CROPPING SYSTEMS
FOR DAIRY FARMS
EUROPEAN TOWNS
ALL BAVE MARKETS
Silage, 100 tons a t $4............ 400.00
Hay, 20 tons a t $12 ............... 240.00
Total D isbursem ents ......$1750.00
Receipts .....
$2685.00
D isbursem ents ............................ $2110.00
Provide Selling Stalls Where
Expenses, Incomes and Prof
Labor income ..................... $ 035.00
Country Growers Meet
its Figured on Basis of
R eturns per cow:
Customers Direct
40-Acre Farm, Etc.
Cost of feed,
10,080
lbs.
grain
..........................$151.20
System is Bred into Growers Who
Investigation Shows Unit Too Small 75 tons silage ...................
300.00
n u te Held Sam e Booths in Fam ily
for llest Labor Returns, Expenses 12 tons hay .................................... 144.00
to r Several G enerations.
Being Proportionally G reater than
on L arger Units.
$495.20
Oregon A gricultural College, Cor
vallis, ju n e 28.— "P ractically every
Cost
of
feed
per
cow
..............
$41.27
By R. G. Fowler,
town has its public m arket, ’
Profit per cow ................................$63.93 European
In College D airy Sem inar.
says Dr. H ector -Vlacpnerson, of the
Oregon A gricultural College. “Town
seem s to indicate th at the unit anu
country m eet in the m arket
Conditions in the W illam ette Val of This
40
acres
w
ith
the
owner
doing
all
square,
where the city dweller ueals
ley are different from those in most the work, is too sm all, as the buildings
uirectly
w ith the grow er of his m eats,
sections of the country w here facts and equipm ent cost practically the
and figures as to the size of farm s sam e lo r the 80 or 120 acre farm , fru its anu vegetables. The m antel
and num ber of stock kept, have been and other things being equal the ratio habit is born and bred in every in
worked out. but as nearly as I can of profit should be g reater on the 80 habitant of both town and country,
is a habit w ith the force of gen era
figure 40 acres in this section is the
120 acre farm . Three horses can it tions
behind it.
proper unit for one man to work. I or
work
80
acres
alm
ost
as
easily
as
they
"B ut it is a habit which has never
am thinking of intensive farm ing and can 40 and would have few er idle
been
widely
acquired in Am erica. Our
m aking every foot of the land pro days, thereby cutting down the cost
rapid
developm
ent, the early rise of
duce som ething. Upon this unit 1 of
m aintenances.
com
m
encal
agriculture,
m arvel
am going to place 12 dairy cows w ith
Corn, grain, clover and pastu re ously rapid grow th of our the cities,
and
young stock to m atch, am ounting to should
constitute
the
rotation
and
in
20 head of stock altogether. The sur such proportion th a t they m ay be all the dem and of our city populations
plus would be sold each year so th at utilized on the farm . The question for a much g rea te r variety of products
than the surrounding country could
only selected stock would be kept. of
versus perm anent p as produce,
have all conspired to m ake
This num ber with 3 horses and 4 ture cultivated
comes
in
here.
The
num
ber
of
the
building up a f a public m arket
brood sows would constitute the work cows kept depends largely upon the
ing stock of the farm .
difficult.
Our housewives, even in
of feed fo r the sum m er country towns,
draw upon
F or the cropping system , this 40 m provision
and where perm anent pastures the whole world practically
fo r th eir food supply,
acre trac t may be divided into two are onths
available
this
problem
is
solved
sections, one in which the main ro to some extent. But this kind of land ih is gives the retail dealer his foot
hold. The telephone system and the
tation is carried out and another
usually w orth half or n. ire of the delivery
wagon, w asteful as they are,
sm aller section for a system of soil is value
of
cultivated
land
on
the
m
ar
entrench
him in his position.
ing on a small scale, and hog pas ket and it takes about two acres to
“Hence
th a t it has been alm ost
ture. The main rotation is one con support
th a t the balance is impossible it is,
sisting of grain fo r feeding purposes, in favor a of cow the so cultivated
to
m aintain a public
clover, pasture and corn. By taking This, with the silo and a small pasture.
m arket except in such of the older
am
ount
32 acres of the 40 and dividing it into of soiling crops should bring the cows A m erican cities as early adopted the
4 fields of 8 acres each, the crops and through the sum m er in fine condition E uropean institution. Many of thes
approxim ate yields would be as fol as
cities have the m arketing habit
well as keep up the milk flow. older
lows:
firmly fixed as the cities of the Old
More cows can be kept under this as
W
orld.
O ats or barley, 450 bushels, hay 20 system
than in any other as it is m ore
tons, silage 100 tons. A system of
“ T hat there are certain advantages
pasturing clover in the spring may be dependable.
in
the public m arket no one would
E ighty to one hundred and tw enty deny.
used, thus saving the main pasture acres
It gives the individual farm er
is
the
m
ost
practical
size
of
and holding off the hay harvest until farm for the average farm er in the every opportunity to build up a repu
June rains are over. If the corn crop
in such m arkets as those of
W illam ette Valley—above this it tation.
was short the preceding year, the evolves
B altim ore, Boston, and New Orleans,
the
nuestion
of
efficiency
in
first cutting of clover may be placed
are stands which have been occupied
in the silo for sum m er feeding and in m anagem ent.
by the sam e fam ilies for two gener
this way aid greatly in supplying
ations. They have th eir specialties,
feed for the anim als. Two silos would
and have built up reputations which
CARE OF THE WORK HORSE
be necessary and would have to be
are assets, ju st as is the good-will of
quite small on this 40 acres. The re
an old established business. Thus, a
Horses
a
t
work
on
the
farm
should
m ainder of the farm would be di be given the best of care, and the prem ium is placed upon excellence,
vided as follows:
and enterprise, which is much
not be too severe or con energy
Buildings and grounds 3 acres; hog work should
be desired. M oreover investiga
for too long tim e w ithout giv to
pasture, soiling crops (corn, peas, g a r tinued
tions
of
many of these old public
ing the horse a rest and change of m arkets have
den, etc.,) 5 acres.
shown th at, even al
diet,
according
to
the
Animal
H
us
From the 4 brood sows 20 hogs bandry staff a t the Oregon A gricul lowing for th eir tim e, m any of the
could be turned olf annually. These tural College. Collars should be ex stall-holders are doing much better
hogs have the run of the com and amined frequently to see th at they than they could by selling th eir pro
grain fields a fte r the crops are off, conform
to the local retailers.
to changes in the size of the ducts
and provision for other pastu re can neck as fa
ot only does the farm er g et bet
changes to muscles, and ter “ N prices
be made by sowing rape or turnips the ham es t should
his products, but the
be kept perfectly city consum for
with the spring grain or ju st before adjusted to the collar.
er gets the produce fresh
The m ane from the farm
the last cultivation of com.
a t much more
should be kept from under the collar reasonable prices and
Some grain will have to be pur and
than he could buy
the
shoulders
should
be
w
ashed
chased for feed in the form of by a t meal tim es, preferably w ith a little them from the retailer in the absence
products, but with the economic use
of a local m arket.
of the crops grown, chopping all feed, salt in the w ater. O ats is the stand
“The difference in price to the con
etc., an immense saving may be ef ard grain w here available, and mixed sum er is best illustrated by the re
fected. The am ount of pasture to be clover and tim othy is one of the best sults attained through the establish
held in the sum m er will depend large hays. A little hay m ay be given a t m ents of m arkets as a result of the
ly on the operator. The tilth of the noon, all the anim als will eat up clean recent advance in the cost of living.
soil and the state of cultivation would ly over night, and none in the m orn Many cities have attem pted to relieve
have to lie considered, but if this is in ing. W ater should be given three the situation by the establishm ent of
good shape and with the aid of the tim es a day before feeding, and it public m arkets on conditions especial
silos and sm all soiling system , the should be clean enough for the ow ner ly attractiv e to the farm er, and under
cows should go through the sum m er to drink.
the pressure of high prices are trying
in excellent condition.
to cultivate a m arketing habit am ong
On this 40 acre unit with 12 cows
th eir citizens.”
BUILDING THE SILO
the following returns could be expect
ed: (These cows should m ake 350
The principles of m aking a silo are SPRAY FOR SPOTTED
pounds of b utter fat.)
described by Professor G. R. Hyslop,
('redit:
CUCUMBER BEETLES
B utter fat. 4200 Ibs at 30c $1260.00 crop specialist of the Agronomy de
Stock sold, 8 head avg. $35
280.00 partm ent of the Oregon A griculutral POISON DUST FOR VERY SMALL
Hogs, 20 head a t $14
280.00 College as follows: “The best type
PLANTS AND LIQUID SPRAY
Silage, 100 tons at $4.00
400.00 of silo is the cylindrical silo w ith a
FOR OLDER ONES BEST
Grain, 450 bushel at 50c
225.00 continuous door; one th at is equipped
w
ith
a
roof
and
one
th
at
is
also
Hay, 20 tons at $12 .............. 240.00
First Infestation of Pest Ended and
equipped w ith a chute. The walls
Second Beginning, to Continue Un
Gross receipts ....
$2685.00 and bottom m ust be air-tig h t if the
til Late Summer.
silage is to keep. Air-spaces cause
the silage to spoil. The silage fre
Debit:
Oregon A gricultural College, Cor
quently settles as much as two, three vallis, June 28.— The twelve-spotted
Interest on 40 acres at $160 at
">
$ 860.00 or four feet. A nother essential is cucum ber beetle is a serious pest of
Depreciation on $5000 a t 8 It.. 400.00 th at it m ust be adapted to the am ount beans, cucumber, squash, potatoes, the
Taxes
...................................... 65.00 th at m ust be fed each day. In order silks of com , ornam ental plants, etc.
Feed, 2 tons hog feed $ 60.00
to get the very best feed we ought to The first generation of beetles are
450 bu. grain . 225.00 285.00 feed off two or three inches each day." present during April, May and early
I
June. They feed on young p lants ju st
pusning through the ground. The
new brood of beetles appear in late
June ana are present until late sum
m er. ih ey rmule the foliage of beans,
squash, etc., leaving only a gauze n et
work of the leaf surface; they eat off
tne silks of corn, preventing the ears
irom setting kernels; they feed on the
ripening fru it of peaches and prunes
anu ruin the blossoms of dahlias and
sim ilar flowers.
V ery good success has attended pre
lim inary experim ental work w ith
sprays this year. While we would
em phasize the fact th a t these re
sults are not conclusive, and suggest,
particularly in tne case of beans and
very tender foliage, th at only a few
plants be sprayed a t first and careful
observations m ade for a day or two
as to the effect of the application on
the foliage, we feel w arranted in
recom m ending the following tre a t
m ents:
F or sm all plants prepare a dust
spray consisting of sulphur eight
p arts, powdered arsenate of lead one
p art; mix thoroughly and dust on the
plants in the early m orning when the
uew is on. A very convenient way to
apply this m aterial when a dust gun
is not available is through a coarse
salt sack or cheese cloth bag.
For older plants and vines use a
liquid spray as follows: powdered
arsenate of lead one ounce; cheap
syrup or glucose one q u art; w ater
three gallons. Spray on the plants
on a bright day when a slight breeze
is blowing. An occasional plant
should be left unsprayed. Sometimes
the beetles refuse sprayed foliage,
lh en w here no unsprayed foliage is
available on which they m ay congre
gate, they will often work down ju st
a t the surface of the soil and cut off
the plant much as a cutw orm would
do.
FROM WEEK LING TO RANGER
By the tim e our chicks are a week
old the startin g m ash food which has
been used can be be substituted by a
heavier m ash. It is a good plan to
take two or three days to gradually
wean the chicks from the startin g
food onto the grow ing m ash consist
ing of 3 lbs. w heat bran; I lb.
m iddlings or good shorts; 1 lb. corn
m eal with a pinch of salt when mixing.
This m ash is mixed m oist to a crum
bly consistency w ith sour skim milk
or b utter milk, if possible, or w ater.
Feed once a day for the m orning feed,
about w hat will be cleaned up in an
hour.
A t 11 A. M. and 4 P. M. the grain
m ixture (equal p arts cracked w heat
and cracked corn) is scattered; enough
to keep the chicks busy an hour. An
im portant point in the last feeding is
th at the chicks be sure to g et a full
crop of grain before bed-time.
All through the grow ing period the
chicks should have unrestricted access
to charcoal, cracked bone, green food
of some kind and a good grade of
beef scrap. When possible to do so,
furnish skim milk or b u tter m ilk to
drink.
Keep a constant lookout for lice
on the chicks and m ites in the coops.
When the chicks are 5 o r 6 weeks
old they should be large enough to be
weaned and will do w ithout the hen
if properly feathered and the w eather
is favorable. As soon as this period
is reached, move the birds into m ore
roomy q uarters; preferably into grow
ing colony houses on free range. E x
trem e care should now be taken not
to crowd too m any chicks into one
house. A g reat m any prom ising birds
are ruined by over crowding.— C. C.
Lamb, O. A. C. Extension Poultrym an.
TEACHER» IN SUMMER SCHOOL
About 200 teachers of Oregon and
other states are taking the sum m er
school work a t the Oregon A gricul
tu ral College. Among them are two
young men th at came all the way
from M issouri and A rkansas to take
work in teaching m anual a rts w ith
P rofessor F rank Shepherd, whose
work they w ere acquainted with.
Many courses are taken, w ith a very
strong demand for instruction in
teaching m anual a rts in ru ral schools.