Image provided by: Ashland School District #5; Ashland, OR
About Ashland daily tidings. (Ashland, Or.) 1919-1970 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 29, 1924)
BACK TWO ASBLAXD DAILY TtDINOS A SH LA N D D A IL Y T ID IN G S 5 per cent on all their outstanding stock. ‘ ‘ Why do not any of those who are urging a restora tion of pre-war railway rates also advocate a restoration of pre-war railway taxes? The taxes of the railways are now about 170 per cent greater than they were ten years ago. T uesday, J a n u a r y 20, 1024 q u ire s th a t a q u a rte rm a s te r : and o th e r im p e d im e n ta . to d e m o n s tra te « m eth o d of m a k t ’m ea, in case ! “ s ta n d by’’ a t all ing p ic tu re s w ith o u t use of ca m (E s ta b lis h e d in 1 8 7 0 ) M ike g e ts m e ta lie apoplexy. I Dr. F ra n c is C. W ood, of Co- e ra o r lense. A tim e ex p o su re on P u b lish e d E v e ry E v e n in g E x c e p t S u n d a y by ---------- , ! lu m b ’a U n iv e rsity h a s an n o u n ced a se n sitiv e p la te , in a d a rk room , N E W Y O RK , J a n . 28.— W ith THE ASHLAND PRINTING CO. W h en e n g in e e rs d ecided recent-1 th e d isc o v e ry of a new type of ra d io m ovies lo om ing on th e b o r i- 1 ly t h a t a “ d e a d s p o t” ex isted o v er | X -ray tu b e fo r th e tre a tm e n t of w ith red bu lb s b u rn in g , a re th e c h ie f e le m en ts. ■Tert R. G re e r ...................................................................................................E d ito r zon, a tr a n s a tla n tic d i r g i b le line M a n h a tta n ,W E A P , local b r o a d - ! c a n c e r. W h ile c u ra tiv e pow ers a re C a u t'o u s a n n o u n c e m e n t, obvl- e ith e r form L ondon o r M a d r'd to IC-IAL CITY P A P E R .............................. ..... ........ ......... .T elephone 39 c a si ng s ta tio n , trie d su p e r-tu b e s, n o t e n h a n c e d , speed of o p e ra tio n o u sly d esig n ed to sta y o v er-eu - " | New Y ork an im m e d ia te possibil- re d a t th e A sh la n d , O reg o n , P o s to ffic e a s S econd C lass j T hey p e n e tra te d th e re s is tin g a re a is red u c e d lro m h o u rs to m in- th u sia s m , waa m ad e re c e n tly bv END OF THE CHAPTER—DEATH j ity, a n d w ith both til's c o u n try w ith ease. Mail Matter P r io r to th is a te s t u te s, it is claim ed . i Dr. r . A. D ochez, C olum bia, of a A few years of unnatural exhilaration, a few more;and Britain lay ng plaus £or aerial proved th e tu b e s ab le to tra n s m it S u b s c rip tio n P ric e , D eliv ered in C ity ---------- seru m fo r sc a rle t fev er. Dr. D och- . ' un Uav,S tUn °f the glubo’ a , ra d io w aves to a rec e iv in g se t lo- years • of degradation and craving for stimulants which Man R ay, R u m a n ia n p h o t o g r a - e z did n o t p ro m ise a d e fin ite c u re , • , , - ) fu ll p ro g ra m m e fo r 1924 seem s to , ,, , 'l Uree M onths ............................................................................... ......... un-1 p h e r e x tra o rd in a ry , is d u e in New b u t d e c la re d e x p e rim e n ts had are increasingly difficult to procure, and then—death ! j be in th e m a k in g fo r th o se of 1 h unn T ix M o n th s .............. ........................ ............................... 3 jjg der th e H u dson R iver rig h t | Y ork (h e la t te r paFt of th is m o n th show n “ c e rta in p r o n f s e .” < ne Y ear ..........................................................................’................. ? gg That is the panorama which is constantly being en- 1 sc ie n tific tu r n of m ind, j th ro u g h ste e l w alls, w a te r, e a rth B y M ail a n d R u ra l R o u te s : acted in every city and many hamlets throughout the J In n u m e ra b ie o th e r ad v an ces, of « me Morth............................................ ir e o M o n th s .....................................................................................1.95 S ix M o n th s ................................... .......•................... NEWS LETTER 5 .6! United States daily. It is the ¿xperience of the victim of cA°urae’ are ? e?ng ”iade 1,0111 in! o’cn SIS narco its, jtntl it is not confined to anj age, race, class or s p e c ta c u la r n a tu r e a re no n e th e condition in life. - less im p o rta n t. A m ong th e s e a r e ' DISP1 V O Y E R T ISIN G R A T E S : During these few short years of addiction, crime is p ro g re ss in m ed icin e a n d im prove ! tin g le in s e rtio n , p e r in ch .30 a mere incident. Holdups, robberies, even murders never m en t of m eth o d s in v a ri° “ s o th e r | 1 c u rly C o n tra c ts : < n e in s e rtio n a w.-ek stand in the way when the craving for narcotics has seized I The sllccess[„, ,solatlon ,lT. ) 'I wo in s e rtio n s a w eek B etw een a new Good T ire upon man, or woman. in g tis s u e fo r a p erio d of tw elve J ally in s e rtio n .............. And the end is always the same, except in the pitiful y e a rs, re c e n tly a n n o u n c e d by o ffi R a te s F o r L egal a n d M iscellan eo u s A d v e rtis in g and a new P oor Tire? ly few cases which are snatched from the clutches of the cials of th ,3 R o c k e fe lle r I n s t i t u t e ,1 F ir s t in s e rtio n , p e r 8 p o in t l i n e ........................................................ $ .10 fo r exam ple, m ay be listed not a s] su b s e q u e n t in se rtio n , 8 p o in t lin e ....................................... .05 drag demon by welfare agencies and mission workers, a s e n sa tio n a l d e v e lo p m en t, n o r ' T h a n k s .................................................................................... 1 qq with the aid of occasional sympathetic individuals. The C b itu a i- s, p e r lin e -02% end is inevitably death—self-inflidfed, through disease discovery, b u t as a re w a rd fo r th e ! illim ita b le p a tie n t e x p e r 'm e n ta ! W H A T C O N ST ITU TES A D V E R T ISIN G tio n a n d o b se rv a tio n involved, or by violence in some attempted crime. It you have a C-T-C tire vou “ All f u tu r e e v e n ts, w h ere a n a d m issio n c h a rg e is m ad e o r a w hole v ista s of m edical lo re and -tie n ta k e n is A d v e rtisin g . Yes, there are laws intended to curb and eventually If it’s worth building1 fo r th e stu d y a n d p rev e n tio n 3 iisc o u n t w ill be allo w ed R e lig io u s o r B e n e v o len t o rd e rs. put an end to the insidious traffic, hut they, are as yet d of a ta d ’sease3 know. If you haven’t one on m ay com e to view . * it’ s worth protecting inadequate to meet the situation. Lawbreaking dealers On J a n u a r y 17 th is liv in g f ra g DONATIONS vour car you ought to have, to No d e r a tio n s to c h a ritie s o r o th e rw is e w ill be m ad e In a d v e rtls- and peddlers are closely watched and persistently brought m en t of ch ic k e n flesh co m pleted ! E v e n th e g a ra g e is w o rth in- l ’ g. o r iob p r in tin g — o u r c o n trib u tio n s w ill be In c a sh . g. If it is n o t in su re d , to book for their deeds, hut the sources of supply are its tw e lfth y e a r of ‘ life in v itr o ’’ ; j a s u n rin d it b u rn s dow n, you a r e o u t find out and know the real dif w hich m ea n s th a t re p o sin g !n a little interfered with. JA N U A R Y 2» w h a t it cost you. If it IS in special d ish its cells h av e received i s u re d , you g e t th e m oney fo r a Through a long term of years, by investigation and and a s sim ila te d food an d d is c h a r new B E T T E R IS A DRY M O RSEL, AND Q U IE T N E SS T H E R E W IT H , g a ra g e . E v e ry b u ild in g ference in what is a good tire T H A N A HO USE F U L L O F S A C R IF IC E S W IT H S T R IF E .— p ro b e rb s education, public sentiment was brought to conviction as ged th e s u rp lu s p re c 's e ly as sh o u ld be in su re d . 1 7 :1 . to the evils of the liquor habit and traffic and decreed its th o u g h th e y w ere p a r t of a T .ving T he v e ry n a tu r e of fire in s u r and what are supposed to he outlawry. It should not be necessary to pursue a lifelong cro w in g , s c ra tc h in g ro o s te r— o v e ri an ce p ro m p ts you to look fo r y ears. th e best. T h is a g en cy r e p r e course through the years in order to rouse people to this a p A erio n o d rm of a l a q dozen u e stio n w ould be: ! s e n ts th e H a rtfo rd F ire I n s u r a good tire. WEARING THREADBARE menace which hangs over every citizen’s head. an ce C om pany, an o rg a n iz a tio n “ W h a t is th e v a lu e of such a n e x About nine of every ten who speak before the com w ith a rec o rd of o v er a c e n tu ry No home is safe. The narcotic demon strikes unex p e rim e n t— w h a t good does it of f a ir d e a lin g hack of its pol mercial and civic organizations of Oregon have acquired pectedly. The school child, the business manr the house d o ? ” icies. the habit of prefacing their messages of empire building wife—all are in danger. Science a n s w e rs th a t, fo r o n e; th in g , it pro v es im m o rta lity ! N ot For safe and sure with “ Well, now down in California.” Then comes a And the end of the chapter is the same—DEATH— s p iritu a lity , h u t ph y sical im m o r Insurance, call bombardment of words of what California is doing, how Los Angeles Evening Herald. ta lity — fo r life could he m a in she is doing it and what will occur after it is finished. THE ta in e d in v itro in d e fin ite ly , th ey Recently a man, whose reputation extends along the a s s e rt. The honest-to-goodness dry man will let tlie governor Billings Agency F o r a n o th e r th in g it p e rm its Pacific coast from the Mexican border to Canada, and and the district attorneys rave on. Drop In For Chat Beaver Block p recise a n d a c c u ra te s tu d y of c a n -' 41 E . M ain P h o n e 211 who gained his reputation in an Oregon city, said he was cer. C an cer is a fa ta l foe to h u ashamed to admit that he ever lived in Oregon, and then There is always one sure crop, one on which there m a n ity b ecau se it is an u n c o n tro l to complete the work of thoroughly wetting down our is no need to carry insurance—candidates for political lab le g ro w th . W ith a c a n c e r living already cooled spirits said: “ You are dead, and you don’t office. u v itro science can re c o rd , w i t h - ’ know it.” o u t g u e ssin g , th e e ffe c t of ra d iu m , | of X -ray s a n d of o th e r tre a tm e n t.! It may be pleasing and inspiring to most Oregonians, Rather expensive deer meat the Pelican Bay residents T he e x p e rim e n t d o e s n ’t, how - I hut to the writer it is becoming monotonous and the allu were enjoying in Clover creek cabin. e v er, hold o u t a n y p o ssib ility of 1 To *2 4 ~ ” H a lf o f th e 77,000 S h are H o ld er s in A rm o u r sion to California and of what that state is doing is wear ex ten d ng h u m an life in d e fin ite ly .! ing threadbare. The fair-minded man accords California an d C o m p a n y A r e E m p lo y e s — Same* S h ar es If some of the poor, shivering residents of the Da D eath, a s g re a t s c ie n tis ts have all the honor due that wonderful state. They do things kotas and other midwest states would ever come to south said is th e p rice we pay fo r o u r T e n d en cy in O th er E n terp rises in California as well as dream thenii Californians are ern Oregon in winter and get one whiff of the balmy at com plex bodies; c h 'e fly b ecau se; in a tio n is n o t so su c ce ssfu l a s ; enthusiastic, optimistic and possessed of a state pride mosphere that prevails here there would be a new move a e s lim . E F O R T S fro m som e of th e block of p referred stock of A r sim ila tio n . that is commendable, but Oregon lias her dreamers and nt Tent westward that would eclipse all former records. larg e st in d u strie s in th e m o u r a n d C om pany was offered to co u n try show th a t th e ir its em ployes. W ithin a few days her builders. Enthusiasm for the future development “ M etal M ike” h a s ju 3 t success-j th e 50,000 sh a re s set aside fo r th is ow nership is becom ing m ore wide purpose had ^>een over-subscribed fu lly g u id ed a b 'g B rit sh sh ip ac and growth of Oregon is running rampant. Optimism There is an unusually large crop of early Spring pre ro ss th e A tla n tic . H is b ra in is i sp read a n d th a t sm all investors, and 40,000 em ployes h ad becom e is radiated from every district and there is a united belief dictions. especially wage earners, a re ta k p a rt ow ners of th e Com pany. com posed of a w h irlin g m eta l ing a m uch g re a te r in te rest in that Oregon is on the threshold of the greatest era of de In th is connection th e com pany d isk , as3 ‘ste d ip its fu n c tio n in g by in d u stria l securities. has ju st m ade public a tab u latio n velopment in the history of the state. There is in Oregon Music note: After hearing a song hit too often we n u m e ro u s g e a rs, e c c e n tric s, and R ecent o p p o rtu n ities fo r invest- ; show ing th e distrib u tio n of its v a ro iu s o th e r m ec h a n ic a l c o n tri a sufficiency of wealth and beauty from which the speak wish it had missed. m en t offered to em ployes in m any ow nership. M ore th a n 77,000 natio n al in d u stries have m et w ith I people, m ost of them sm all inveat- vances. H is n e rv e s a re fin e, s t r u n g 1 er who is to carry a constructive message can draw his e n th u sia stic response. T his is ors, now a re p a rtn e rs in one of w ires. B u t h e w as a b le to keep inspiration. There is no necessity or occasion to import p a rtic u la rly tru e of th e telephone, ! th e larg est packing concerns iu The world gets more efficient every day. Making th e c u n a rd e r L a c o n ’a w ith ’n o n e-; oil, tra n sp o rta tio n , a n d packing th e world. inspiration from any state south, north or east. six th of a d e g re e on h e r c o u rse — Industries an d o th e r big e n te r love takes only half as long as it once did. H ow th is ow nership is distribuí* Oregon is worth more in potential resources, in nat prises. m uch c lo se r th a n a n y h u m a n h a n d | ed is show n in ithe follow ing tab let Fur coats are made by skinning dumb brutes—usually c a n s te e r h e r. “ M etal M ike” is ural beauty, in a variety of climate, and in her fish, game father. H ow eag er w o rk ers a re to avail 69,664 own 1 to 24 sh ares them selves of these o p p o rtunities 5,248 own 25 to 49 ” o th e rw ise k n o w n .as th e S p e rry and wildlife than any state on the Pacific coast. And w as recently d em o n strated w hen a gyro p ilo t. H e is a b le to o p e ra te 2,147 own 50 to 99 ” while we are discussing resources don’t forget that we 919 own 100 or over m a in ly b ecau se of fo rces s e t up It takes a train only one second to win the decision have more standing timber than any state in the nation over an auto. by ro ta tio n of th e e a rth . C ap tain The sam e is tru e of th e recen t offer to em ployes of th e Pennsyl and undeveloped water power* second to no state in the E . T. B ritte n th e m a s te r, w h ile 2 5 TO 4 9 vania R ailroad to purchase stock a p p re c ia tiv e of M ike’s c a p a b ilitie s country, except one. an d bonds of th e com pany on In S H A R E 5 an d re lia b ility , n e v e rth e le s s re- stallm en t basis. Em ployes of th« It is high time that loyal Oregonians call the atten engaged In the en terprise were not railroad have becom e ow ners to trustw orthy. It Invited Helen to tion of a few speakers and other boosters that real achieve D E S E R T E D W A IF IS th e ex ten t of m ore th a n h alf * consult with the bank about her m illion dollars. R E T U R N E D TO P A R E N T S ments are being recorded in Oregon. At the same time investm ent. call their attention to the fact that Oregon’s ministers of , “ You were right, Aunty," said PO R TLA N D , J a il. 29.— A n o r Helen. “I saw Mr. H itchcock there. the gospel are able to devote all their time and energies to 5 0 TO 9 9 d e r w as sig n ed S a tu rd a y by J u d g e He told me a lot about Investm ents the spirtual ministrations of their flocks, not being com and suggested some safe ones. 1 K a n z le r of th e c o u rt of d o m estic S hares pelled to divide their time and energies between that and ON HOW NOT TO GET RICH never understood the bank’s value re la tio n i^ p e rm ittin g H a rv e y G r a n - ! before. If It had not been for you 100 OR MORE th a m to claim a g a in fo r h im se lf ! praying for rain to cool and moisten the sun-baked land and the bank I should not have a areas. It is well to remind them that in Oregon it is not “Oh, Aunt Em my," cried Helen, cen t today. I’ll never do a thing ai\d y o u n g w ife th e tw o-w eeks-old ! S har . es lushing in and kissing Aunt Emmy, with money unless I ask the bank d a u g h te r th e y a b a n d o n e d a t th e I necessary to place the dishes in rubber covered protec "I’ve got a wonderful chance to get C a rlto n h o te l a w eek ago. G r a n - : first. I felt I was with friends. tors before putting them in the cupboards at night to Uch. The nicest m an told me about Aunty.” th a m a c c o rd in g ly to o k th e in fa n t % p aten t b eeh iv e th a t will double “You were, my dear,” said Aunt protect them from earthquakes. Then to strengthen Ore my fro m th e W a v e rly B aby h om e, j money in a year! W ith it bees Em m y, sm iling.—A n n s B. A ymes . gon’s case let it be known that real property values are will m ake two or th ree tim es as w h e re it had. been c a re d fo r, a n d s ta r te d fo r h is h o m e a t F a r g h e r , honest; that in Oregon they are not staking out town lots much honey. If I buy It rig h t aWay 6 9 ,6 6 4 - OWNERS 5.248 OWNERS 2J47 OWNERS 9190WCTS 1 can m ake ever so m uch money, W a sh in g to n . fifteen miles in the country, and relieving suckers of their tor the stock is selling a t fifty E x -J u d g e B ack of V an co u v er, life savings over night. Tell them that all that goes up cents and it's going to pc soon, A C h a n ce to S h in e W a sh ., a p p e a re d b e fo re J u d g e w hatever th a t is, so I’ll have oodles must come down, and that there has been an unpreceden of K a n z le r on b e h a lf of th e e r r a n t money. Oh, Aunty, won’t it be ted upward trend in everything from real estate to movie .ovely? You and I can go to Eu *T*HE young m an of today f a th e r. H e c ite d th e fa c t t h a t rope-< nd—” salaries in the state to the south of us. g r a n d p a r e n ts of th e in fa n t w ere • need noH eave the farm (or on a m inute, Helen," beg a career. T rue, present coad:- e a g e r to h a v e it r e tu r n e d to th e There is no boom in Oregon to bring a reaction and ged “Hold Aunt Em m y: “would you really tions a re not conducive to large a downward trend in values. This is a state backed by >et this man have your money for financial re tu rn s, but these con m o th e r, th o u g h it w*as la rg e ly be c a u se of th e a ttitu d e of th e s e r e la fool thing like th at?" ditions will undoubtedly change. solid resources upon which thousands may build and pros a “W hy, A unty, I’m sure It la all tiv e s t h a t Mr. a n d M rs. G ra n th a m Those who are in position to per in the future. In the future let speakers before Ore right! He gave me the loveliest know h a d concealed th e fa c t of its b irth . think th a t we have booklet—I brought It along. You gon audiences draw tlieir inspiration from Oregon. reached the low ebb and now- are so suspicious. Aunty,” she re tt v' farm products a re on the u p - ¿äh? (6- ' T E lev en m iles ro ad w e re c o n - ! proached. grade. s tru c te d in S u islaw n a tio n a l fo ro st , “ Suspicious, am 1! T hat >5,000 is RAILWAY TAXES PASS A MILLION DOLLARS A We have only begun to solve $ the only money you ever had or d u rin g y e a r 1923 a t cost of $20,- Year .......................... What’s the Difference Leedom’s Tire House Small Investors Are Real Owners < Of the Nation’s Large Industries R STRAIGHT TALKS WITH AUNT EMMY NS F. Society Girl Adopts I business Career To A id Favorite Charity DAY. f. “ While the railways themselves have been making new records of various kinds, 'the tax gatherers also have been making a new railway record,” says the “ Railway Age.” “ The statistics of the Interstate Commerce Com mission for November, 1923, which recently have become availabledisclose, that in that month the tax accruals of the railways amounted to $30,386,092, or $1,012,- 870 a^Ky. This was the first month in history when the tax accruals of the railways exceeded a million dollars a day. “ The steadiness and persistency of the increase in railway taxes, regardless of all changes in the volume of business, in . earnings and in operating expenses is illus trated by the following statistics giving the tax accruals in N u m b e r of each of the last six years: 1918, $15,910,- 000; 1919, $18,820,000; 1920, $22,343,000; 1921, $25,042,- 000; 1922, $27,284,000; 1923, $30,386,000. “ Since 1919 the taxes paid by the railways have reg ularly exceeded the cash dividends paid by them. In 1922 the taxes of the Class I roads exceeded their divi dends by about $34,000,000. The total taxes of these roads for 1923 are estimated at over $330,000,000, and if they continue to increase in 1924 as they did in 1923, they will amount this year to approximately $365,000,000. This would exceed the dividends paid by these%roads in any year since 1914 and would be equivalent to a dividend of ever expect to have except wbat you earn as a teacher. You can't afford to throw it away. Sit right down and w rite to your bank for inform ation about th a t beehive. Tell them you are thinking of In vesting yocr >5.000, and send them the booklet." , "But, Aunty, that would take sev eral days, and the man said not to wait,” Helen protested. “It people would wait a while be fore investing, there would be far less failures in the world. You will hear from the bank soon enough. Prom ise.” “I suppose I’ll have to,” agreed Helen, crestfallen, "but I’m sure the old bank doesn't want to be bothered with poor little me." “shTTooied’ ^rio“”1 Aunt Emmy guessed th a t her get- rich-quick bubble had b u r s t “Look, Aunty," shp said, handing over a le tte r from the bank that gave a rep o rt on the patent bee hive. Tbe le tte r said th a t tbe m en our a g ric u ltu ra l problem s T here is a large unexplored field ahead of us. The young man with brain s and a sym pa thetic h e a rt can find ample op portunities fo r m aking a name for him self on the farm . In ad d ressin g a national group of young people recently. P resident H ead, of the A m eri can B ankers A ssociation, said he believes the opportunities fo r m aking a name as a leader in agriculture are greater than m aking a nam e in the position of a Congressm an. He thinks the day is com ing when a man shall tak e pride in saying, “I am an A m erican fa rm e r.” Any young m an who has a liking fo r th in g s ru ra l can well afford to consider p rep a rin g him self to become a good fa rm er, fo r a fte r he has m ade a suc cess of his fa rm , he will find a b u n d a n t o p p ortunity fo r lead ersh ip in his com m unity.— B anker-F arm er. 529. S herw ood b a n k show s g ro w th f c r p a st y ear. good F o r S ale 8 Room M odern H ouse, wood h o u se, g a ra g e , % a c re g ro u n d , sem e, f u r n itu r e , P ric e $2400. On good easy te rm s a t G p er c e n t. 5 room h o u se, good lo ca tio n , lot 75 x 140 fee t. R eal b a r g a in $1,250 on good te rm s. 3 room h o u se, g a ra g e , c h ic k en h o u se. % a c re la n d , som e f ru it. Q uick giale $1,200 on good te rm s a t 6 p e r cent. 7 room m o d e rn h o u se on B o u le v a rd . G arag e. ’ F i n e hom e. S nap $3,000. S om e good h o u ses to re n t. See m e if you w a n t a good f u r n ish e d house. Tidings classified do the business W. W. R obison Office Ashland Hotel Bldg. N th is day of fierce com petition orlte c h a rity and, a t th e sam e | h e a rt of New Y ork’s E a st S id » betw een c h a rita b le o rganiza- tim e, lau n ch in g herself on a th rill- im m ig ra n t district. Miss Jenkins; lions to su p p o rt th e ir n u in er ing business career. She h as be- is pictured closing a sale of a ous w orthw hile activities, of bene com e a full-fledged salesw om an “ B aby” m odel to Mr. R oger Wil-i fit balls, fetes a n d oazaara galore, fo r F ia t autom obiles and will de- liam Rlis, son of th e fo u n d er of) ° ue ®n te r Prlsin8 m em ber of New i vote a liberal p ercentage of h e r the Settlem ent, w ith Miss M arjorlei , r° , s younger social set— Miss com m issions to th e New Y ork’s C leveland, society le a d e r a n d fe L e.en Jen k in s——h a s ad o p ted a n com m issions to th e w ork of R iis d irector of th e Settlem en t, as original m ethod of a id in g h er f a v - ; S ettlem ent, w hich is situ a te d in th e witness. I 1