HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
TimberFiumes
THAT the v-Bhaped timber flume is
a more efficient typo than the box
or square-sided form is one of the
eonclusions reached by the Department
or Agriculture in a bulletin just issued
on flumes and fluming. The V-shaped
wooden flume requires less water and,
on the average, less repairs than the
either type, is better adapted to act as
a slide on steep grades, and offers fewer
ehancos for jams. Concerning a third
type, the "sectional" metal flume,
eemi-circular in form, the prediction is
made that it will come into wide use.
Such a flume is strong and light, and
can be quickly taken apart and trans
ported from one place to another to be
set up again.
When building flumes a ao.xl plan
says the department, is to erect a small
sawmill at or near the upper mil of the
flume location to saw out the lumber
needed for construction. Suci niatetiul
can be floated down the flume as fast
as the latter is built and used for fur
ther extension.
For handling railroad eross-ties, cants.
poles, cordwood and the like, a flume
with the sides of the V 30 inches in
height is large enough. For handling
logs, piling, long timber or brailel
sawed lumber a height of from 40 to
60 inches is recommended. The best
angle for the V is put at 90 degrees.
Proposed flume lines ought to be sur
veyed as carefully as a line for a log-
ging railroad, to ensure evenness of
grade. Grades should be kept below
15 per cent wherever possible, and the
best results are obtained with graded be
tween 2 and 10 per cent.
Abrupt curvatures in a flume should
be avoided, for they are likely to cause
jams. Curves should rarely be permitted
to exceed 20 degrees. It may be neees
eary to blast out rocks and boulders,
or projecting points of bluffs, or to
trestle, or even tunnel, to eliminate
abrupt turves or maintain an , even
grade.
Telephones are reeommendod as ad
juncts to the operation of a flume. By
their use a serious break or jam can be
roportcd immediately to the head of the
flume to prevent further shipment of
material. A telephone also makes it
possible to notify the men at the upper
end of the flume just what material to
ship and when to ship it.
A flume recently built on Rochat
Creek, near St. Joe, Idaho, is cited as a
good example of modern V-shaped
flume eonstruction. This flume, which
is unusually large and built to handle
keavy logs and long timbers, is said to
mm
Oat of Oar Houfet
Look at the Above House
You can build it Yourself!
Simply "follow our plans." They are
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No building exponse necessary just
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Here 's the way we furnish tho lum
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READY BUILT HOUSE
COMPANY
990 Broadway, Portland, Ore,
have cost approximately 8,000 per mile
for the five miles of its length, includ
ing tne eost or constructing a wagon
road and telephone equipment. Other
flumes are cited costing from $2,000 to
7,auu a mile.
JTJNTPER WOOD TO REPLACE
CEDAR FOB PENCILS.
II FTER a long series of experiments,
f conducted with the co-operation of
four large manufacturers, the For
est Service of the Department of Agri
culture has reached the decision that
juniper is the most available substitute
for red cedar for use in pencil making.
In pursuance of this, arrangements are
now being made, by some of the larg
est companies, for lumber rights in the
juniper lands in New Mexico and other
places. The present output of pencils
in this country amounts to 1,000,000
daily, while it requires 7,000,000 cubic
feet of wood a year to allow for this
production. The Forest Service and the
manufacturers have been worried for
some time over the lumber stiuation, as
the supply of cedar is diminishing
rapidly. Hard woods could be used but
for the fact that few pencil users ever
carry sharp knives.
SHADE TREES FOR THE FARM.
SHADE trees about a farm home add
much to the beauty ,s comfort and
sale value of the place. Better have
a few cotton woods than no trees, but it
is not necessary to depend on the cot-
tonwoods and the inferior Carolina
poplar. Why not plant some of the
slower growing but more permanent
species and have the pleasure of watch
ing them develop! Many trees from the
following list are adapted to irrigated
land up to 5000 feet elevation. A num
ber of these planted about the buildingB
and along the drives, setting them in
groups rather than in rows, will give
character to the farm home and will
overcome the cheerless aspect so com
mon in some places.
American and. cork elms, linden, burr
oak and pin oak, soft maple, Norway
maple, green ash, white ash, black ash,
honey and black locusts, European
white birch, Russian olive, mountain
ash, black walnut, Rocky Mountain red
cedar, Colorado blue spruce.
Nearly three million young trees are
being set out this spring on the na
tional forests of northern Idaho and
Montana. On the St. Joe national for
est in Idaho three thousand acres will
be planted.
The State of Fennsylvania celebrates
two arbor days each year one for
spring planting and one for tho fall in
April and October respectively.
On the Deerlodge national forest in
Montana one lookout station has the
record of reporting accurately, by dis
tance and direction, a fire that was
sixty miles away.
Peach Tree Borer
REGARDING this pest of peach grow
ers over the country, George M.
List, of the Colorado Agricultural
College, has the following to say:
"The larvae live between the bark
and wood a little below the surface of
the ground in a mass of gum and woody
material. It is a soft whitish caterpil
lar with a reddish-brown head. The egg
from which this hatches is laid on the
trunk of the tree at or near the surface
of the ground by a handsome day-flying
moth. The larvae after hatching eat
through into the inner bark and sapwood
or trunk or large roots, upon whieh they
feed, causing a gummy exudation. They
feed in this way for about a year, often
almost girdling a large root of the tree.
When the larvae are full grown they
construct cocoons of the gummy exuda
tion, their casting and silk, about an
inch below the surface of the ground,
where about three or four weeks later
they change to moths. Although there
is but one generation in a season, the
moths are present most of the summer.
The larvae reach maturity it different
times, thus keeping up almost a con
stant supply of adults.
Tho most satisfactory method of con
trol has been to go over the trees and
dig out all the larvae once in the spring
and again in early fall. Their presence
is easily detected by tEe gummy exuda
tion on the crown and large roots.
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