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About Lane County leader. (Cottage Grove, Lane County, Or.) 1903-1905 | View Entire Issue (May 6, 1904)
AT FERNIE olumbia Town Is Wiped f Off the Map. l » L Y ONE MILLION DOLLARS >ly Ulve* Out and Flamea emeelvea Out—Heavy Insur es la Oencrally Carried. $ver, B. C., May 2.— Fernie, i principal coal mining town 'a Neat Baas district, was |y wiped out, so far aa its bua- ■ ire s ts are concerned by fire at ■ h o u r this morning. The en- B cbs district of the town, front- |tbe Canadian Pacific railway ka destroyed. later supply was inadequate ] gave out. T'be distressed in- after heroically struggling to be flames, worked fraiuicaiiy B h a t they could from the stores ^ t h of the conflagration, lork of salvage accomplished, i nothing for the people to do on while the fire ate itself ough efforts were made by the fire brigade which resulted ■y extinguishing the flames le y had died down sufficiently idled by the tire fighting ap- gt hand. is this afternoon estimated 1,000. How much of that ■ w ill fall as a loss is not yet ^ | b u t it is asserted that the ts were fairly well insured, I as a consequence the insurance |ss w ill lose heavily, f i s a town of 3,500 to 4,000 Dts, the population being to a ent composed of coal miners i dependent upon that indus- H fead offices of the Crow’s Nest coal company are located at ie, and the company is a heavy ■ IT FOR FAIR UOLD ENDS. the Widow Will Receive In the gighborbood of $775,000. fork, May 2.— I t has just been (th at the terms of final settle- ^ k tw e e n the Fair estate and the B |M rs. Charles L. Fair w ill en- tteta 1 payment to the Nelsons, of ■fesey, representing Mrs. Fair, of ly 1775,000 exclusive of personal estimated to be worth $50,- ^ 0 , 000 . Understood that the Nelsons Cepted $250,000 in cash as a nise for their claims and that tie for the Fair millions is I Besides this sum, they event- y Will receive approximately $100,- idditional. As they received i,000 on September 19, their total • B lic e will amount to nearly >,000 Warding to the same authority, the eaG . Fair millions w ill be dis- uted together w ith the Charles Fair te in San Francisco within two ^ ■ M r s . Oelrichs will leave for Francisco this week to join her sr, Mrs. W. K . Vanderbilt, Jr., > with her husband has already pro- ledto the Pacific coast. By the us of the settlement, it is said, Mrs. iderbilt and Mrs. Oelrichs w ill re- e $ ^ 000,000 each from the estate heiE brother. They w ill at the le time receive some $8,000,000 as ir portion of the James G. Fair es- I, which would have gone to their ther, Charles, who was killed to- her with his wife automebiling in nee. SHIPPING BILL PASSES. House Disposes at This and Many Other Important Measures Washington, April 28.— When the house met at 10 o ’clock this morning only a few members were preeent. In cluded among the number were Dalzell and Cockran, each of whom was in his seat. Hemenway (In d .) called up the con ference report on the general decifiency bill. The report was unanimously adopted, and the house then proceedeu to the consideration of the conference report on the Bundiy civil appropria tion bill. On a yea and nay vote, the report was adopted, 138 to 129. Overstreet (lu d ) called up the con ference report on the poetoffice appro priation bill and explained it was a complete agreement of the conferees. The report, said Moon (Tenn.) the ranking minority member of the post- office committee, was in the spirit of compromise. He declared, however, that the appropi iation of $45,000 to the Oceanic hieawshipcompany for car rying the mail to Tahiti was a pure gift, because of the fact that it cost the government $6.50 for every pound of mail «airied to that island. The reso lution was adopted. The house then resumed considera tion of the bill requiring the employ ment of vessels of the United States for the transportation of supplies for the army and navy. It was 6:16, and the house adjourned until 9 o'clock tonight. When the house reconvened, Burton (O .) presented the conference report on the emergency river and harbor bill. It was adopted without debate. The shipping bill was again taken up, and Lucking (M ich.) offered two amendments to the bill, one providing that no greater charge ehal) be made by vessels referred to in the bill for the transjmrtation of supplies of the army and navy than are made by such ves sels for like goods of private parties or companies, and the other restricting fhe transportation to ships manned by American Bailors as against those manned by Mongolians. The amend ments of Lucking were disagreed to, and a test vote showing a majority for the bill, the Democrats forced a roll- call on the adoption of the previous question. The previous question was ordered by a strict party vote and the house passed the shipping bill 123 to 98. W IL L EXAITINB ALASKA FORBSTS. Expert Is to Ascertain Whether Reserve Should Be Created. Washington, April 30.— W. A. Lang- ville, an expert ir the bureau of for estry left for Alaska today, where he will remain throughout the summer examining lands to determine the ad visability of creating additional forest reserves. About two years ago a forest reserve was created to embody most of the islands of the Alexander archipela go. It lias since been reported to the government that other islands in the group and part of the mainland should be added to this reserve. ' Langville’s early work w ill be con fined to this region, and on his report the department will determine whether the Alexander forest reserve shalf be enlarged. loiter in the season he will proceed to Norton sound, where, on August 5, last, the secretary of the in terior temporarily withdrew about 6,- 000 square miles, with a view to creat ing a permanent reserve. The govern ment has now no definite or reliable in formation as to thiB tract, and is unad vised as to how much is suitable for forestry purposes. Langville does not expect to return to Washington until December. INDIAN LANDS W IL L BB SOLD. Frowns on Utah Woman. « m l Signs Bill lor Disposal I Orand Ronde Tracts. ef Vaahington, May 2.— One of the last Is ■Bped by President Roosevelt was it authorizing the Bale of 25,791 ea oftnnalloted lands on the Grand nde Indian reservation. Under the ms o l the bill these lands w ill bead P e l within 30 days and sealed bids M W w ill be received by the secre- y o fI the interior. No bids w ill be teptod, however, until the “ total ■ ■ B o f all bids received shall equal ezceod $2*I600.M which sum is to paid t the Grand Ronde Indians on >ro rata basis. p a a ia n s Moving on Wonsan. Paria, May 2.— The Temps’ corres- ndent at St. Petersburg telegraphs follow^ : A Russian column is about from Wonsan, where the Jap- (■rison has fortified itself. The ______lok fleet supports the move n t of [tbe Russians. Some skirmishes ^^^ftnrrcd on the right bank of tbe ^ ^ H m iltin g favorably to the Rus- Tims far only the advance the Japanese has crosse<I the It the passage of the entire army is imminent. invkts Try to Oet Out. iz, Arix, May 2.— News from died here tonight that an at- prison break occurred at the hi prison at that place. Sup- nt Wilson Griffith was saved h by a life termer. Assist- intendent Wilder was stabbed ly beaten. Five convicts were d shot, one fatally, bnt none The revolt was led by W il- stannan, leader of the labor Morenci last year. Salt Lake City, April 29.— Mrs. Mary G. Coulter, of Ogden, a prominent Utah clubwoman, and a Gentile, will not be allowed to make an address at the bi ennial convention of the National Fed- eiation of Women’s clubs in St. Louis May 17 next, because she voted for Smoot while a member of the last leg islature. Mrs. Anna D. iiash, of Bos ton. chairman of the domestic science department of the federation, the sub ject on which it is asserted Mrs. Coul ter was to speak, says repeated requests have been made by Mrs. Coulter’s friends, asking that she be invited to make an address, but on account of the general opposition of club members of Utah, based on Mrs. Coulter’s support of Smoot, the request has been refused. Ta W a rl Off noney Flurry. Paris, April 30.— Some of the most important details of the payment of $40,000,000 to the Panama Canal com pany for the canal comession are still open. This is due to the detire to effect the payment without causing a disturbance of the French market. Some of the leading financial institu tions, report that the sudden dumping of $40,000,000 on the French market may cause a disturbance. Therefore, it has Deen considered advisable to make the payment so far as possible by trade bank balances. Russ'a Proposes ta Be Consulted. St. Petersburg, April 30.— It was | learned today that Rusisa proposes to j be considered in connection with the disposition of Egyptian funds, despite France’ s withdrawal of her objection to their use by Great Britain, in con ( nection with tbe Anglo-French agree ment. The attitude of Russia is based on the fact that she is one of the six powers which originally guaranteed to make good the deficit in the Egyptian W eather Delays Advance, |fang, May 2.— The delay of administration. ird movement of the Japanese I Commander of Block Sea Fleet. nhria is due to the exeep- vere weather. I t is rumored | 8t. Petersbnrg. April 30.— Rear Ad # is considerable suffering miral Korseakoff, the governor of Arch * Japanese troops, due to the angel, has been appointed commander of tha Black Sea fleet. Id and illness. ARMY IS BEATEN Japanese Attack on Russian Fort Is Repulsed. L O SSE S HAVE NOT BEEN MADE KNOWN Uunboati do to Assistance of Troops, but Ruaalau Firs Proves Too Heavy - Traaaport la Reported Sunk. Lao Yang, April 29.— The Japanese troops, which crossed the Yalu north of Eaitjiou (Tcbangdjiou) charged during the night of April 20-27 the Russian position near Liavena, a village on the Manchurian hank of the Yalu. They were repulsed, but their loss is not known. Two gunboats steamed up the river to the support of the Japanese, when a Russian field battery opened fire upon them, resulting in a battle which lasted for 20 minutes. Tbe Russian fire was too hot, and the gunboats were forced to steam out of range. Japaacae Transport Sunk. Paris, April 29.— The St. Petersburg correspondent of the Journal reports that a Russian submarine boat Bunk a Japanese transport which was convey ing 600 men to Corea, and that all the troops were lost. tw o pounds; alfalfa, five pounds; at- slka clover, two pounds; white clover, one pound, and trefoil, one pound, making a total o f twenty-four pounds of seed per acre. CHINA DBSIRBS TO BB NBUIatAL. Diplomat Say* Only Danger Lies Plicate Stirring Up a Revolt. In Paris, April 28.— Mr. On, first secre tary of the Chinese legation here, in an interview on the danger of China being drawn into the Russian-Japaneae war, aaid General Ma was not a very import ant personage, and had never been com mander in chief. He is in command of the regular troops in the province of Pechili under the viceroy of Tien Tain, who would incur the death penalty, if he acted without the direct orders of the Pekin government, which, the sec retary said, was determined to maintain neutrality. Moreover, General Ma had not over 15,000 troops, which there was no reason to suppose were ill disposed toward Russia. Asked point blank whether he did not foresee danger of complication, the secretary admitted the Chinese people were favorably disposed toward the Japanese, and in this fact there might be a possible source of trouble. I f the Buddhist priests and the Becret societies stirred up a revolt, and the rebels attacked the Russians, the latter might consider the imperial govern ment responsible. “ I f we should be treated as belliger ents,” Baid the secretary, ‘ ‘ we should be obliged to defend ourselves. That would be the only event in which we would make common cause with Jap an.” T estin g the Beed Com. The F in Coalter. The cut herewith Illustrates a style of plow coulter which la often used In the W'eat. It la made from high-grade crucible ateel about three-elghtha o f an Inch thick, and cuts through the soli easily. There are certain conditions under which the rolling coulter will not work well, and then the fin coulter can often be used to good advantage. Years ago the land aide of tbe share was always dovetailed and the cutter set In level, but later manufacturers and blacksmiths have simply riveted or bolted tbe steel to the share without dovetailing. This la cheaper than dove tailing, but the latter method causes the plow to run better thau when the cutter la bolted to the aide. Tbe tin cutter la always slanted well back and la rounded back at the top. When made In this form, wear does not bo * soon Impair Its usefulness as If the ADVANCB5 MONEY FOR CANAL. SUBMARINE BOATS IN ACTION. French Syndicate Dceires Panama Deal. to Expedite Washington, April 29. — Attorney General Knox today received cable grams from Messrs. Day and Russell, who went to Paris as his representa tives to conduct the negotiations for the Panama canal property, to the effect that the deeds of the property and all other papers and effects, which will belong to tbe United States under thn transfer, have already been turned over to them, and that the pruchase price of $40,000,000 lias been advanced to tne canal company by a Paris lyndi- cate of bankers. This syndicate, it is understood, offeis to pay over the money with a view to expediting the consummation of the B ala on the aesur ance of tbe Attorney General that the draft of the syndicate on the United States for the $40,000,000 w ill be hon ored on presentation at the treasury at Washington. At the time the money was paid over to the canal company in Paris, Major Maikbrooke, of the engineer corps of the army, now in Colon, was authorized formally to receive the papers on the isthmus in the name of the United States. Whether this transfer has ac tually been made by the republic of Panama, the department of justice has not been advised, but it is assumed it w ill be made within a day or two. Messrs. Day and Russell are expected to return to Washington within the next ten days. MAY MOBILIZE FOURTH ARMY. Japan Evidently Means to Move on Vlad ivostok and Port Arthur. London, April 29.— I t is announced from Shanghai this morning that the third Japanese army, now mobilizing, w ill comprise the fifth division from Hiroshima, the tenth from Hinieju, and the eleventh from Zentsuuji. Preparations are on foot to mobilize a fourth army should it become neces sary. The destination of these armies is a matter of considerable speculation here, though it is supposed that it may be the intention to use them against Vlad ivostok or Port Arthur. No further light has been thrown upon the opeiations on the Yalu and in the absence of official dispatches little attention is paid to Russian reports of Japanese reverses which, it is believed, are spread with the motive of influenc ing the European money markets in favor of Russian financial operations. No definite news has been received regarding the whereabouts of the Vlad ivostok squadron, hut the indications are that it has regained.the harbor. W ill Regard It Unfriendly. Vienna, April 29.— In response to the request of the Associated Press for a statement of tbe Hungarian govern ment’s position in regaid to the new emigration laws, Premier Tiza tele graphed today from Budapest as follows: “ I ran only say that there seems to he a total misconception of the attitude of the Hungarian government concerning emigration. Our aim is to prevent it as much as possible, and to get action of agents of shipping con cerns under our control.” Koropatkln Ahead of Them. Chicago, April 29.— A report to the Daily News form Niu Chwang says: " I f official Russian advices from Muk den can be relied on, General Knropat- kin’ s deployment is so far advanced that it covers the very lines the Japan ese propose to occnpy. Should the Jap anese succeed in driving the Russians nortn, the Muscovite line of defense w ill extend from Nin Chwang to Liao Yang and from Liao Yang to the Yaln liver. Russians Harass Chinese Villages. London, April 29.—The Tientsin cor respondent of the Standard (ends a re port that 40,000 Russians are harassing the Chinese villages west of theShnang Tai So river, midway between Chin Chan and Yinkcw. P L O W S H A H K W IT H F IN CO U LTLB. Russia Hears From Vessels Sent In Sec edge were made straight like a cutter tions to Port Arthur. The Illinois Agricultural College au thorities are urging the Importance of testing seed corn, and'have found In their testa samples from farmers rang ing In vitality from 63 to 97 per cent. The Importance o f testing seed corn cannot be too strongly urged. Tbe fol lowing la an extract from a letter re ceived from Professor A. W. Hume, of the Illinois College on this subject: “ If, aa seems probable, we are com pelled to select seed corn for next spring from a crib having a large per centage of frosted ears or of ears which for various reasons will not grow, the question Is what can be done to help Insure our stand of corn for the coming year? It will hardly do to plant seed on valuable land with a certainty that one-fifth will not grow. The best suggestion the writer has to offer to corn growers Is that they make a moat careful Inspection of corn, which they expect to use tu t seed, whether It be purchased from re liable growers or selected from their own storehouses. W e believe It would be possible for every enr of corn plant ed In Illinois to be tested for vitality. I f an ear does not come to tbe required standard. It may be possible to discard It, thus reducing the amount of seed which will not grow and materially Increasing the stand o f our com crop the coming year.” F ive-H orse E qu alizer. A. J. ltatan, of Treesbank, Man., which Is cast on the share. A fin cut writes the Nor’-West Farmer Inclosing ter made with a straight-cutting edge a sketch o f a five-horse equalizer. Ho and rounded forward at the top would aaya; “ I have had considerable expe soon wear so that grass, roots, trash, rience In breaking up grub land and etc., would not readily pass upward have found that tbe very best results and off at top o f coulter. A few years come from a good strong fourteen-inch ago I bought a plow with fin attach grub plow. Tw o men, on ax, brush ment, the cutter having been put on by scythe and five horses comprise the the manufacturers. It was such a best outfit that can be obtained for any clumsy affair that 1 would have done field. In order to equalize the com much better to have bought the plow bined strength of the horses an evener and had the smith put tbe cutter on, la made on the plan shown In the Il for It was over one-quarter thick and lustration. A piece of timber 3x5 and An stood forward at top so much that It fifteen Inches long Is selected. would not work at all until It was re Inch hole Is bored tbree-flftbs of the modeled. There was one nice feature distance from the end for the clevis about this cutter. In that It was bolted on with stove bolts, so It could be taken off and put on again, as conditions re quired.— Geo. T. Pettit, In SL Louts Republic. St. Petersburg, April 28.— A dis patch from Port Arthur says: “ Experiments with submarine boats here have been attended with brilliant success. “ A ll is quiet in the region of the fortress.” The entrance into service of four sub marine boats at Port Arthur meanB the addition of a new and formidable weapon for the defense of the strong hold. The dispatch of the boats in sec tions over the railroad have been ehrouded in secrecy, and even today many in 8t. Petersburg are inclined to donbt the report by officials of their presence at Port Arthur, or to accept the information as trustworthy. An effort now to close or blockade Port Arthur will be too dangerous, it is thought, for Vice Admiral Togo to at S electin g a Good L a y er. tempt. The defenders of the port w ill An old country poultryman makes be able to guard against Japanese sub the following suggestions as a help In marine vessels entering the harbor and selecting good layers: “ There are cer attacking the Russian ships at anchor. tain Individual characteristics, one of which Is the shape of a bird. I f a straight line be drawn from the back TO CUT OFF RUSSIAN SQUADRON. o f the head to the toes, the hen which Japanese Ships Pass Kobe, Undoubtedly Is likely to be a good layer will usual ly have the hinder half o f her body Making for Qensan. largest, whilst a hen which may be Chicago, April 28.— A special cable suspected o f being a poor layer will to the Daily News from Kobe Rays: show more in. the front; the reason “ Under full steam a strong squadron being that a poor layer makes a bet of Japanese armored cruisers were ob ter table bird, and has a larger, longer served this morning, making their way breast, whilst a good layer makes a northward in the Japanese sea. I t is poor table bird, and has a compara believed that the vessels are on their tively small breast, whilst the egg or way to attempt to cut off the Russian gans are more fully developed. Birds squadron that appeared off Gensan, on which are good layers are usually very the east coast of Corea yesterday. It active. They always look healthy, and is feared, however, that, as the czar’s In most cases their combs nre usually cruisers are superior in speed to those fully developed, particularly If they of the mikado, they may escape in safe belong to the long-combed varieties, which are reputed to be the best lay ty to the shelter of Vladivostok. “ I t is also stated that the Japanese ers. A hen with a long comb may have succeeded in luring the Russians usually be regarded as a good layer, from the protection of the Vladivostok and If she is not there must be some guns, aifd that there is another Japan special reason for the contrary.” ese squadron between them and their Co-Operatve M ilk Belling. retreat, but these are'mere rumors.” The Springfield (Mass.) Co-operative Milk Association la regarded as some Amending tbe Patent Laws. thing of a model of lta kind. The as Washington, April 28.— Favorable sociation received during the year 4.- reports were authorized today by the 216,521 quarts of milk and paid the house committee on patents on the farmers $123,297.77 for their product Mann bill amending the patent laws This lacks a small fraction of being by authorizing the issuance of patents three cents a quart fo r the year round on the formulae of proprietary remedies paid for the milk furnished. The vol instead of on the manufactured article, ume o f business done during the year and the Tawney bill requiring affidav was not far from $300,000. A report its to be filed with copyright applica was made on the creamery established tions stating the place where the type for the publication was set. No copy by the association In Washington right is to be issned on works not County, N. Y., from which It now printed in this country. The penalty receives Its supply o f cream and but for a misstatement in the affidavit is ter. In eight months the product amounted to one hundred thousand fixed at $1,000. pounds o f butter. The association re ceived 579.000 quarts more o f milk this Steamers Fear Mines. year than last, and paid the farmers Tokio, A ril 27.— Japanese companies about $18,900 more than last year. The which operate stumers on the Yellow farmers were paid on the whole prod sea, and the gulf of Pechili are cancel uct about one-sixteenth of a cent more ling their engagements to call at points per qunrt than the preceding year.— beyond Chemulpo, Corea, because of American Cultivator. the mechanical contact mines which are known to he adrift on the high A P re v e n tiv e o f Hcratrtiee. seas. These mines drifted away from Keep your stable dry. Prevent the Port Arthur and Port Dalny, and con- [ wind from blowing on tbe horses' legs stitute a serious menace to navigation. If wet, when standing in stable. Keep It is known that many mines have been the curry comb off tbe horses’ legs be detached from their moorings by storms low the knee and hock joinL As the and currents and several have been de horses' leg is nothing but skin and stroyed. bone, to speak of, It Is very easy to cut the skin and lay the foundation for a case of scratches. Use a big Eight-Hoar Bill ITay do Over. Washington, April 28.— The senate corn cob to rub off the dried mud and committee on education and labor, by d irt You will be surprised how quick a vote of 4 to 3, today decided to post It Is done without the least danger of pone action on the eight-hoar bill nntil cutting the horses' legs. Follow up next December. There were two mem with a good brush, well applied. bers of the committee absent, and they Scratches are well named “ curry-comb w ill be permitted to record their votes. scratches.” I have had the care of Friends of the b ill believe that when horses for the last forty years, and the absentees have voted the result will never had a case of scratches In all my he changed and the bill may be favor expet lence. ably reported at this session, although Seeding fo r Paatnre. they express no hope of passing it. The following mixtures o f annual crops are recommended by the Ontario Raaala ta Bay Mora Warships. station for pasture: Oats, hairy retch Paris, April 28.— According to a re es and hungarlan grass; and barley, port, the troth of which it ia impossi crimson clover and Early Amber sugar ble to verify, the sum of 105,000,000 cane. For permanent pasture the fol rabies has been appropriated by Rus lowing mixture of grasses and clovers sia for the purchase of several torpedo has given tbe best results In several boats in France, two Argentine ernisers years experiments: Orchard grass, and two German transporta. The two four pounds; meadow fescua, four German transport* have already ar pounds; tall oat grass, three pounds; rived at Libaa. timothy, two pounds; meadow foxtail. which attaches the timber to the plow ring. A three-horse attachment is fastened to the short end, a chain Is at tached to the long end of the piece o f timber running between the two off aide horses through their neckyoke ring and attached to a double-tree clevis for the lead team." Sheep fo r a W eed y Farm . A Kansas correspondent has a weedy farm, wishes to try sheep, and wnnts to know what breed la best to start with In a section where but few sheep ure grown and the surplus would have to be sold to the local butcher. We would get as good a type o f mut ton sheep as we could conveniently without Inquiring particularly as to the breed. W e would not take Meri nos, however, unless they were pretty well graded up with some o f the mut ton breeds of which the Shropshire Is the most generally known and a very popular breed. We would not get more than twenty-five or fifty to start with and would use a buck of the mut ton breeds thnt we could get most con veniently; Shropshire, Southdown, Hampshire or Oxford. I f the butchers do not give enough we would kill the surplus and sell them to the neighbors. Where a man lias weedy pastures or weedy lands, any kind of abeep will pay even If he has to sell the surplus at low prices.— Wallace’s Farmer. 1 Use fo r Cottonseed H tills. « Taper from cottonseed bulla Is the latest utilization of a waste product A factory has been established at Niagara Falls. It is said that a good quality o f paper can be made from this material. The diminishing sup ply of wood and other materials for paper stock has caused a search for substitutes. I f the utilization of cot tonseed hulls In this way proves a suc cess. It will mean a new Industry for the South. Now that the mills have found an honest use for balls. It Is hoped they will keep the stuff out o f the meal which they send North. Good P o in t» o f M eciironl W hent. Macaroni wheat la a drought resistor, a heavy yielder, an early maturing grain, and has another good point for poultrymen— It hns a large kernel. This grain sown by Itself, or with oats, nnd kept In the bundle makes s poultry ration hard to beat. W e would sug gest getting the smooth varieties, ns the strong barb on some o f the beared varieties might tie objectionable when fed tn the bundle. Mixed with oats, ss many do now for horse feed, this heavy-yielding grain certainly bldg fair to be a good one. M ille t H e y fo r Homes. I have used millet hay for horses for years, and will say that If It Is not allowed to get ripe before cutting It Is not Injurious; at least, I have not found It so. But I do not feed it ex clusively to horses, but use wild hay or straw with IL I f millet hay la fed regularly, three times a day. It will affect the kidneys o f horaes after a while. But for cattle It can be used without bad results, providing always that tbe seed In It was not allowed to mature.— Dakota Farmer.