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About The news=record. (Enterprise, Wallowa County, Or.) 1907-1910 | View Entire Issue (March 31, 1909)
EVENTS OF THE DAY Newsy Items Gathered from All Parts of tbe World. BALKAN SITUATION IS ACUTE and PREPARED FOR THE BUSY READER Less Important but Not Less Inter esting Happenings from Points Outside the State. re in of Austria demands the abandonment of Servian claims. , The Illinois senatorial deadlock mains unbroken. More than 10,000 aliens arrived New York one day last week. Ten persons were injured and several buildings damaged by an explosion gas at Pittsburg. Iron workers in Pennsylvania c template a strike because their wages have been reduced. Naval Constructor Evans, of the Mare Island navv varrd. says a fleet is needed on the Pacific coast. It is said that Hill and Harriman have settled the controversy over the Portland terminals and big improve' ments are to be made. An explosion in the plant of the Illi nois Steel company at Joliet, 111., re sulted in the death of four men and the fatal injury of six others. Mrs. Boyles, one of the principals in the Whitla kidnaping, made a desperate attemDt to escape by jumping from a train, but was seized in time by officers, Officers for the graft prosecution in San Francisco raided the offices of the United Railroads and secured valuable nnpers which had been stolen. A num ber of arrests have been made. Charles W. Fairbanks is visiting in Southern California. The volcano' of Izalco. Salvador, is showing increased activity. All Middle West railroads have de cided to restore the 8-cent fare. The Iowa legislature has voted down an absolute bank guraarantee bill. Twenty-two Russian political pris oners have been condemned to death. Senator Depew says Roosevelt loved his job as president and regretted hav ing to leave. The government Is testing a rifle eauipped with an electric light which enables aim to be taken at night Canada proposes to build a dread' naught or two and turn them over to the mother country should the neces sity arise. In the recall election for mayor of Loa Angeles. George Alexander re ceived about 2.000 votes more that his nearest competitor. Ex-Queen Liliuokalini, of Hawaii, who has been to Washington in the in terests of her claim against the gov ernment, is hopeful that her visit has not been in vain. Castro says he will start a revolu tion on arrival in Venezuela. Physicians have abandoned hope of saving the life of Madame Modjeska, Mrs. Pierre Lorillard, ' wife of the tobacco magnate, committed suicide in Washington. Coalition in the German relchBtag Is broken and Chancellor von Buelow'i power is again tottering. . The Colorado legislature has modi fled the direct primary measure by adding the convention plan. The Whitla kidnapers have been in dieted in Ohio, but will be turned over to Pennsylvania for prosecution, The speaker of the Nevada house ac cuses the senate of fraud in connection with the report on a defunct bank. Porto Rican delegates to congress ay tariff has ruined the coffee industry and that sell government is a farce. A Russian woman has been arrested who, during the past 80 years, has rid 800 women of troublesome husbands. Prince George, of Servla, has re nounced bis rights to the throne, fol lowing newspaper charges of murder. The Whitla boy has identified his kidnapers and the house where he was kept. Carnegie proposes an Anglo-Ameri can alliance. ' New York and New Jersey receive reform measures with apathy. One of the severest blizzards of the year has just swept Oklahoma. It is expected that a world's fair will be held in Panama in 1912, the year the canal is expected to be opened. - It is reported that Brewster, Kan., has been struck by a tornado, but wires are down and nothing definite can be learned. The governor of Nevada has signed a banking bill which is a compromise on tbe guranarantee plan of Oklahoma. San Francisco police have arrested Ave men, believed to be the most dea- perate gang of safe crackers that ever ' operated in that city. Burglars shot a patrolman at Pueblo When about to be caught. , Castro has left Germany for Bor deaux, where he will embark for Vene zuela. Peace Efforts of Powers Fail, Outbreak is Expected. Paris, March 26. It is understood in official circles that the Balkan situ ation on account of the irreconcilable attitude of Austria-Hungary has now reached its most acute stage and that a few days will decide between peace or war. The efforts of Great Britain, France and Russia to present a formal settlement of the difficulty acceptable to Baron von Aehrenthal, the Austro- Hungarian minister of foreign affairs, having failed, Austria-Hungary is ex pected forthwith to deliver an ultima tum at Belgrade. After this, if Servia refuses to make complete surrender, officials here think that Austria-Hungary will dispatch an army across the frontier. The Eclair today announces that the absent offi cers belonging to the French regiment on the Eastern frontier have been re called. The minister of war says "that certain precautionary measures have been taken on account of the tension of the Balkan situation." The government this afternoon was officially advised 'that Russia had agreed to accept without reserve the annexation of Bosnia and Herzegovina by Austria-Hungary. It is hoped that this will remove Baron Aehrentbals objection to the Servian note formu lated by Great Britain, trance and Russia. CASTRO LACKS CASH. OREGON STATE ITEMS OF INTEREST DUNIWAY HURRIES WORK. State Printer Expects to Have Session Laws Ready Next Month. Salem State Printer Duniway states that he expects to have the laws of the 1909 session printed and ready for distribution about 70 days after the adjournment of the regular session of the legislature. The volume will in clude the laws of the special session also. If the work is completed in 70 days, it will be much quicker than it has ever been done before, although the nearst approach to the time was made by Mr. Duniway two years ago. The state printer ' has already printed and delivered a large number of special copies of the water code and the in surance code, as per resolutions passed by the legislature. The tax commis sion law and the military code are also well under way. All these measures bear the emergency clause. The state printing office has been equipped with thousands of dollars worth of new material, including a latest model linotype, and the printing of the laws and other work is being greatly facilitated as a result WHEAT LAND RENT HIGH. NEW PLAN ADOPTED. La NEAR SOUTH POLE. Deposed Dictator of Venezuela Shorn of All His Splendor. Paris, March 26. In striking con trast with his first visit to Paris, ex- President Castro, of Venezuela, ar rived here last night, bereft of his suite of 20 followers, with crestfallen manner and almost entirely unnoticed by his fellow passengers from Co logne, who regarded him with pity rather that any other sentiment With a few intimates the ex-dictator dined at his hotel and then retired to an or dinary bedroom entirely lacking in the luxury of his former quarters in the same establishment The truth seems to be that he is in reduced circumstances, at least for the moment, as his monthly income of $60,000, accdrding to information giv en by a member of the household, is temporarily tied up. General Castro, with great irrita tion, particularly after he had been in formed that the French Trans-Atlantic company would not land him at La Guayra on account of a protest of the Venezuelan government, shut the door in the face of reporters. His wife, however, said he would make up his mind where to land after he got aboard ship at Bordeaux. $10 an Acre for Summer Fallow Crop Obtained at Athena, Oregon. Pendleton Word has been received that Mrs. Isabella Taylor has rented her wheat farm near the town of Athe na in the northeastern part of the coun ty for a cash rental of $10 per acre per summer fallow crop. The lease on these terms is to cover a term of six years. This is one oi tne nest wheat raising sections of the county and even of the Northwest, and while this price seems to presume a great deal in favor of the continued productivity of . the land, the records of the past years prove that it is a good investment even at this seemingly over boosted price, The investors of this section seem to have faith in the recent prediction of James J. Hill that we are not increas ing our production of wheat as fast the population is growing and that prices must continue to advance. It is from near this section that there was a reported advance sale of wheat at a dollar a bushel, which is a record price for the Northwest Grande to Expend S 100,000 on Irrigation System. La Grande Co-operative promotion of a $400,000 irrigation project to irri gate 20,000 acres of land in this valley has been abandoned and in its stead a $100,000 corporation formed. This decision was reached by 100 land owners in a meeting which as sembled at noon, and by 4 o'clock $32, 000 had been taken in stock. A large proportion of the subscriptions came from small land holders, bcorea of men and firms have expressed a will ingness to take stock. When $ou,uuu is subscribed the incorporation will take place, officers elected and a head secured which can direct the placing of engineers in the field, secure complete dam site and rights of way. Sufficient stock to permit incorpora tion will be secured, it is believed, next week, and then the proposition will assume tangible shape. Accord ing to plans construction of the huge dam in Meadow Brook, 18 miles distant will be under way next fall. The dam site will be bonded to build the dam, The price of water will be $2 an acre, with a yearly maintenance fee of $1 to stockholder and non-stockholder alike. Will Can Asparagus. Eugene George A. Dorris, who has raised asparagus for the markets of Portland, Seattle and Eugene for the past three years and now has 25 acres of it on his farm near Eugene, has be gun- the erection of a cannery on his place for the purpose of canning the vegetable. He will also handle the product of a 50-acre patch now being set out by F. E. Dunn and A. C. Wood cock on a tract of land which they re cently purchased for that purpose, Mr. Dorris has experimented with as paragus raising for a number of years and has made a success of it British Expedition Reaches Point III Miles From Object. London, March 24. Lieutenant E. H Shackleton, of the British navy, a com mander of the Antartic expedition which returned on the barkentine Nim rod to Invercargill, N. Z., today, suc ceeded in getting within 111 miles of the south pole. Lieutenant Shackleton left his perm anent quarters laBt autumn for a dash to the south pole and has succeeded after an arduous Sledge journey of 1,- 708 miles, which occupied 126 days, in reaching 354 miles nearer the pole than the point attained by the Discovery ex pedition, of which be was an officer, As the expedition to the south was undertaken rather for the purpose of geographical survey than with the idea of reaching the pole itself, it may be said to have succeeded beyond the most sanguine expectations. Shackleton made some departures from the usual preparations for a journ ey across the snow and ice. He took with him a motor car, which could be converted into a sledge and substituted ponies for dogs and light woolen cloth ing for heavy clothes. Summarized, the results of the expe dition are that a point was reached within 111 miles of the south pole; that the magnetic pole also was reach' ed; eight mountain chains were discov ered, and 100 mountains. Mount Ereebus, 13,120 feet high, was ascended by the party; a new coast and high mountains were located run ning west from Victorialand, and coal fields were discovered in the Antarctic continent The theory of the existence of an area of atmospheric calm around the south pole was disproved DEATH WINS FIGHT Governor Cospve Passes Away at Paso Robles. END COMES VERY UNEXPECTEDLY VENGEANCE FEARED. TEST SPOKANE DECISION. Railroads Can Get No Encouragement From Prouty's Explanation. Chicago, . March 26. On behalf of the Western railroads involved in the Spokane rate case, J. C. Stubbs today tried to get some light on the decision of the commission. At his request Commissioner Prouty met him and the various points in the decision were gone over and discussed. - It is understood that the commis sioner informed the railroad man that the decision meant about what it said and that the order wan drawn in a way which, in the opinion of the commis sion, would make it most ditlicult to attack successfully. No secret is made of the fact that the railroads have de cided to test the order in the courts, because they feel that the struggle between the commission and the rail roads with regard to rate principles must be fought out to a finish. Hsrrlman Faces. ' New York, March 26. A suit for $800,000 has been begun against E. H. Harriman by John Donovan, who says this sum is due him as commission on the sale in 1901 of the St Joseph Rail way, Light, Heat & Power companfy, of St Joseph, Mo. Donovan declares Mr. Harriman agreed to give him 25 per cent of any sum received for the property over and above $1,100,000. He aays that Mr. Harriman sold his in terest for $4,400,000 less $100,000 commission to brokers. Mr. Harriman has filed an answer in which he denies making any contract with Donovan. Praise Given Shackleton. London, March ' 26. Lieutenant Shackleton's discoveries have brought a chorus of praise and admiration. Louis Charles Bernachi, who was physi cist to the Discovery Antarctic expedi tion in 1901-1904, said in an interesting talk today that the sledge journey of 126 days under such conditions as were described is one of .the most magnifi cent feats in the annals of polar explor ation. A man working in the Arctic requires 36 ounces of food daily, but the Shackleton party cut themselves down to 20 ounces. Never Knew Cattle to Be So High Weston J. F. Thompson, who has followed the stock business for 25 years in this locality, and is ranging about 300 head of cattle on the breaks of the Umatilla river, says he has nev er known beef cattle to reach such a high figure as at present in the local markets. He finds it difficult to evade buyers who are offering 4 cents for cows and 5 cents for Bteers. Mr. Thompson has a calroad of beeves en gaged for shipment April 1, but beyond this has made no contracts. He is in the market for stock cattle, but finds little or no stock offering. He looks for continued good prices in view of the big packing house enterprises now under way at Portland. Peddlers' Law Invalid. Salem In reversing the case of the State of Oregon vs. D. Y. Wright and H. M. Ogan, the Supreme court holds that chapter 206, laws of 1906, is void because arbitrary and class legislation, The law provides that hawkers and venders of Btoves, ranges, wagons, carts "or any kind of four-wheeled or two-wheeled vehicles, shall first obtain a license." The defendants, Wright and Ogan, were arrested and convicted in the lower court Cars Can't Stop Everywhere. Salem In an answer filed in reply to an action brought by the Tilman Ford estate to compel specific perform ance of contract, the Oregon Electric railway alleges that if it is compelled to stop its cars at every farmhouse it will put the road absolutely out of bus iness. It seems that in order to secure a right of way the railroad contracted to stop its cars at a large number of points. It is alleged it has ignored these contracts. Busy Year for Grant. Prairie City "Business conditions in Grant county are better than I have ever seen them," states R. T. McHal- ey, one of the prominent stockmen oi the country. "The stock industry is flourishing, the best of prices prevail ing for cattle, sheep and horses. Stock has wintered well and the range prom ises early grass in more abundance than usual." Wants Guns From the Oregon. Salem The Salem board of trade will make an effort to secure for the capitol grounds two of the six-inch guns from the dismantled battleship Oregon. The guns are about 30 feet long and properly mounted would be an imposing addition to the beautiful lawn in front of the state house. It is thought the guns may be obtained from the War department for the state for the cost of transportation. Irrigation Company Makes Progress. Grants Pass The Josephine County Power & Irrigation company is making splendid, progress in the construction of the irrigation canals for Grants Pass and vicinity. The work is being rushed that a large portion of the arid territory to be benefited will have water this year. Three crews are at work, besides a number of teams with graders and scrapers. Clean Up Weston Brickyard, Weston Work has been begun on the cleaning up of the Weston brick yard . preparatory to the spring burn ing, which will begin in April, accord ing to Manager P. T. Harber. Orders, it is said, are being received from several points, and a run of - four months is anticipated. A crew of 80 men will be put to work, . Curricula Board Reappointed. Salem Governor Benson, has reap pointed the board of higher curricula. .TheTMily change was the substitution of A. G. Beals, of Tillamook, for A. Two Dead In Freight Wreck. Ogden, March 26. Engineer Layng and Brakenian Pearson dead, Fireman Rasmussen seriously injured, an engine buried to the smokestack in sand, and five freight can piled up indisoriml nately, is the brief but disastrous rec ord mad at 5 o'clock tbis morning by Oregon bnort lane might wo. Z4&, tn w Prescott of Salem, who has accent- charge of Conductor Schnoke and ' En-1 itlon M pr jyate secretory to gineer LAyng, running ''" ufif t United Statea.Senator Bourne. er and Ureen Kiver, wyo., on the lately double-tracked piece of track. Investigate Land Frauds. Washington, March 26. Additional special agents to investigate alleged land frauds in the West were appoint ed today by Secretary of the Interior. Balhnger, Crater, Lake Road Sure. Jacksonville-The County court of Jackson county has entered and ordered the appropriation of $50,000 toward construction of tbe Crater lake road. This will supplement the appropriation of ,$100, 000 made by the recent legis lature. Realty Men Get Together. Roseburg A meeting of represent atives of all the real estate - firms in the city was held at the Commercial club rooms and an organization per fected to be known as the Roseburg Realty board. PORTLAND MARKETS. Wheat Bluestem milling, $1.20 1.25: club, $1.081.10; red Russian, $1.061.08; bluestem, shipping, $1.15 1.17; valley, $1.10. Oats No. 1 white, $40 per ton. Barley Feed, $31 per ton. Hay Timothy, Willamette valley, $1315 per ten; Eastern Oregon, $16 18; clover, $1213; alfalfa, $14.50 15; grain hay, $1314; cheat $13.6014.50; vetch, $13.5014.60. Butter City creamery, extras, 34c; fancy outside creamery, 3234c; Cali fornia, 8283c; store, 1820c, Butter fat prices average 14 cents under regular butter prices. Eggs Oregon ranch, 20n)Zlc. Poultry Hens. 15sffi!l5c; broil ers, Z4ft25c; fryers, lzoc; roost ers, old, 10llc; young, 1415c; ducks, 2022J4c; geese, 10c; turkeys, 18(fi)19c: squabs, $2.503 per dozen. Veal Extras, 10llc; ordinary, 7 8c; heavy, 5c Pork Fancy, 9k10c; large, 8c. Apples 65c$2.50 per box. , Potatoes $1.40(j$1.50 per hundred; sweets, 2m2c pound. Vegetables Turnips, $1 sack; car rots, 90c sack; parsnips, $1.60 sack; beets, $1.75 sack; horseradish, 10c per pound ; artichokes, 7690c per dozen ; asparagus, 915c per pound; beans. 25c; cabbage, 33c per pound; cauliflower, $2.50; celery, $4.75 per crate; lettuce, head, 85c per dozen; onions, 4050c per dozen ; parsley, 35c per dozen; radishes.- 85c per dozen; rhubarb, $2.25 per box; spinach, $1 1.25. Onions Oregon, $1.75 per hundred. Hops 1909 contracts, 1010c per pound; 1908 crop, 77,e; 107 crop, 8(jT4c; 1906 crop, lj2c Wool Eastern Oregon contracts, 16 18c per pound; valley, 1617c; mo hair, choice 23c per pound. Cattle Top steers, . $5.25(85.50; fair to good, $4.755; common to medium,. $3.254.50; cows, top, I4.Z5;xairto good, 3.60(4; com mon to medium, $2-50rtiS.50; calves, top, $55.60; heavy. $3.504; bulls and stags, fat, $3g3.60; common, 20T2.75. Hogs Best $7.25; fair to good. $6.75(i7; stockers, $5.506.50; China fats, fi.75. . Sheep Top wethers. $5.75g6; fair to good, $4.76(a5.25; ewes. He less on all grades; lambs top $6.506.75; fair to good, xt(6.o0. Woman Suspect Utters Threat Upon Arrest for Kidnaping. Cleveland, March 24. "I am the one who planned the whole thing; there will be trouble for me and hell in Sharon tomorrow." These words, spoken to Captain of Police Shattuck yesterday by a woman he had arrested in company with a man on suspicion of being implicated in the kidnaping of Willie Whitla, of Sharon O., have stirred the police to new efforts to run dewn the band who stole the lad away from his school. While the police were at first inclined to think that their prisoners, who carried the sum of $9,989 with them, were the entire kidnaping gang, the woman s words are regarded as a threat and the police now think that possibly one or two other members of the gang are still at large and that revenge for the capture of the ringleaders will be taken on the boy. Extra precautions to . guard the Whitla ' lad at his home will be taken to make the carrying out of any such threat an impossibility and anyone found lurking around the premises will be instantly arrested. Heart Failure Was Immediate Cause of Death Body to Be Brought North for Burial. Paso Robles, Cal., March 19. Sam uel G. Cosgrove, governor of the state of Washington, died here suddenly at 8 -30 o'clock yesterday morning. - Heart failure was the immediate cause of the governor's death. Al though his condition had recently been reported as improving, the governor had really been growing worse, and two ' days ago he took to his room. Although conscious of his weakened condition, death was sudden and there was no op portunity for a last farewell between husband and wife. Bright's disease had marked Govern or Cosgrove for a victim over eight months ago. He broke down in health during the Washington primary cam paign, retiring to his home at Pomeroy, Wash., in September, and was brought to Paso Robles hot springs shortly after the election in November. Although Governor Cosgrove improved slightly under the treatment here, the strain of the trip to Olympia to take the inaug ural oath was too great and an immedi ate reaction set in. Mrs. Cosgrove, worn out from her months of constant attendance upon her feeble husband, was overcome by ther grief, but late in the afternoon had recovered her poise sufficiently to make the preliminary arrangements for starting home with the body. It has been decided that Mrs. Cosgrove, ac companied by Mr. and Mrs. J. M. An derson, of Seattle, friends of the Cos groves, will leave Paso Robles this morning at 5:10 on the north bound train for San Francisco. If that train is on time the funeral party will be able to connect with the Portland ex press leaving Oakland this afternoon. This will bring them into Portland late Tuesday night and a hurried trip will be made to Olympia, the capital of Washington. It is the desire of Mrs. Cosgrove to have services held at the capitol and later the remains will be removed to the family home at Pomeroy. FAIR BRINGS THOUSANDS OFF TO AFRICA. Roosevelt Party Leaves New York for Wilds of Jungle. New York, March 24. Waving a parting farewell with his black slouch bat as he stood on the captain's bridge of the steamship Hamburg, ex-Presi-. dent Theodore JKoosevelt sailed away yesterday for his long planned African hunt He left amid cheers of thous ands of persons that swarmed the Hamburg-American line pier, amid the whistles of countless river craft - and thunderous reverberations or- the ex- president's Balute of 13 guns from Forts Hamilton and Wadsworth. Beside Mr. itooseveit stood a young lad, seemingly dejected, as he wistfully gazed at the cheering multitude on the pier below. ' It was Kermit Roosevelt son of Mr. Roosevelt who accompanied his father as official photographer of the expedition. " Father and son, both clad in brilliant buff hued army coats, remained on the bridge ' on the trip down the bay and acknowledged with sweeps of their bats tbe salutes of the vessels. The demonstration was un official, but many high in the affairs of the nation were present Criminal Career Alleged Reno, Nev., March 24. Charging that under the guise of conducting a hotel in Reno, George and Frederick Elkins, wealthy hotelmen, have been for months acting as the intermediaries for thieves and robbers, tbe police ar rested George Elkins tonight on a ranch near town, which it has been found has been the hiding place for a vast Quan tity oi merchandise, said to have been stolen from box cars and warehouses in this city. The arrest followed an investigation resulting from the acci- dental discovery of the merchandise. Boy Sought Oil Honors, New York, March 24. In his quest for occasions for distinguishing himself and thereby obtaining promotion which in time would lead to his being- made a director of the standard Oil com Dan v. wiiiiam neaay, is years oia, employed in tne nuwg department oz tbe com pany, tonight confessed that on several occasions he bad set fir to the plant of the Standard in Brooklyn. His object was to impress his superiors by his alertness in discovering the blaze. Asks for Exclusion Law. Sacramento, March 24. The assem bly adopted today the substitute reso lution offered by the senate committee on Federal relations, asking congress to enact a general Asiatic exclusion law, Including Japan People From East Coming to North- west Seeking Opportunities. Right now the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific exposition is the . magnet that is at tracting thousands of people from East ern, Southern and Middle Western -states to the Pacific coast partly for the reason that the exposition will open up a new line of thought with its great displays from Alaska, Hawaii and the Philippines as well as the Orient and partly because of the much advertised scenic beauties of the states' bordering on the racinc. The state of Washington and more particularly the Puget sound country will soon be the mecca for trainloads of strangers. But Washington will not hold the visitors for an indefinite period for they havo something in mind further than a visit to the exposition at Seattle. Ttla.o i.1 T" .' XIJV&V fflVULfUULbUUlblCB UIJ bill? faVlUv coast for the homeseeker as well as the merchant and manufacturer and the visitors to the fair intend to see just what Oregon, Idaho, Colorado, Utah, Wyoming, Nevada, Oklahoma, as well as British Columbia have to offer in the way of inducements to settlers. 'Of course tbe tourists will be here in large numbers and their itinerary nearly al ways includes all the mountain lake and seaside resorts of the Northwest Tbe epxosition itself is going to open the eyes of the thousands of visitors who will come Seattle expecting to find an exhibition very similar to what has been offered before. The Alaska- , to be remembered after its gates close because of its great size or by the num ber of its buildings, but because of the beautiful picture formed by tbe work of the builder and landscape artist fro m a A in k. Inl... - 1 ..Muv. ... iaac"i iijuuuiainH ami woodland scenery distributed lavishly on every hand by nature. When the exposition opens on June 1 the show will be complete in every detail, an ex ample of Western spirit and enterprise. Indictments for Smuggling. . El Paso, March 29. Under indict ments returned by the Federal grand jury at Chicago, charging conspiracy to smuggle aliens into the United States, seven arrests were made today by deputy marshals at widely separat ed points. Four men were jailed here, one at Alamo Gordo, N. M., and two at Chicago. It is alleged the men ar rested are members of an organized rnn it mwrttinv fv-nm tk hMn. . D. l & a.v.m ESJL v. v. M, Chicago for smuggling Chinese. ... Chinese Come Among Beans. Abilene, Tex., March 29. Attract ed by the sound of voices in a boxcar which supposedly contained only a shipment of beans en route from Loa Angeles to Chicsgo, Immigration Agent Dinworth, at Big Springs, bad the car opened and took into custody 16 Chinese who are held on a charge of having-evaded the immigration laws.