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About Beaver State herald. (Gresham and Montavilla, Multnomah Co., Or.) 190?-1914 | View Entire Issue (June 27, 1912)
« > WHEEL ADJUSTMENTS. tXHIBITION COOPS, SMALL ENGINE. BIG HELP. The exhibitor at shows and fairs generally finds show coops necessary, Performs Manifold Dutioe on Farm Directions For Repairing Leota Auto ns some of these do uot coop tho birds, mobile Boanngo. From Spraying ta Churning. There lire cvrtaiu uperntiOM more or and If one can show fowls In his own Aside from using (lie gasoline engine lean ordinary about the overhauling cages ho can make them more ultra«' for pumping water the farmer must of an automobile, which iievertbelena live. They are uot In danger of con consider that it can tie harnessed to It uot atteuded to will causa a lot of trading disease mid vermin from old a hose, with which be may sprinkle trouble, aaya Blackanilth and Wheel the lawn. Dower beds, truck patch and garden, especially In caw the wright. Among thia claao ofoperatluus weather turns extremely dry and hot may be Included the cure which It la Oue sprinkling at n critical period neceaaary to take of the wheels aud might an vo a whole seasons work their parte and altucliiut'iita. and oue from being thrown uway or two notvu of a practical nature concerning theae may lie permitted. Its use as a sprayer for destroying pests lu the poultry bouse can readily Very often there will develop lu tho bo aoeo. and as It Is portable it can be front roud wheels of a car a certain amount of pluy duo to wear which used lu applying Dy re|iellent to live atock. spraying the potato patch and maulfeate Itself tn a alight "wobbling" orchard trees It can also be Used to of the wheels while they are running. lay the disagreeable dust lu the lots If tho wheela were Jacked up, aud uear the house and barns. then taken hold of by the spokes and With the hone attachment the pump worked backwards and forwurda the engine can be used lu cleaning out piny will tie distinctly felt. In cases dlthy bog troughs and foul water where the wheels are provided with n tanka, ami the muddy wagou and auto plain brass bearing the moat probable cause of the play 1s due to wear on mobile cun be more thoroughly aud tho washers which takes tho lienrlng. quickly cleaned off by it than by any ns will bo seen from the I hi II s I hm I sur other method, while the overworked housewife will find it a great labor face of the rim. round the bearing »•Ker. especially In scalding out tbe The trouble can therefore lie cured by milk mid rrram cans after using It taking off the wheel and turning out tho washers. Theae are In moat fuses for < burning butter about one-eighth Inch thick ou the lion ring part, and about oue-quarter A BIRD OF A ROOSTER. Inch on the Inside part; this la where the play can be taken up oi.u mtzlu snow ■ <H>e. Owner Refused $2.000 For Him at In order to carry out this piece of Madison Square Garden Show. work, tho washer should be put lu a drying off after washing mid for the Home Idea of tile value of n well bred lathe and turned out sufficiently on confinement of tho finished bird till bird Is derived from the fact that after the Inside part to take up the play date of show. exhibiting tlie champion Burred Plym At some plants where show birds Care, however, must be taken uot to outh /R«xk male nt the .Madison take off so much tuetul from tho wash are sold there Is an exhibition risim K<iunre Garden show .Mr. Bright, the er ns to make the wheels run light. lined with coofMi. where specimens are owner, refused nn offer of $2.000 for shown off before prospective buyers. It will generally be found that this Questioned as to the truth The buyer thus may Inspect fowls at bliu simple operation will make the wheela of this report by the Country Gen run without pluy. but should It not do dose range, und the seller can have ao the trouble must then be untight some birds always trained and condl tleman. Mr Bright said: "I was offered that sum sure enough mid was for In the brass bearing Itaelf. If thia tinned mid Is more apt to make u sale There lire many good coops on tin- rather startle«! myself so much so that Is worn the only satisfactory wuy of 1 was tempted to ask the one who getting rid of tho piny Is to renew the market, mid we present an old und made It with what kind of money he new style for lna|icetlon bru»a it should tie remembered In I knew that It Tim old style coop Is generally cov Intended to pay me getting the wheel ou iigalu to Use erixl with muslin, except floor and hnd tnkeu me thirty years to produce plenty of grease this bird nnd that If 1 wished to con Some of these front wheels, how tinue to improve my stock I could uot ever, have In place of the brass bush afford to part with him. so I refus«-d and washers, a method of titling con tbe offer slating of bull bearings and colics "I may have been foolish nnd I may KlioulJ the play occur on such wheels not. At nny rate. In eighteen months the method of procedure la slightly we sold $3.000 worth of birds and eggs different. produced by the yard of which this The Ural thing to do Is to take off mule was tbe bend " Nine males, of the wheel cap and elenu off the grease, which thia one wns the sire, sold for and then take out the split pin which $100 each, and the eggs sold for $25 secures the nut and couea. The castle 1 for thirteen out should be removed, und It should — then lie found that the cone will come out und the w heel should slide off the TWO WHEEL FODDER RACK. axle, and the lieu rings with It Theae Easily Mads at Homs and Can Bo ben rings should then be carefully Handled by One Man and Horse. cleaned mid exuiulned to nee If uuy of them are brokeu If the, are all right Here la a rack that la used for haul they should lie titled Itttu the wheel ing corn fishier, straw and many other again and the latter tlxed Into posl things Only two wIn-els are used. lion. The adjustable cone should then These may lie mower wheels They be screwed up. care being taken to should lie about one foot back of tbe Photo by C. M Burnita. see that tile coue la uot brought up so center of the rack, so that the front NKW STY LX SHOW COOP. tight ns to prevent the wheel from re cud will stay down on runners. Bore rolvlng It may pooxlbly I m * found front, and Is objectionable for its drop a hole through tbe 2 by N side pieces Hint when the cone mid the castle nut il'Mir. whh'li Is hard on lingers and have been screwed up there Is room feathers The new style o | m * uh full for a thin washer between the cone height, the wide door makes It easy and l tie nut This should lie inset ted. to elemi mid to remove bird, mid hard for If this Is not done II will be found wish ! slats |iut no rust on the plumage that the slot In the nut mid the split mid are close, so fowls cannot put their WAGON BAGS fell FotlDSIl pin hole In the axle will not come heads through The front, top aud Into |>ro|ier position When the adjust back are hinged for folding, mil the for axle. To keep fodder from resting ment has b<‘en made satisfactorily the bm-k Is double, so that It may Is- made on wheels make two simple wheel houses, as Illustrated. wheel cap should be nihil up with slat or solid, ns Is mse-vnry. This rack '« low down and one man grease and screwed on. mid this <qx*ni enn load It easier than two can a high FEATHERS ANO EGGSHELLS. lion should lie repent«*« I until the lubrl cant can be seen oozing out of the A great em my to English poultry is wheeled wagon. It Is easy to pull, since other side of the wheel. the rook, whose relative, the crow, tbe horses art* hitched low and tnke For ordinary use keeps tip the family reputation In this weight off runners country. The crow Is death on eggs, no tongue Is necessary, though it would Phosphate Lands Reserved. A mineral resource of the public do- young turkeys and chicks. Noxv, If be re«|Ulred If tbe rack were used on nialti that Is of great ixitentlnl value Is you don't believe this don't curtain Icy or steep hills. the turkey's nest In the wood with pine the rock phosphate of Idaho. Wyoln Ing. Utah. Montana und Florida In boughs mid watch how quick Jim Crow ++-H^+*>+a++<bb4af*+*i- »»♦♦♦♦» the discovery und classification of the gobbles the eggs. CHEAP FERTILIZER. i The summer school for Instruction lands containing It the geological sur « i In poultry culture nt the Connecticut vey has contributed notably to the wel Sav» tha droppings from th» .’ . il'-ultitrnl college. Storrs. Conn., poultry house. Fertilizer of < • fare of the farming interests, for plios L squal value if bought on th» phate Is a necessary plant food, being was held thia year from July 5 to f mark»! will cost you $30 or more indeed equal to isitash as u fertilizer July 2N. This college offered the first [ a ton. For the •asi»r gathering < > The world’s supply of phosphate ris k summer course In llHU), mid the move and handling of thio fertilizer a ment wan a success from the start. Is very meager, but fortunately the platform of boards should be largest known de|sislts have been re The charge Is nominal. placed under the roosts. This < • After extended experiments the Ore cently discovered In the public land platform should be scraped clean gon agricultural rtntlon advises that at least twice a week. states As n result of geologic exami nations 2.011.140 acres of phosphate It Is not profitable to keep tho Inrge land now stand withdrawn, awaiting breeds for eggs. They do take longer legislation to safeguard them from to come to laying maturity mid are cor Orchard and Garden. tnlnly greater hatchers than I.cghorns, sfieeulatlon or mono|sillzailon. but some strains of Lnngshans are Unleacbed wood ashes sown broad wonderful layers, and for capons the Bronzing Cast Iron. cast lu the on hard will prove tiene- Brahma can't be beat. A German paper given the following A friend writes us. "I didn't make ficial. process of bronzing cast Iron without Those who have large apple orchards much on my chickens this year, but covering It with a metal. Thoroughly are fortunate If they have uvnixirntors I've got my health txick, thank God!' cleanse the metal and rub It smooth for drying windfall apples This is a Apply evenly a cont of sweet or olive We print flint cheering line for those good way to utilize unsalable fruit who are di-spondent over poor health, oil and heat the Iron, being careful mid thus add to the profits of the or that the temperature does not rise high who feel the wear and tear of life's chard treadmill. Get out Into the sweet, pure enough to burn the oil Just ns the The garden teaches us valuable les oil Is about to decomiMixe tho cast Iron country nlr. friend Get Into the sun sons on Intensive farming In It high shine. Get close to nature. That ’ s the will absorb oxygen, and tills forms fertility mid good cultivation make n Upon the Miirfnce a brown oxide skin, best tonic to Like Why Bacteria not only enter the egg If small urea produce large crops which holds securely, mid Is so hard not adopt this system in Held crops'! that It will admit of a hard polish, ovposisl after laying, but may easily Enlarge the pasture, reduce tin* field thus giving It the ap|iearnnce of enter the egg In the process of forma mid add to your profits tion, ns the oviduct of the lien has a bronze. Sow some lettuce now and you may rrostoitton Concrete. free opening nt Its tipper end to the When concrete has been frostbitten peritoneal cavity and nt ’the terminal get some plants tit to use before win before llnul settling II Is very apt to opens Into the cloaca. where the Intes (••I -II at least some plants tli,.t J oil develop defects that call for Its le tine and kidneys empty. Bacteria can plant out In frames or the gr«*en tnovnl or repair, says the Concrete •• ay easily enter both of these pus house ii month Inter mid have lettuce World The following method of re •reetl nnd get mixed In the egg con for Thanksgiving mid Christmas. Sow a little patch of rape mid perbnim rye pairing such concrete has proved sue tents. cessful: Chip off with n pick or other A story conies from California of a near your chicken yard for pasture in suitable tool the concrete which Iris wealthy widow who believed In the open days during lieeemlwr nnd In been affected by frost and then tlior ranaulgrntlon of souls nnd concluded early spring. With currants and gooseberries fall oughly wash the exposed .surface with .bat her hnshnnd's soul hnd enter«! water, using a stiff scrubbing brush, into a bantam rooster. On her death Is better than spring pruning. Com until entirely clean. A otic to three she directed the servnnts to cure well nienee as noon ns the leaves have par solution of murlutlc add Is then up for their mnater (the bantam) nnd will tially fallen, trimming out nil droop plied with a brush, and the surface Is cd him h'-r estate. Tho relatives hnd Ing branches to encourage mi upright After the liusli Is trimmed again washed. As noon ns possible nn Indlrtuitlon meeting mid were dis growth after this Is done a very wet mixture cttM'ng n contest of the will when the nnd nil grass, roots and wts*ds re of new concrete Is npplleil Where nearest of kin simply took that linn- moved mound tip n little, covering nil rootlets. This operation (he old surface has been thoroughly tmn. wrung Its neck nnd. Inherited the eX|s>sed serves as n fall hoeing mid is much cleaned, and the new concrete kept w hole property quick ns n wink easier done then than in the spring, damp for n week, It bonds nicely with when the grass and weeds have more the old surface, making It appear as strongly fastened their roots tn the solid ns If the entire mass had been ground. placed at the same time. OH, YOU PUNKIN PHI ELEVATOR FOR CONCRETE. Thera Le ciKoanut an' mince pie, Thera l«i custard pls an' cherry, Shoofty, raisin. lam a. rhubarb. Apple, pencil an huckl*-b«rry Ingamau» Daviaa Far Pouring Liquid Mixture Inta Sila Forma. An In'eraattng elevator outfit for pouring liquid concrete Into tbe forma u»ed in eilo construction ta shown in the accompanying Illustration A re ceptacle containing the concrete la drawn up tbe tower to tbe required height and dlachargee Into a funnel at the end of a aection of pipe, which. But, oh. yum. yuin. there be punkin— Yaller punkin pie. Lu gusli! My Murlar )l»t kin niaku em Out of them there airly aquaah! When »lie says: •'Bill, git a punkin; Wash ’er at the water epout. We must have some punkin custard;*’ 1 flat "Hallaluysr!" about. Iluw I love to watch her make 'em. Iler plurnp arina to ths elbow. Smilin', laughin' an' a-lokln , Hullin' out ths rich pie dough! Scopa Can Be Enlarged and Great In- fluenoee Increased. Then she pours In that sweet punkin. Hplced an' mixed with rich sweet milk. Crimps tile border tike the rutfiu On her purty bright green silk. Don't them punkins jlst smell lovely Bakin' In that oven hot? Don't they git a bully brown on? Ain't they great to hit the spot? Oh. Jehosherphat. 1 bustle When Marlar cries: "Come. Bill! Them there punkin pies Is cool now I Git the knife an' eat your fill!" Oh. go way, you Waldorf-Astor An' you gtratford Bellevue! My Marlar at pie Lukin' Knocks tlio stuffin' out of you. C. M BARNITZ. KURIO3 FROM KORRE8PONDENTS Q. 1 llud the eggs in tbe front of my incubator heat about right, while those In the rear are not but euougb. How may 1 remedy thin? A. Elevate tbe tray in the rear with a wedge. Q. What time is required to hatch eggs from u duck that is a cross of Pekin mid Muscovy? As Pekin eggs butch In four weeks und Muscovy in five, I am puzzled to know when to expo t eggs front the cross to hatch lu my incubator. A. Thirty-two days generally. <J. I have been reading so much of "rots" mid "spots," please define. A. When mi egg Is candled, if decay has liegun. the bucterlal development shows a small dark spot. That's a "si>ot." If this growth continues the egg becomes opaque, and that's your “rot " Q. Ih» you consider that caponlciug causes suffering? A. It must cause but little, for a fowl will ent during or immediately after the operation. Q. Should White and Brown rag horns have about the same length of leg. and how many points does the standnrd require for their combs? A. White I.eghorus are higher on tbe leg. A five |Mi|nt comb for both varieties Is demanded. Q. Are eggs cheeper In Canada than In the United States. nnd what duties ure (ml<l? A. Last winter eggs aver- aged 4 cents higher per dozen In Can- adu. Eggs entering Cauada are taxed 3 cents per dozen duty, nnd eggs ship ped into the United States are taxed 5 ceuts |*er dozen. Q. What breed of chickens Is most isipuhir in tlie New England states? A. The Rhode Island Red. it Is said. Q. How can 1 stop the bleeding of a cock's comb when injured and spur when cut down? A. We cover comb with cobwelis or soft feathers. Some senr with hot iron or cover with Dour. Touch spur with burning match, and the Dame will cause blood aud born to form a cement that closes the out let. FEATHERS AND COSCHKTK HOCKISU KLKVATOB. in turn, discharges Into a second fun nel slidably mounted on a shaft placed upright In tbe center of the silo. The second funnel, with its piping, is re volvable about the shaft, so that tbe ojierator may direct the discharge into the forms at any point in tbe circle. The concrete mixture is located at the base of the elevator in such position as to discharge direct into the elevat ing receptacle.—Popular Mechanics. Now Wood Jointing Machine. ; j i ' ' A demonstration of tbe Linderman wtxxlworking machine has Just beeu given at Newark. England Tbe ma chine is designed to utilize waste strips of wood by converting them into boards of any desired width, with dovetailed glued Joints, it is provided with two endless beds, traveling from each end toward the center, where they meet. The stock is automatically fed into each end of the machine; tn Iran sit toward tbe center it is dovetailed und glued, aud as the pieces of wood reach the center they are united aud automatically discharged as tbe Joint Is completed, in this way cof fin boards, door panels, table tops. etc., may be worked up from narrow lengths and odd widths of wood. No glue is deposited on tbe outside of the boards, and tbe machine can be read- Uy adjusted to deal with different lengths of material. The rate of feed varies from thirty-five to seventy feet a minute, according to tbe class of timber dealt with. The machine will Joint a rough or sawed edge, and the boards tnuy be of any width from one and one-half inches.—Consular Report State fair entrancea are tbe wide »pen doors of splendid opportunity. Beyond these magnetic thresholds no der roof and sky is aasemtiied a be wildering maze of useful things grown ind manufacture«! by tbe cooquering liand of man. And thouaanda of ex- liectant folk enter therein, shorn of the worries and troubles of everyday life at home, says the Breeders' Gazette. With a sharpened curiosity, a fickle mood of alternating levity and gravity, an unatudled resolve to learn aud en joy. an Instinctive exercise of all tbe reuses, they talk, listen, wonder aud tarry. Thia is the fine work of effec tive rest, a renewal of emotions, tbe birth of Ideas, the seeding of thought Much depends on the quality and con dition of tbe seed tied which tbe visit ant expose« to tbe broadcasting sower. State fairs, with all their facilities for scattering, fertilizing and covering, cannot bring forth a crop where there la uo hospitable soil Water runs off the oily sheen of a duck's back; a dull mind never cuts into tbe milk of tbe cocoanoL A thousand valuable gifts are show- eied upon him. but if bis mind is not studded with upturned hooks all slip off. Some eager, vital people go borne from a fair pleasantly burdened with •he gist of its message; others return without even a lasting impression. Such unfortunates remind one of tbe dusty old professor whose depth of penetration had charmed one of his students and disgusted another. Said the first: "He can go down deeper into the wells of philosophy and”— here tbe second Interrupted, saylqg. 'and come up drier than any man I have ever known." At state fairs everybody fairly tumbles Into tbe clear, fresh wells of opportunity, but only a small percentage emerge with a thor ough saturation. We are compelled to deal with things as we find them, but we have no right to leave them nnlmprov«»d Our good old forefathers have vo: 'i safed to us various useful and ber'i I ful works. Many are wel) grown .. •! strong: others are young, wobbly i. ..4 Camant For Celluloid Articles. Several formulae have lieea proposed for [lasting celluloid articles. One which is fouud serviceable is tbe fol lowing: Prepare a mixture of three parts of alcohol und four parts of ether and keep this in a well stoppeted bottle When two surfaces of cellu loid are to be placed together wet them thoroughly with this mixture and re lieat the operation until the substance ims iMx-ome softened and then press them together for twenty-four hours Another solution which may lie useJ is one cuutaiuiug one part of camphor in four parts of alcohol, to which one part of shellac .«’ale is added. Tills cement must be applied hoL—Ee Temps EGGSHELLS. Tim fienguin. perhaps th«* greatest layer of the wild fowls! is declaretj to Is- the progenitor of tin* Indian Runner «luck, the egg machine of the duck tribe. When dry picking if the birds are uot stuck right the feathers will not loosen, tbe bird will uot bl«*«*d prop erly. and ns a result the blotchy car cass brings n low price. When eggs under liens aren't tested you run the risk of a rot being broken over the rest mid spoiling them. If tho hen breaks a rot mid It is smeared on a newly hatched chick, that chick's name Is Dennis. We aren't hearing so much nowa- <liiys about those $1O.(MM1 mid $2(>.<XM) hens that were advertised. Have they all gone to a premature grave, or have their owners discovered that they made a lauirhlngstock of themselves before the people. Sugar barrels are good receptacles for packing |ioultry. They are clean, cheap and have no smell. They hold alsiut 3<M) pounds, and tbe dressed fowls should lie paek«*d breast down and shipped the day after killing If not pack«*«! iti ice. Egg fnrmera at Cape Colony. South Africa, do not have to compete with mi egg trust, liut with the penguins, which lay vast quantities of eggs on the South African coast and Its Islands. These eggs ar«* ship(M*«l to London, where they sell for iki cents per dozen. Egg producers are running their liraiii machinery ov«*rtlme to make the American hen lay more eggs nnd are doing It. hnt nt the sntne time the hen Is turning out infertile eggs to beat th«* bund Tin* past season was one of P«s>r hatches, and phenomenal laying is tin* chief cause. Mrs. Frank Metcalf or California has the distinction of being the only American woman who lias originated a new l>r«*ed of poultry. Iler bre«xl. the Bm-keyes. Is a composite of Plym outh Rock. Buff C<x hln. Black Brenst- c<l Red Game mid Indian Game anil is a bird built In particular for txiunds of fine, fancy meat mid eggs. In th«* case of a Florida firm against th«* Southern Express company for charging mi exorbitant rate on eggs in cas«*s th«* Interstate commerce com mission compelh'd the express «xim- puny to make n reduction of 22 per <-«*nt. Many famiers have ceased to ship eggs f«ir hatching on account of the excessive express charges and rough handling. IMPROVE THE STATE FAIR. Gasoline Stree’ Car Exporiment. An experiment in the propulsion of street cars by tbe gasoline engine. ! which should afford valuable data for | comparison with the cost of electricity operation, is being made on a stretch of line in England. The exi>eriniental car. with a capacity of thirty-seven passengers. Is driven by a fifty-five horse power gasoline engine In a comparison of <?ost the gasoline car has th«* advantage that there are no fix**d charges for the overhead or under ground equipment for transmission of the power Tbe economy of a good gasoline engine should compote favor ably with that of a central steam elec trie plant. Pens of Tantalum. | I i ' 1 Some very interesting tests have beeu made by German scientists. The tun talum metal was cut. formed nnd split like nil ordinary steel |x*n Then the points were Lieut, ground, shaped am) hardened by a special hardening prix- ,*ss. which wns found to greatly pro long the life of the pens Comparative tests were made between steel, gold uqd tantalum pen poiuts on six miles of paper, aud th«* results showtxl the hardened tantalum pen to be far su|>e rior tn tile others The chemical tests showed these pens t«> lx* proof against the attacks of ink. Platinum Known to Egyptians. i . ' ' It was not long ago that a German savant, when in Egypt, was examining the contents of a tomb ascribed to an Egyptian queen of the seventh century Iiefon* Christ Among articles of use and adornui«*nt he came across a plate which at first lie took to be i|lv$r: but on closer Investigation this turn«*«! out to Is* pliitlumn, proluibly from alluvial deposits w ished down from tin* upper Nile In times of Rood Since then other discoveries have led to the <x>n elusion that the metal was kuown to the Egyptians and esteemed for IY i useful propertiea. « BIST SCKXB AT TYPICAL. ENrKA.SCfc weak, dejieuding on us for their devel opment into a larger and nobler stat ure Among our prized inheritances are state fairs Of these some are well advanced toward a maturity tti.it accords with the spirit and temper of these wondrous times: others have l>eeii underfed, until they are dwarfed i in parts and overgrown in others. Criticism is of value even when it amounts to monotonous Daw picking, but it Is far more acceptable when ac companied by a constructive prix gram containing practical Ideas and workable suggestions. All num made institutions are more or less Imperfect. Granted that our state fairs are not what thoughtful men would have them tie. what are tbelr proposals for improvement? How may their s«-ope I lx* enlarged and their infiuence vital ized? What Is the most Important business of a state fair? What is or shou>d tie the demand of the farmer upon it? Are not many of the recent economic developments in agriculture Ignored or at the best only meagerly rtxngnized by the fairs? Are there not many opportunities for distinctive edu cational services to which little or no attention Is given? Is it tr't time to brush away the trash nnd ch iff which : weaken or cover up the useful, nutri tious grain that lies in the primary | objtx t of a state fair am) to cowen- irnte its energies In a steady, persis- .ent effort to make It Irresistibly and comprehensively Instructive to farm ers and breeders? Henceforth why should not nn ngrlenltuml state fair tie strt tly agricultural. tni«> to name and i<*<-h:il'*nl object, dignified In its con- •,uct. devoid of spectacular honeycomb an«! the rubbish of contaminating con cessionaires. standing solidly tqxin tbe nx*k of our basal Industry. Its ham mers striking the one red hot iron of educational purpose? Water Your Plants Well. Keep potted plants well watered. Many persons wll! pour a little water on a plant, enough to soak an Inch or two. nnd wonder that th«* plants do not grow The trouble Is that the grow ing part of the plant r«*c«*ivea no nour ishment 1’Innts should be watered every dnv nnd tn such a way that the roots pp« plenty of moisture. The soil »bon'd t e rt< b.