foods. Methods of and ap
pliances for packing and transporting.
Class 571 Market gardening. Build
ings and appliances for growing,
gathering, packing and marketing
vegetables. Processes and equipment
employed in tho forced culture of
vegetables and plants, with specimens
of products.
What in the United States is an ever
increasing domestic trade in the older
countries mentioned .enters into the for
eign exchange, Holland, for example,
selling its chief foreign shipments to
its neighbors.
Farmer Ownership.
Taking Class 567, comprising dairies,
creameries and cheese factories, the im
portance to the individual farmer lies
in the fact that the tendency of the
time is towards stock company owner
ship of all of these among tho farmers
themselves. In the State of Iowa the
farmers principally own the creameries.
And it is almost certain with the ex
tension of the agricultural credit sys
tem, as operated, in Germany, to the
farmers of the United States, the own
ership of these local factories by the
farmers themselves will increase.
rent prices, no farmer can refuse to
include some portion of this kind of
production in his scheme of making bia
own enterprise bring the best returns.
Nor does it seem that the growth of
individual dairy, poultry and vegetable
farms will destroy this. In a sense it
is a utilization of waste, in unoccupied
and unproductive lands, waste in shat
tered grain, waste in the value of fod
der and roughness and the marketable
portion of the major crop. Yet, while
this is true, failure to take advantage
of modern machinery connected with
these farm industries must render them
a burden rather than a benefit.
Appliances and methods as shown in
this group at tho Panama-Pacific In
ternational Exposition must return es
pecial benefit to every farmer who will
attend. Manifestly, the exchange of
ideas between the countries must re
sult in greater reflective study through
out the world. The manufacturers who
exhibit in this section will receive in
return the commercial rewards of merit,
the only basis of lasting trade. The
application of electrical motors to farm
machinery is constantly saving labor
and liberalizing life upon the farm. A
recent writer calls attention to the pos
sibility of returning the loom to the
home through the distribution of eloe
trical power, thus solving many of the
sweatshop and mill problems of the day.
On the farm, it is certain, that no
longer is there any portion of tho total
product beneath the consideration of
the skilled and wealthy husbandman,
and with increasing machines to do the
work the disadvantages are disappear
ing. The one-crop farmer, drudging a
vast field, belongs to the past.
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