E3
r
i
T
IK
OUR PRESIDENT
1 rv ! mi .
AlVH fiilVVAIxL n6'cnt-the misuse of these powers,
411 MJIU 111LiJkJiiVlL
"" "
' .
GOSOCI Of llnnr nn.l Trl.,A,l4nt
UU!pu or nope ana TrlUmniarlt
Endeavor.
TIMBER
TllOrOUffllly
1
THE WEST
capital ami Labor, Krciprocii), inuur
ft
rPoncslon. Psnsraa Canal, lie,
Wllcly OlicuJied.
AND ST0)t
Tariff and TriSts
Ojiflincd.
IRRIGATION FOR
y can uo no norm to the honest cor- sisnuaw or comrort. the standard ot P"" wivn
twratlon; and we need not be over- wages of the American wage-worker. ' Above nil. we need to ruiiumiuer
tender about sparing the dishonest cor- One way In .which the readjustment that any kind of cl.isa animosity in the
poratlon. sought can be reached Is by reclproc- political world K If possible, even more
ill Awvclsted t'rws.) In curblne nnd regulating the com- Ity treaties. It is greatly to be desired wicked, even more destructive to nn-
WASliiNOTOV, Deo 2 Tho prosldeut'a blnatlons ox capital which are or may that such treaties may be adopted. Honal welfare, than sectional, race, or
.,..,, ... ,lia te,.0U(i .essloii of the becomc Injurious to the public ve must They can be used to widen our markets religious animosity, e run tret Booa
message to the .ecoud session ot the be careful,not ,0 s, ,he t tntcr. alld t0 ,vc a KreatCr RM for e R0Vernmnt only upon condition that
flftj-sevcutli coa8ress at 1 p. m. today prises which have legitimately reduced tlvitles of our producers on the one Keep true to the principles upon
in tho houso nud readliig was begun at the cost of production, not to abandon hand, and on the other hand to secure which this Nation ai founded, and
once. the place which our country has won In practical shape the lowering of Judge each man nut as a part ot n
Tim ii,, ,n the leadership of the international duties when they are no longer needed class, bul upon his Individual merits,
i no ,ueJBc. industrial world, not to strike down for protection among our own people. All that we ho a right to ask of
To the Senate and House of Itoprc- wealth with the result of closing fac- or when the minimum of damage done any man, rich or poor, whatever his
sentatlvcs:' lories and mines, of turning tho wage- may bo disregarded for the sake of the creed, hit occupation, his birthplace, or
We still continue In a period ot un- worker idle ln the streets and leaving maximum of good accomplished. If it his residence, Is that he shall act well
bounded piosperlty. This prosperity Is the farmer without a market lor what prove Impossible to ratify the rending nnd honorably by his neighbor and by
not the creature of law. but undoubted- he grows. Insistence upon the lmpossl- treaties, and If there seem to be no his country. We are neither for the
ly the laws under which we work have tie means delay in achieving tho possl- warrant for the endeavor to execute rich man ns such nor for the iior man
been instrumental In creating the con- ble. exactly as. on the other hand, the others, or to amend the pending treaties . such: we are for the upright man,
dltlons whkh made It possible, and by stubborn defense alike of what is good to that they can be ratified, then the rich or poor. So far as the constltu
unwise legislation It would be easy ana wnat is bad In the existing sys- same end to secure reciprocity tional powers ot the National Govern
enough to destroy it Therj; will un- tern, the resolute effort to obstruct any should be met by direct legislation. mr nt touch these matters of general
doubtedly be periods of depression, attempt nt betterment, betrays blind- Wherever the tariff conditions are am vital moment to the Notion, they
The wave will recede; but the tide will ess to the historic truth thnt wise ev- such that a needed change cannot with should be exercised In conformity with
udvance. This Nation Is seated on a olutlon Is the sure safeguard against advantage be made by the application lne principles above set forth,
continent Hanked by two great oceans, revolution. of the-xeclproclty Idea, then It can be u t, earnestly hoped that n secretary
It Is composed of men the descendants j,0 more. important subject can come made outright by a lowering of duties of commerce may be created, with a
of pioneers, or. In a sense, pioneers before the- Congress than this of the on a given product. If possible, such ... ,n the Cabinet. The rapid mulll-
wicinseics, ui men wiunonea oui irvm
surely wrest success rrom roriune.
As a people we have played a largo
part In the world, and we are bent
1 n.l u-- nr h.nt
upon making our future even larger
lhan the past. In particular, the
events of the last four years have def-
inueiy aecmea mat, tor woe or lor
weal, our place must be great among
the nations. We may either fall great-
ly or succeed greatly: but we cannot
avold the endeavor from which either
great failure or great success must
come. Even if we would, we cannot
p ay a small part. If we should try.
all that would follow would be that we
should p ay a large part ignobly and
shamefully.
But our people, the sons of the men
..uutitry uumui uuura m tu supine vii u". .unaiuu.iuji uy pruL-ucui r- in.i (Inital the gnjwtn anu complex
by the energy, boldness, and love of the plea that under our peculiar syste.n perls, who should approach the subject '.. of organizations through which
adventure found In their own eager 0f government we are helpless ln the from a business standpoint, having In "f c"plt .I now find ex
hearts. Such a nation, SO placed. Will Drnp of ,h n.w .,IIi,m ,n,l View both the nartln.lnr lnlPrl. if. 1 ' ' T. "... .'...!
of the Civil War. the sons of the men ,voud be a necessary and proper cx- thould be made In the various sched- Congress should endow tho department
who had Iron In their blood, rejoice ln ercse r Congressional authority to the ules. and how far these changes could with large powers, which could be In
the present and face the future high an& that such evils should be eradl- go without also changing the great creased as experience might show the
of heart and resolute ot will. Ours Is
not the creed of the weakling and the
coward; ours Is the gospel of hope and
of triumphant endeavor. Wc, do not
shrink from the struggle before us.
There are many problems for us to
face at the outset ot the twentieth cen-
tury grave problems abroad and stlU
a- :. "" e kuuw uin vB -regulate comuerce with foreign na- does promote a monopoly which works new Republic,
can solve them and solve them well, tlons anfl among the several statis" III. no protectionist would object to such Cuba lies at our doors, and whateve
provided only that we bring to the so- through regulations anil requirements reduction of the duty as would equal- affects her for good or for 111 aflects
lution the qualities of head and heart operating directly upon such com- lie competition. llM also. So much have our people felt
which were shown by the men who. merce. the lnstrumentaJItles thereof. In my Judgment, the tariff on anthra- this that In the Piatt amendment we
in the daya ot Washington, founded ana th:,se engaged therein. cite coal should be removed, and ,i,nnltely took the ground that Cuba
this Government, and. In the days of t earnestly recommend this subject anthracite put actually, where it now mu,t hereafter have closer political re
Llncoln, preserved It. to the consideration ot the Congress Is nominally, on the free list. This imions with us than with nny other
No country has ever occupied a high- wUh a vlew to the passai?e of a .iW would have no effect at all save in r,wer. Thus In a sense Cuba has be
er Plane of material well-being than reasonable ln Its provisions and effee- crises; but In crises It might be of ,.ome a part of our International polltl
ours at the present moment. This well- tIve ,a lta operations, upon which the service to the people. system. This makes It necessary
being la due to no sudden or accidental questi-ons can be finally adjudicated Interest rates are a potent factor In thnt in return she should be given
force. f'ln th . rnnPt f, 'nLVT'" ,hat ,,0'v ralse doubt a" to the 3ec"- bair" activity, and in order that iome of the benefits of becoming part
thls1country t0T ,ve.r a.cen: slty of consUtutlonal amendment. It these rates may be dualized to meet (lf (,eur economlc system. It Is. from
continued policies': aboveall "to lhe " r,rVO lmP0S8lbIe t0 accomplish the the varying needs of the seasons and our 8tandpont. a short-sighted
m I i-Sr.i? "ove all. to the pui -poses above set forth, by such a law, of widely separated communities, and nd mchevous policy to fall to recog-
ye zAxt rn,To,yflTfft: ?iHBHw s :
&&r'& Pea'e"'Ure XTV! liosefthrlfstarTd most sue-
ZZfZVJTZ3
Incident to action which has benefited
mien nas oenentea
the community as a
se
lore nas material weu-Deing Deen so
widely diffused among our people.
Great fortunes have been accumulated,
and yet ln the aggregate these fortunes
are small Indeed when compared to the
wealth ot the people as a whole. The
plain people are better oft than they
have .ever been before. The Insurance
Tiarn?flW.i?,if!Jlr
m ,1 !nV,Cl 'i6 Pecta"' he'P-
fn, Lm, ..?..m ?te ?n7rwPre
sent accumulations of capital which are
Tm0rneteJn,rB!.',t 'u fh,fh ""I''-
T,! i?"t,2!P. ltB'n,the vlngs:
i.i. . .
Sin,H ,r!J., , m8' m.Z
'?2iT; k V" lhl' Sw'"tir
oT'JZ.ZVJ? JZ
favored the ow.h 72 ,llt
,IJZ ? . m Sh ' at
was good, they have also favored some.
what iho n-m.wh f .i,.. .. -,.ii t,
7, eminentw nln. ?h.T LLJJ
endeavor ti o ThL vha. ?
?,. 1. , evil, but et
us not fn flxlneour 1 SrTth
eJnforSet tht r L ,Z
are reafand ,? .JmV.l
are real ana some of them are menac-
Ing but thev are. the nillirrnivlh nnl nr
,'' ln; n"rtt ' J? , w! n Sr
of the nrocress nf nnr ii.n7i rVn
dustrlal deveDment Thlsnstrlai
SmMt mA be checked bul
side Thy side with It 15ld t il
progressive reflation aS win MmMfo
the ev'ls Wehoim fall in o dut
tM.WwS??
oui we snau succeea oniy ir we proceed
patiently with nractical common sense, i. "m oompeution a rair now tn secure lair r some similar metnou snouiu nc cm
tm TMTtowta?t& "os; and thla end cannot be reached fo. labor und for caplt.M. how to hold , , , ,, of war to ,, dlmcul.
good from the bad and holding on to L any ,tarltt changes u-hlch would at- In -.heck the unscrupulous man. wheth- , ,,etween Hvlllzed natons, although
th , former whll endeavoring tS get unf"orably all domestic compel- er . smployer or employe, without weak- t ,np worI(, hB not progressed
rid of thTlatter. enacavorme 10 eet "ors, good and bad alike, The question enli IH Individual Initiative, wlthou gufc,enUy t0 rcn(lfr ,t possible, or net
In my Message to the present Con- tmmhl i?eiin,he 17" iV3"?. aplrt harr TW,nB Td.Tm nn.rl." nrob. essurlly desirable, to Invok? arbitration
gress at Its first session I discussed at aT Km.qncf,lon of talrlft "v'8'0"- devt ilopment of the country, Is a prob- , Th formatlon ot the
fength the quesK nInabl "'i' ' omle policy must m fraught with great a" "a international tribunal which sits at
those biff corporations commonly doing ma LnVe e??mi? n?'d f one hlch 1 ' 0t , be bif nltvP?nd Tho ""BU n event of good omen
an Interstate business, often with somf b.3n Jhtallllllir. ""L"14 n0t nnce .,2.8?lv " ' Jl f -.'a ct from which great consequences for the
tendency lo monopoly, which are pop- E lhe J. ? B0BlitS h" .C" fur-S TmZ , "thi. h L era ' " manklntl may flow. It
ularly known a. trusts. The expert- tWeZitt JtrZ ,0t lhe PJ?lT aev.oi n't'.inTi. Kxactlv ' ''et,er' wher" P08sll)le' to lnvok"
ence ot the past year has emphasized, untold w.P,,Ct P.ifi 14 8 e"eed of fflJ c,r,lllon and cm. b "a 1 ' nJ't attln ucl1 Permanent tribunal than to
In my opinion, the desirability of the aC"',? lenr a'.th'3 Wtem should be as bu rfness men find hey must oftin arbitrators for n given
atens I then Dronosed A fundamental ae8,ryei1 f that lbere should be vlo- work Uirough corporations, and as It
tMtSSSAbl 'pTAexneriaednca,BhhnfmB?n tthere'n; Ur " a C Mrtant nJHTM "Tn matter of sincere conrntul-
standard of Individual enegy and ex- Seritn tw " w hat ,ercat pros- n,lon8 " fT ,l",BJ, Lr,m " Vo 1 hi ' enuntry that the United
cellence: but this Is in no wise Incon- VVnX "T"' f ltoMtenZ lm- 8lntp" unu Moxlco 'hou,d "ave
Blslent wh power to act In combln. ""uutrS SannSt n' S'hmn, fed?ra w!:,a" moaern intlustrlal 'ho first to ue the good oillces of The
atlon for alms which cannot so well be tariff changes ft inrervni. I',01"" lXu?a,Zt?rtUiv$M. Kogue Court. This was done last aum-
achieved by the Individual acting Moreover - If the 'tortff law. J hni S-whor ro de f much good "nd mer with most satisfactory results In
alone A fundamental base of civ- workweli, and If hS as a n 5CfiXM hp of nt
IHMllcm is the luvlplablltty of fd under them Mid lY prosperil." It Is So evl U .Opposition to eaP, Kind of us and our
property! but this la tn no wise In- better to endure for a time alight In- orgaiili ration should take the form ot earnest y to bo hoped that t ils first
cpnalstcnt with tho right ot society to conveniences and Inequplltles In tymv oppo a t lU "o whatever Is bad In tho case will acrvo as a precedent for
rceu)(c the exercise of the artificial
powrVshlch It confer upon the own-
craf properly undty the name of cor.
nosVe franchlseVm such a way as
rrporatlons, and espetlally comblna
r. " - ,., ......
yvons or. corporations, enuum mj imj.-
aged, under public regulation. KPC-
rleneo has shown that under our sya-
tern of government the nccessarysuper-
vllon cftnnot bc otalnca' ' ,nle nc-
t0ni ,t mu,t therefore be achieved by
nnttonal action. Our aim Is not to do
ii a r tvlfh rnrnnrAttnlS! on lhf rnn.
i...t-- Haa filer nfferpnltnnit nr.. nn
Inevitable development ot modern In- permit us from lime to time to make rul,'a f obedience to tho law, of indl
dustrlallsm. and the effort to desiro: :.e ne essnry : eamitlcnilon of the nrln. I '" freedom, ml of.iusllic- nn 1 fair
i nunc them would be futile unless accom- uple to the shifting national needs. We V.illiig toward jdi. rtch unouu re
LANUb pllshed In ways that would work the must take scrupulous cart. thst the r. member that In addllMn to power it
nlmnil mUt-Mef In .he nnllfn hn,lt
entire body
ilng of good
ihd supervls-
politic We can do nothing
Inr- lh rvirrvr,rillnn. until n-r
clwlrIy ln our m,nds thnt Vl"c are not
attacking the corporations, but endeav-
orlng to do away with any evil ln them.
We are not hostile to them; w arc
merely determined that they shall be
so handled as to subserve the public
good. We draw the line against mis-
conduct, not against wealth. Tho cap.
Itallst who. nlnne nr in roninnrtim.
,.,... w ,.i.h "v. "
when he does well. We wish to
oui,,;?c itim i-umru! nis nciiuns only
to prevent him from doing ill. Public-
regulation ot interstate business. This
unable to craonl with them or to cut
out whatever of evil has arisen in con-
. ... .. "T .
nectlon with them.
The power of the
congres,, to regulate intirsute com-
merCe te absolute ana unauanfied
srant, and wlthout Um,tation. other
than those prescribed by the Constltu-
tUm. Tne congress has constitutional
authority to make all laws necessary
aa proper for executing this power,
... t . t .. , .L . ..i . ,
- ...ii juiiiaucU 11141 1111S UUHCi una
noi been exhaustc-d by any legislation
now on the statute books. It is jvident.
therefon-. that evils restrictive ot coin-
merclal freedom and entalllns restraint
upon national commerce fall within
,be resulatlve power of the Congress,
-v-nrl th.n n -u-u. nni ninni.).i. .-
cated.
I bellere -that, monopolies, unjust dls-
criminations, nhlch prevent or cripple
competition, fraudulent overcapltallsa-
tlon. unit nlhnf ovlla In trust nrr-Alllrjl-
tlons and -practices which Injuriously
affect Interstate trade can be nrsvent-
ed under '..he power of the Congress to
Lh.e.Cn haf.
inaue any appropriation lor ine oetier
..1 r ih i, ., it
with his fellows, ivcrforms some great elent rnte of duty to more than cover attitude or wiur mi
industrial feat by which he wins money the difference between the labor cost toward the other. ! e-.x people "Mint
Is a welldoer, not n wrongdoer, provld- here and abroad. The well-being of t"" uf th.c country tlur. those rcpre-
ed only he works In nroner nii.l IpcHI. the waire-worker. ilk. th u-ll.h.lni- of sentatlvcs both of Mpltai anil lanor
fij
by t.e nenarlment nf .nrniu .eciir.
ing the enforcement of this law, but quate to supply the needs of our dl
much more could be done If Congress versified Industries and of our domes
would make a special appropriation for tic and foreign commerce; and the is
this purpose, to be expended un der the sue of this should be so regulated that
ifllrAntlnn nt . V. A ........ r. . , . . . ... ..I .... . .......... I. , . i ! 1 1.. .1 ! n-.' .
....u Aiwuiquciitnu.
Treductlo, 'oj the tariff a. a . tneans
f the
-which fall within the category I have
eribed. Not.merely would thita be
Tivhnliv iniro.uT. t,,..u.
inn nrAnno I nn n A -I 1 .
eltoris In such a direction would
mean the abandonment of nil intelll-
"lean lne aDanaonment of nil lntelll-
Kent attempt to do away with lliese
ev"a - Many of the largest cOTporatl.ms,
ma?y .of h08 whlch should certalrtly-
be lnc,Me$ y proper scheme f
"gulatlon,fwould not be affected In th e
ni... .t . .
u' "X a cnange in ui e
8ave 08 such chan Interfere. 1
1t'Uh ,he eeneraI Prosperity of tb
country. The only relation of the tar-
t0 blff C0W" Wj a whole is
that the tariff makes manufactures
profitable, and- the. tariff remedy pro-
nose.i wnni,i . . ,..
. ' Diiiii'iy ii
make manufactures unprofitable. To
1moy '"e tariff as a pu nltlve measure
dCcted asalnst trusls woullJ Inevit-
b ?. reSU,J ,n ruIn to lbe weak"
Pf1" ore struggling against
lh.em- Ur lm 8houIa be not un-
V. tarJft chanKes to lve torel V
pruoTucrshaurbrfonj.,&"
i .. . "
schedules than to upset business by too
quit nnl too radical changes. It Is
most cnrnorlly to bo wished that wo
10 roum trust me inrin irom tho stnnil-
point solely of our business needs. It
- , Pt'rhnps, ton muchto hope that par
,f...i,i -........ ....... .......
nitty u ciiun-ty vxciiiucil
from consideration of tho subject but at
least It can be made secondary to the
business Interests of the country that
10 ,hc Interests of our people as a
whole. Unquestionably these business
Interests
ests will best bo served it together harmony with the Interest of the gen
Hxily of principle as regards the t'ubllc: and the tvnduet of ench
Willi llxl
Inrlft ill. en...!...., . ....... .........
nniillmtl.,1, V.. ...... i. .
application shall be made ln such a way
that it will not amount to a dislocation
ot our system, the mere threat of
vvhlKh ........ ...
anc woulJ Produce irUysls In the
business energies of the community.
The llrst consideration tn making these
changes would, of course, be to preserve
the principle which underlies our whole
isrllt system-thai Is. the principle ot
putting American business Interests t
'cast on n full iquallty with Interests
abroad. nn.I nr .i.v.v .iir....inn ...in.
ih. nn.r .,.!,.. ... . "r.'i
as an essential In shaping our whole
vruiiuniii; jjuiicj-. incrc must never D
any change which will Jeopardise the
change should be made only after the
fected and the commercial well-belne of
the people as a whole. The machinery
for providing such careful Investigation
. . ... . ... ....
can readily be supplied. The executive
department has already at Us disposal
methods of collecting facts and figures:
and If the Congress desires additional
consideration to that which will be
given the subject by its own commlt-
tees, then a commission of business cx-
Mn i.A ... i ..... t .... ,.
1 o .tjJinJllllVU iviiusi; UU.J i
should be to recommend action by the
Congress after a deliberate and sclcn-
title examination of the various sche-
dules as they are- affected by the
changed nnd changing conditions. The
unhurried and unbiased report of this
commission ivnnM hn.v uih.ii
prosperity which this country Is now
enjoying, or upsetting Its flxed econo-
mlc policy.
The cases In which the tariff can pro-
dUPf n mononnlv nr bo f civ na In rnn-
stltute nn inconsiderable factor in the
question; but ot course If ln any case
it be found that a given rate of duty
SL
are ine natural servants oi commerce,
.n,i th.m .t.m,M t. niai-e.i. . far
Inir and mnlntnlnlne .1 circulation ade
u .uKu.jr ..uu.u u o
nun lnt.1. IUn V.i.-Trm. IntaFball
,he countr?.
It would be both untvlse and unnec
essary at this time to attempt to re-
csnstruct our financial system, which
Z.' .v. ,k . t.i
some additional legisIatfeiTls, I t'hlnk.
desirable. The mere outline of any
desirable. The mere outline or any
plan su.nclently comprehensive to meet
these requirements would transgress
the approbate limits of this commun-
Icatlon. It Is suggested, however, that
all future legislation on the subject
. : " .......
snouic be wun ine view ui uib-
ing the use Ot such Instrumentalities
as will automaUIcally supply every le-
gitlmate demand of productive Indus-
tries and of corrrmerce. not only In the
amount, but in the chatactcr of clrcu-
inton; and of mnking all kinds of
.m n,i m ih win
iiiunejr iiiicrunaiiKi
of the holder, convertible Into the cs-
tabllshed gold standard,
I again call your attention to the need
"t PB " PPr- Immigration law.
covering the points outlined In my
"e8Sa8e t0 you at l"e se"'"
t he present Congress; substantially
Mc,Labmha" a,rmdy paMei the
. ... niiir
conduct uf any giver, corporation or
union-nut of attiiihs upon corpora
lions its such nor upon Unions its such;
r nmt m im.- . .'.,,,
etlccnt work for our tropic hns boen
accomplished through loth corporations
.....i .ii, t-M.-h mint refrain mini
...--.-. - - . : "
arbitrary or tyrannous inieiiureiite
'' rl",,,!' ot "'"J. ,h'r'II"u,?I
capital and organised labor alike should
remember that In tho Ui i tn l,J.'"'
"rest of each must be brought Into
i mil!)! conform tl ilW
must StrlV'.l llftd- tile rOIXIISllllOI'. (If
"' slrKo "f'cr "e real s: H".
healthy. .fj""0 ' J.'.Vi?'
Kry employer, nvery w:ige-worl.or,
must b KIMrnn'PM 111 IHITty nlUt III
rllu 10 IV0 l,ko,,.,?'"n,
prty ,,r M 'bor , f.'1 ot
'' """iiks uin : ''"" v ' " 7
" ,,f ths hlslij st I npoili mr lli.U
'n.My.T and em n u ins
appie.l..i ea.h the Uo Miolnt
: 1,10 0,her l,nJ. "V" ? " ...
0," "tu"1 ,ullJ. 1 , , ,f V
either grows to I R habltuil an
and there are many
!!IVim!STwX
" " ... :. ,
dom and upon broad aim umuiv sym-
t..lton 0f questions affecting labor
i ... ' .....i ...
,n' V.1 .,
cor-
tlUmilOnS. ilUU Uir ...,. uc.u.
........ Ilia M.-nnili.rrill Atrl(ltS
,hl . Vountrv toward leadership In
rAe7n?lonV
''' I,?, ?i,mind for theTreMlo.
r nn "rK e, t' 'm"n L, ?!,kMv
on
of such a iMMltlon. Suhstanliaily an
the leading commercial bodies In this
country have untied In requesting Its
. rentlon. It Is desirable that some such
measure ns that which has already
...... .......I l,,tn li.l-
f"""ed lhe, Sen!l,Xe he enacted Mo w.
The creation of such a department
oulJ be ,Jancc
dealing with and exercising supervls-
"n over the whole subject of the great
corporations doing an Interstate bul-
ness: and with this end in view, tne
need.
I hope soon to submit to the Senate a
reciprocity treaty with Cuba. On May
20th last the United States kept Its
tirnmlil to the Island by formally Va-
eating Cuban soil and turning Cuba
over to those whom her own people
had chosen as the first officials of the
.rSlura' hewing hand io a
, .,. .., i.ii. i..ai
slst upon our rights In the face of the
strong, and wo should with ungrudging
hand do our generous duty by tho weak"
I urge the adoption of reciprocity with
i"uba not only because It Is eminently
inl.ro.l. In .-nntr,.! lhe
' 1 ' I UUI . - ...
Cuban market and by every moans to
foster our supremacy In the tropical
"1 "! so1utn, of u"- 'u,,n'
because we. of the giant rpub Ic of the
north should make all our sister na-
Hons of the American CtAtlnent feel
that whenever they will permit It we
"
deslr
and.
A,
fiesire 10 snow ourseives uimuuviciuo
effectively their friend.
mnvonllnn with Ornftt Hfltaltl ll.'lfl
been concluded, which will be nt once
l..ld before the Senate for ratification,
ir.,i. .mm...
r""ui irvu.
ments between the United States and
Newfoundland on substantially the
lines of the convention formerly ne-
KOtlated by the Secretary of State, Mr.
niaine. I believe reciprocal trade re-
,tlons will be greatly to the advant-
, wh ,,..i.
vv......v.
As civilization grow
grows warfare be
comes less and less tho normal condi
tion of foreign relations. The last
century hns seen a marked diminution
of wars between civilized powers; wars
with uncivilized powerM arc largely
mere matters of international police
duty, essential for the welfare of the
world. Wherever possible, arbitration
"" "
such who woik
others, In which net only the Unllcil
tjtutrs but fornlgn nations may lake
advantage of the machinery already
In existence, ut The Hague.
1 rommend tn the favorable consid
eration of the Congress tho Hawaiian
lire clalmi, which were the subject of
careful Investigation during the last
session.
The Coiigrcs has wisely provided
" u wt .hall b'llld nt once an Isthmian
.nnl, If possible nt I'aunmn, Tin
'itorney General reports that we can
undoubtedly acquire good title from the
Trench l'anama canal company. Ne
gotiation are now pending with Co
lombia to secure her assent to our
building the rnnal. Thin rana'l will be
one of the greatest engineering feats
of tho twentieth century, a grear en
gineering feat than has yet been ac
complished during the history ot man
kind. The work should be carried nut
as n continuing policy without regard
to change ot administration; and It
should bo begun under circumstances
which will make It a matter of pride
for nit administrations to continue lhe
policy.
The canal will be of groat benefit to
America, and of Importance tu all tlm
world. It will be of advantage In us
Industrially and also as Improving our
military position. It will be or advant
age to the countries of tropica I Amer
ica. It Is earnestly to be hoped that all
of these countries will do as some of
them have already done with signal
success, and will Invito to their shores
commerce nnd Improve their material
conditions by recognising that stabil
ity and order are the prerequisites of
successful development. No Independ
ent nation In A tool ten need have the
lightest fear of aggression from the
I'nlted States. It behooves each one to
maintain order within Its own borders
and to discharge Its Jutt obligations to
foreigners.. When this Is done, they
can rest assured that, be they strong
or weak, they hne nothing to dread
from outside Interference. More and
more the Increasing Interdependence
and complexity of International poli
tical and economic relations render It
Incumbent on all civilised and orderly
powers lo Insist on the proper policing
of the world.
Poring the fall of 1901 a coinmunl
cullon was addressed to the Secretary
of Slate, asking whether permission
would be granted by the Tresldent In
a corporation lo lay a cable from n
point on the California coast to the
Philippine Islands by way of Itawall.
A statement of conditions or terms
upon which such corporation would un
dertake to lay nnd operate a, cable was
volunteered.
Inasmuch ns the Congress was short
ly to convene, and Pacific cable legis
lation had been the subject of con
sideration by the Congress for sever.il
years, it seemed to me wise to defer
action upon the application until the
Congress had first an opportunity to
act. The Congress adjourned Iwlthoiit
taking any action, ealng the) mallei
ln exactly the same condition lo which
It rtood when the Congress convened.
Meanwhile It appears that the Com
mercial Pacific Cable Company had
promptly proceeded with preparations
for laying Its cable. It also made ap
plication to the President for nccess
to and use of soundings taken by the
U. S. S. Nero, for the purpose of dls
xiverlng a practicable route for a
irans-Pacllle cable, the coinpsny urg
ing that with access to Ihese soundings
It could complete lis cable much sooner
than if It were required to take sound
ings upon Its own account. Pending
consideration of this subject. It ap
peared Important and desirable lo at
tach certain conditions lo the per
mission to examine and use the sound.
Ings. If It should be granted,
In consequence of this solicitation of
lhe cable company, certain condltloa
were formulated, upon which the Presi
dent was Milling to allow access to
these soundings and to consent to the
landing and lilng of the cable, sub
ject to nny alterations or additions
thereto Imposed by the Congress. This
w.is deemed proper, especially as It was
clear that a cable connection of some
kind with China, a foreign country, was
a part of the company's plan. This
i oursv was. moreover. In accordance
with n line of precedents. Including
President Oram's action In .the case of
the first French cable, explained tn the
Congress In his Annual Message of
December, 1875, and the Instance oc
curring In 1873 of the second Krench
cable from nrest to St. Pierre, with a
brnnch to Cape Cod.
These conditions prescribed, among
other things, a maximum rate for com
mercial messages and that the company
should construct a line from the Philip
pine Islands to China, there being at
present, a Is well Known, a Ilrltlsli
line from Manila to Hongkong.
Tho representatives nf tho fable
company kept these conditions long un
der consideration, continuing, In the
meantime, to prepare for laying the
i-ible. They have, however, at length
.needed to them, ami nn nil-American
line between our Pacific coast and the
Chinese Umpire, by way of Honolulu
and the Philippine Islands, la thus pro
vlded for, and is expected within a few
months to be ready for business.
Among the conditions Is one reserv
ing the power of the Congress to modi
fy or repeal any or all of them. A
copy of the conditions Is herewith
transmitted.
Of Porto Itlco it is only necessary tn
s.iy that the prosperity of the Island
and the wisdom with which It has been
governed have bten such ns to make
It serve as on example of all that Is
best In Insular administration.
On July 4th last, on the one hundred
and twenty-sixth anniversary of tho
declaration of our Independence, pence
and amnesty were promulgated In the
Philippine Islands. Some trouble has
since from time to time threatened
with the Mohammedan Moros, but
with the late insurrectionary Filipinos
tho war hns entirely ceased. Civil gov
einment has now been Introduced. Not
only does each Filipino enjoy such
rlghtn to life, liberty nnd the pursuit
of happiness ns he hns never before
known during the recorded history of
the Islands, but the people taken as n
whole now enjoy a measure of self
government greater than that granted
to any other Orientals by any foreign
power and greater than thnt enjoyed
bv any other Orientals under their own
governments, save the Japanese alone.
We have not gone too far In granting
these rights of liberty nnd self-government;
but we have certainly gone tn
tho limit that In tho Interests of the
Philippine' people themselvea It was
wise or Just to go. To hurry matters,
tn go faster than wo nro now going,
would entail calamity on the people of
the Islands. No policy over entered
Into by the American people linn vlndl
cated Itself In more signal manner than
the policy of holding the Philippines.
The triumph of our arms, nbove nil the
, triumph of our laws nnd prlnrlntes, hns
come sooner than we had any right
to expect. Too much praise cannot he
given tu (he army for what It bus done
in the Philippines both In warfare and
rrom nn administrative standpoint In
piupnrlug tho way for civil itovern
nmrt: and similar credit belongs lo the
civil authorities for the 'ay In which
ihey have planted the. "t " ' '
government In tho grounl tlms made
ready for Ihcin. Tho courage, the un
fllmhlng endurance, the high soldierly
etllclcncy, nnd the general kind-heart-adnos
nnd humanity ot our troop have
bevn atrlktngly mAiilfvited. There now
remain only loins fifteen thouiand
troops In the Islands. All told, over
one hundred thousand have been sent
there. Of course, there have been In
dividual Instances ot wrongdoing
among them. They warred under fear
ful difficulties nf climate and surround
lugs, and under th strain of the ter
rible provocations which they contluil
it 1 1 received from their foes, invasion
al liislauces of cruel retaliation oc
curred. Kvery effort has been made; to
prevent such cruellies, and finally
these efforts have been completely suc
cessful. Kvery effort has also been
made to delect and punish the wrong
doers. After making nil allowance for
these misdeeds, It remains true that
few Indeed have been the liistniicrs In
which war has been waged by a civil
lied power against seinl-clvlllxed or
turli.iioiis forces where there has been
so little wrongdoing by the victors ns
In the Philippine Islands. On the other
hand, the amount of dlltlcult, Import
ant, and beneficent work which has
been done Is well-ijlgh Incalculable.
Taking the work of the army and
the civil authorities together, It may
be questioned whether nnv'wlierc else
In modern limes the world has seen n
letter example of real constructive
statesmanship than mtr people have
given In the Philippine. Inland. High
praise should also be given those Fili
pinos. In the aggregate very numerous,
who have arcepled the new conditions
nnd Joined with our representatives to
work with hearty good will for the
welfare of the Islands.
The army has been reduced lo the
minimum allowed by law. It Is very
small for the size uf the Nation, and
most certainly should be kept nt the
highest point of etllclcncy. The senior
nlllcers are given scant chance under
ordinary conditions tu exercise com
inamU commensurate with their rank,
tinder circumstances which would III
them lo do their duty In time of actual
tv.ir. A system of maneuvering our
Army in bodies of some little site has
I 'i n begun and should be steadily coo
llnued. Without such maneuvers It Is
folly to expect that In the event of hos
tilities with any serious foe even a
small nrmy corps could be handled to
i dvantage. Ilotli nur ottlcers and en
listed men are such that we cm take
h arty pride In them. No better ma
terial can bn found. Hut they must be
thoroughly trained, both ns individuals
..ml In the in.isi. The marksmanship
of the men must r reel ye special atten
tion. In the circumstances of modern
warfare the man must act far more on
Id own individual responsibility than
ever before, and the high individual
lllclency of the unit Is of the utmost
Importance. Formerly this unit was
tie regiment: it Is miw not the regi
ment, not even the troop or company;
it Is the Individual soldier. Kvery ef
f irt must be made to develop every
workmanlike and soldierly quality In
Ixith the officer and the enlisted man.
I urgently call your nttmtlon to the
need of passing a bill providing for a
general staff and for the - -i itanlzatloii
nf the supply departments on lhe lines
of the bill proposed by the Hec-.-tary uf
War last e.ir. Wh-q the young ottl
i era enter the nrmy fmm West Point
they probably stool iiIhi... Ibel- mm
peers In nny other mllll irv- ocril.-i
Kvery effort should be mole. I train
ing, by reward of merit by scrutiny
Into their rareeiH niul . n.iclly, to keep
them of the same high relative excel
lence throughout their careers.
The measure piovlding for the re
organization nf the militia system and
fur securing Id highest efficiency ln
the NallniMl (.liurd. which his ulrenly
passed the limine, ahnuld receive
prompt attention nnd action. It is nf
gre.it Importance that the relation of
the National Ou.ird lo lbe militia and
volunteer forces ot the United States
should be defined, and that In place of
our present obsolete laws n practical
and efficient system should be adopted.
Provision should be made In enable
Hi,. Secretary of War to keep cavalry
and artillery horses, worn-out In long
performance of duty. Such horses
fetch but a trifle when sold, and rather
than turn them out lo the misery
walling them when thus disposed of.
It would be belter to employ Ihein nt
light work around the pasts, nnd when
i ecessary to put them painlessly to
death.
For the first time In our history
rival maneuvers on a large scale are
ielng held under the Immediate com
mand of the Admiral of the Navy,
''onstantly Increasing attention Is be
ing paid to the gunnery of the navy,
eit It Is yet far from what II should
he. I earnestly urge that the Increase
inked for by the Secretary of the Navy
In the appropriation for Improving the
marksmanship be granted. In battle
Hie only shots that count are the fihats
that hit. It Is necessary t.i provide
i.nple funds for practice with the
-rent guns In time of peace. ' Tip se
nils must provide not only for the
"irrh.tse of piojectlles, but for allow
ances for prizes to encourage the gun
i -ews, especially the gun pointers, and
for perfecting an Intelligent system
under which alone It Is possible to get
good j.rnrtlce.
There should be no halt In the work
of building up tho navy, providing
every year additional Hthtlng craft.
We are a very ilih ci""try, vast In ex
lent of territory nn' gtenl In popula
tion; a country moreover, which hns
nn army diminutive Indeed when com
pared with thnt of "iiy oilier (Irst claKH
power Wo have dellh"r itly made our
o vn rortiiln foreign polh les which de
mand the possession nf a first class
navy. The Isthmian canal will great
ly Increase the efficiency of our navy
If the navy Is of sufficient size; but If
we havo an Inadequate navy, then the
building nf the cnnnl would be merely
giving a hostage to nny power of su
perior strength. The Monroe doctrine
should be treated ns the cardinal fea
ture of American foreign policy; but It
would be worse than Idlo to assert It
unless we Intended to bark It m-inil
It can he backed up only by n thor
oughly gooil navy. A good nnvy Is not
a provocative of war. It Is tho surest
guaranty of peace.
Kach Individual unit of our navy
should be the most efficient of Its kind
ns regnrds both matcrlnl nnd personnel
that Is to he found In the world. I
call your special attention to tho need
of providing for the manning of the
shlpa. Serious trouble threatens us It
wo cannot do better than we are now
doing nn regards securing the services
of a sufficient number of the highest
type ot sallwmen, of sea mechanics.
The veteran seamen of our wstshlps
lilt' ut an high n (y,,,, s ,, , futind
ii any navy which rides the. walera of
the win ,l; they nr.. unsurpassed In
daring, ,1,, resolution. ' readiness,
thorough knowledge nf ttitlr ,.'f(.".
" """'v Min ..,Bt.i,,
!' " iul tline nr
i.o .iioUKl.oftUe.il. II u no moi ,.!!
slbl. o Improvise a uw , ' ,4
Km " i 'n """ruv" wi.,,1 lp To
build the nn.it ship, with ll Ueudll
ws batuty. und to ..d It
n raw urw, no hunter how brave tl ev
duster 'irr' rUld " " ' '
. suster If a foe of itvemge cHimi.ty
weie encouiiteied. Neither shiT . in,
K, '"I'rovU.M wlien" !;; Z
,jrVnr'.,!,,','U,',ml '"lilltlonai ..m
now r Xl , t "rU"7'y ,,,n "!
Itm T. . . .. r ,"",, "''struc.
Ion. lhe classes nl the imvaj school
ue . A lh satno llle ?, J
ho, I Z .. l' """" "l0 tlco.ne.it of
those at th,, head of tlio Hal whose
".'fulness has bee,,,,,, ,,?, " 1. To!
.'. lion must He rostered if the VtZ
Is to be ,ept elMrlchl. wrvi.i.
, ';., '"""nt.tl.le scarcity of iU,.,r.
mid the laiuo mini!,,.,. .'..." .'
"f unskilled
aboard the
vi i fi i hub mill
"en ueceasnilly pm
new vessels ,.s Hi.v
nave been
couimlsBliined. has thrown
on ,..7.,... TZV' I"1.'1 ""I'S'lally
"P"ii our nfllce.s
Minri) strained their Powers nr ei.
llllV.. lltM.
played
mi abllltv no. l ,. ........
, .. . PirilUIHll
ii"i which chillies Iheni o II...
ungiudglng thanks tf who ,Vll,.
lhe disheartening trials ,inl fullgue,.
Jelled'' '' ""'''""''V fllb-
Then, in not a cloud on lhe horlron
at present. Them seems not tr,, ,i;,t
si cha,,,.,. r trouble with a foreign
power. We most ewtmtlv hune thnt
l lis stall- of things tuny continue; en'
the way . insure its continuance la to
provide fur n thoitiughly ilclent nnvy
rin refuul to mnintiiiii .ii..h. u navy
would Invite i,b ,, ,f xrail)lr
came vtoul.' In.. ..e ,iis..i,.r. I'.uuou"
seir-cunipbirenc) or vanity, or she.rt
HlKhl.ilni.ss in refusing to prepare f..r
danger. Is both foolish q,l w l.-k-'t In
such a nation hk ours, ind past eapu.
icine has shown thai such fatuity in
refusing to rts.iM.iiiD or prepsrr f a
any crisis In advance Is usually .Ue.
reeded by mad iianir ,,f fiyiterltul
fear once the crisis has ii.-tuitly m
rlved. The striking liii rease it. th.- revenue
"f the Postolllce DeiKirtu.-n: shows
clearly the prosperity ,,r our people and
lhe l.trrt'iutlug activity of the business
of tho country.
The receipts . .' i',e '..iUMc Depart
ment or the rural viur ending ,un
JOth lust amounted to $WI,sn,oi:.i'0, nn
Increase of llo.sili.s83.jr7 vr the pre
ceding year. the largeit Increase
known in the history of tho postal
service. The magnitude of this Increase
will bout appeal .friiin the tan thai the
entire postal receipts for the ye.ir 1190
amounted tu but JS.StS.0G7.
llurtil free delivery service is no
longer In tl uperlmciital stage: it Ii.ih
become a fixed iollcy. The results In!
lowing Its luirtKtiiitliiii huv fully Jus
tified the i-ongr" in Hi- l.ir appro
Print.. .ns un,'.. r i 'is stabllslimt'til
nnd et, ,i ,. , , ,t j.,.ry
. aci in ,.m i, i , . . tn . rural
istr.cls of the tummy w about two
cr tent. We are nuw ,tll. by ,k.uil
lesulls, In show that wher. lurnl free
delivery service lias been established
lo such un extent as to sintbl.i us to
make comparisons the yenrlv Increase
bus been upwaid of ten per cent.
On November 1, IJeuse. ll.tAu uiral rrve
delivery routes had been established
ind were In operation, covering iibjut
one-third of the territory of th United
Stairs .vvallable for rural froe delivery
s-rvlce. There are now awaiting the
action of the Depai tment pe.i'loim and
i.ppllatllonr. for the cstablixhiui-ut u
10,744 Jdilltlonil rout". This sliowi.
conclusively the want which the estilj.
Ilshment ot the service h.ts nut mid
the iic.u of further extending Is (is
rapidly a possible. It Is justified both
by th" tlnanrlal results und by the
pr.ictir.il benefits to nur tjral popula
tion, It brings th.. men who live on the
soil Into ilus.. illations with tin. active
business would; It keeps lhe fanner. Ill
d.tlly touch with the market it is
a potential cil'ieallornl force p. en
.' .ii.. s .he slue of far... p.operty,
ri.ikei. farm life far plouaanter und
tesrt Isolated, and will do much t i ehw ..
the undesirable ci.rrttiit ft un country
to city.
It Is to be liotH-d Hint the Congrats
will make llljfr.il appropi-.'iiii, fi.i
the continuance of the service alieul,
established und lor Its further e ten
sion. Few subjects of more ImiMiitjiu r
I. ive been takuii uu bv the I'oiig.ess
In recent years than the Inauguration
'l the syatei.t nf natlonally-alded Iril
v. nil ii foi the arid regions of the fur
West. A good beginning therein hot.
been made. Now that tills policy of
national irrigation li.u hwo.i .idupwd,
the need nf thorough anJ sclentplc
forest protection will grow more ,. Mi
ldly than tvur .thioughout tho luilihi -land
stati-s.
legislation iihould be pruvld. l f i
tho protectlop or tho game, and the'
wild creituies generally, on the forest
reserves. The sftiseleaH slaughter of
game, which can by Judicious pmUi
tlon be pennnnently preMrved on tut
national reserves for the people as A
whole, should be stopped at once. H
Is, for Instance, a serious count against
nur national good sense to iwiuill lhe
present practice of butchi'riug olT such
n stalely and beautiful credture na the
t lU for Its antlers or tusks.
Kn far as thoy an available for igrl
cultiire, and to whuluver extent, they
may be reclaimed under tho national
Irrigation law, the remaining public
lands should be held rigidly for the
home builder, the settler who lives on
hN land, und for no one else. In their
actual u.te the dctierl-l.iud law, tlx
timber and stone law, and the coin
.mutation clause of the homestead law
huvu been ho perverted from the Inten
tion with which they wero euuvled as
to permit tho uciluUlllon of large incus
of the public domain for other than
actual iit-ttlers nnd the continent
prevention f settlement. Moreover,
the approaching - exhauHtlon of the
public rangea hoiH of, late led to much
discussion iui to the best manner of
using these public) InndH In tho Wct
which arc suitable chlelly or only fin
grazing. Thu Bound und istendy devel
opment of tho Went depends unon tho
building up of homes therein. Much
of our prosperity an u nation linH been
duo to the nperntloti1 of tho homestead
law. On the other hand, wo qhould
Coucludou1 on next pat-o,
u, ,mi ,!, become
rained and skillful In their ,Ut..s I.,
heso.dlltluiltles Incident up n Ul
velopment r mr wnr ,
" all our olllcers has be,,, cre.lllahl . ,.
, service ami the lleute,,,,,,, ,,,,
i K.iuice ... thirlli.ulnt.