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About The gazette-times. (Heppner, Or.) 1912-1925 | View Entire Issue (May 21, 1914)
r 8 HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION Automobiles and Good Roads A Department Designed to Help Farmers! With Progressive Ro&d Ideas IN AN effort to prevent waste of mil lions of dollars annually in the dis tribution of funds for construction of public roads Logan Waller Page, di rector of the office of publie roads of the department of agriculture, has been' Baking scientific tests to determine what materials should bs put into the wads designed to meet different kinds f traffic. It has been found that more than $1,000,000 a day is spent on con struction of roads. No estimate is made of the portion of these funds that is wasted, but it is believed to mount into the millions. - Efforts are being made to te&eh the ounlry that the expenditure of large fums of money on certain types of roads may result almost in a total waste. A road built of materials which would be ideal in one Ideality nay not serve the purpose elsewhere, and the money expended may bring scarcely any re sult in reducing the cost of hauling or making it easier for the farmer to get to the shipping point with his crops. To aid the farmers who want to build their own roads and assist communities that desire to improve roads near by, the office of public roads of the depart ment of agriculture has employed ex perts to tost all materials and study their usefulness on roads subjected to certain traffic conditions. The office of publie roads is acting in an advisory capacity to many states and counties, giving a practical form of national aid. On roads where there is heavy traffic it has been found that certain kinds of materials are better than others and that while one kind of binder may not serve the purpose, aaothcr kind pre serves the road indefinitely. Millions of dollars doubtless have been' wasted because of tbo absence of the scientific knowledge. "There are two ways in which the engineer may avail himself of the in formation necessary to a proper selec tion of road material," says Director Page. "The only certain one is to make an actual service test on the ma terial under observation and under the same conditions of traffic and climate to which the proposed toad will be sub jected. This method is impractical ex cept in rare instances, due to the lapse of time before definite results can be obtained. The second method is, by means of short time laboratory tests, to approximate the destructive agencies to which the material will be subjected an the road, supplementing this knowl dge by a study of the results obtained in practice on material of a similar na ture." QUESTION OF BETTER BO ADS. 8 As far back as 1776 Adam Smith, in his "Wealth of Na- tions," wrote as follows: "Good roads, canals and navigable rivers by diminishing the expense of car- riage, put the remote parts of the country more nearly upon a level with those in the neighborhood of the town. They are upon that ac- count the greatest of all improve- ments. They encourage the culti- vation of the remote, which must always be the most expensive cir cle of the country. They are ad vantageous to the town by break ing down the monopoly of the country in . its neighborhood. Though they introduce some rival commodities into the old market, they open many new markets, to its produce." 3 Brings Mors Fine Stock Into State. - E. B. Marks, who already has a largo herd of registered and grade Holsteins at his tarm in the Ahtanum, has re turned fro mthe East with a car load of new stock, 44 head of heifers, year lings end calves, which he purchased for $9,000 at the dispersal sale at La conn, N. Y. This is the fourth ship ment of registered Holsteins brought into the Yakima Valley this spring. In many parti of the west mow t leav ing the mountains earlier than usual. Fur mwn lay that una may mean a bad fire keaaon, and 'they are juakiug plaui for a hard campaifn. . - - ' Value of Machinery on The Farm Writer Explains How Power Will Help With Chores and Routine Duties of Work. Machinery of the right sort on i the farm is perhaps even more 4 t important than the commercial or 3 pleasure use of the automobile to' the farmer. That is why we think the article herewith will be found S S more than woll worth perusal. $.$.$3Si$'J'J$S$'$?4j$3 BY I J. CHARLTON, Instructor in Farm Mechanics, Wash ington State College. ONE of the big steps toward making life worth living on the farm is the introduction of machinery to help with the chores. A few of the choros that are now performed by ma chinery are pumping water, sawing wood, chopping feed, milking, separat ing, churning, washing, ironing, sweep ing, cooking, lighting, sewing, mixing bread, making ice cream, grinding tools, cleaning grain, grinding grain, clipping, shearing sheep, currying horses; spray ing, painting and making cider; in fact, almost every irksome job on the farm can be handled with some sort of me chanical power. I know of one family that carries water a little over 16 rods from a spring to their house. They generally make three trips to the spring for every meal cooked, that is, nine trips each day, covering more than 288 rods. The fam ily has used the spring since 1856, and during that time has traveled 18,386 miles, or three-fourths of the way around tho globe, for water. If the carrier traveled one mile every twenty minutos, at fifteen eents per hour, this would mean $900 worth of time. It is about time that this family should use some power other than man-power for carrying water. There is probably not a farm in Washington that does not have an equally undesirable chore that could be performed by mechanical power. Six Forms of Motors. There are six forms of motors in general use for furnishing power the animal body, heat engines, water-wheels, tidal machines, windmills and electrical motors. All of them can be used on at least some of the farms of Washington, and every farm has the animal as a motor. . This article is to deal with the motor best adapted to most farms for the per forming of ehores. Undoubtedly the eleetric motor is the best suited to this class of work, but unfortunately the electrical current would be so expensive in most localities that it is prohibitive. Wind power is rather uncertain, and is never steady, so it adapts itselt to only a few of the tasks mentioned, but when It can be used, it is exceedingly cheap. Water, wheels are, of course, convenient to but few farms. But the heat engine is one source of power that, like the ani mal, can be had on every farm, and it is the most uniformly adaptible to the kind of work under discussion. There are two kinds of heat motors in use on tue tarm we Bream engine, uu the oil or gas engine. Each one has its own particular field. In most localities in Washington, steam is well suited for tho work that requires power for long intervals of time, and where consider able power is used. The oil engine would find its field in handling intermittent and small power jobs. It is the ideal engine for the farm chores, and is, of course, a close competitor of the steam engine in its field. Seasons for Preference. - There are several reasons why the oil engine is more preferable for ehoreB than the steam engine. One is that it can be started more quickly. You do not have to heat up the water. No power is lost after it is stopped. Stored heat is lost from the water in the boiler of a steam engine, aud from tho fuel in the grate. Also, there is little dan ger of fire, if the oil engine is properly handled; and less danger from an ex plosion, if handled by a careless work- luaiu Tho oil engine -will run indefi nitely if left by itself with plenty of futl. A steam engine must have an attendant to keep the water at the pro per level, lest the crown sheet be ex posed and burned. Tho steam engine has the advantage f being able to furnish for short times as mush as two and one-half times its rated horsepower, ' ' though at the ex pense of eeonomy. Tho gasoline engine cannot carry an over load, for it is rated - at nearly its maximum horse power, and it is most economical at near its maximum horsepower. If anything goes wrong with no oil engine, it stops at once; but with a steam engine, trou bles generally come on gradually and can be remedied. Tho average consump tion of an oil engine is one-fifth to ono teirth gallons of oil per horso power per hour. The eoal burned under a steam engine is from four pounds to ten pounds per horse power per hour. Bo, if tho cost of these fuels are known for any locality, tho fuel oxpense can be de termined. If we take into considera tion the convenience of handling and the small danger, undoubtedly the oil engino U tho best for small power on the farm. Hints on Buying. ' In purchasing an oil ongino, it is very important to know how much power is roqaired. Usually, it is well to pur chase an engine a little more than large enough to carry the maximum load, for there is always sure to bo something ex tra for the engino to do. An engine on the farm is just like the hired man. If he m willisg there is always something extra for him to do. Thero are so many types of engines that it is bard for ono to make a se lection. ' For instance, thero is the two and four cycle. The latter is the most economical, but there are places where the two-cycle is quite satisfactory. Thon there are the air, water, and oil-cooled engines. All engines must have sumo means oil keeping the cylinder tempera ture low, or the lubricating oil will bnrn off of the piston and cylinder and they will be cut and ruined. Thero ore the high speed and low speed engines, each adapted to a certain class of work the jump-spark, make-ana break, and hot-tube ignition; the vertical and hori zontal engines; the single and multiple cylinder; in fact, there are innumerable types and each type has Its particular field. In order for the farmer to determine which engine to buy, he should inform himself so that he understands the adaptibility of the several types of en gines and appliances. If be makes a success of handling a gasoline engine, be must understand the principles and theory of the machine and its parts. Turning a machino over to see if it will When In TRY THE FR YE . V..V r,. ,? . . . ..... , ,i ,s . T ill' M if IflSftttn "IT LOOKS LIKE A HOTEL" t-hat'i What They All Bay. - V I U i f m 4 start, is not running a gasolino engine, tfo must know what is liable to get- wrong with the machine, and how" to find the trouble. Generally it is a waste of time to take an engine apart because it doesn't run, and this is likely to causo mors damage than good. , Good Doost is Given For Dairy Cow THE milk produced by the average cow in a year, according to Prof. C. II. Eckles of the Missouri Agri cultural College, will sell for about 450 at a creamery, or when made luto first class butter. A good cow of tho dairy bTeed will m,a- nt least 450 cash income each year. Many farmers report a cash in come of $50 to 1UU a cow every jear, and these figures do not include the income from tho sale of calves and pigs fed on the skim milk. "But," says one, "milking i a tre mendous task." As a matter of fiu't it only takes sixty hours, worth 15 coats an hour, to milk a cow twice a day for ten months. In a recent year the cash income fi-oro a herd of JcrBcy cattle on the Missouri .niiTA fnrm was 482.00 a cow for but ter Bold and $12.50 a cow for -milk, skimmed milk and calves, muluiifj a total income from eiich cow of iOX The following year tho avevago income nor cow from the same source was mere than $100 for the entire herd of twenty-.. oight. Want A Position Being ready when the oppor tunity conies is what counts for success. There is a birf demand for BEHNKE-WALKEa trained bookkeepers, stenographed uuJ telegraphers. Eight hundred and forty-one different firms called on us for help since August 1st. There i no quicker, surer way to aecuro remunerative employment and future success thuu to secure our diploma, BUSINESS COLLEGE t M. Walker, Pres. Portland, Ore. U. S. and Foreign Patents Obtained. Send Sketch and Description for Opinion as to Patentability. PETES HABEKLIN, 200 Victor Bldg., Washington, D. O. Seattle IT'S NEW IT'S CLEAN IT CAN'T BURN LOCATION IS EIGHT Only 3 Blocks From Depots ' y 1 ' , and Docks ' 1 fi TEE BATES ABE BIGHT $1.00 Per Day and Up., ( , THE FRYE IS THE BIGHT HOTEL FOB YOU. ' ; t l l I A- k "
