HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION
8
Automobiles and Good Roads
A Department Designed to Help Fanners With Progressive Road Ideas.
N AN effort to prevent waste of mil
lions o f dollars annually in the dis
tribution of funds for construction of
psiblic roads Logan Waller Page, di-
pector of the office of public roads of
the department of agriculture, has been
leaking scientific tests to determine
irhat materials should bo put into the
wads designed to meet different kinds
t f traffic. It has been found that more
than $1,000,000 a day is spent on con
struction o f roads. No estimate is made
•f the portion of these funds that is
wasted, but it is believed to mount into
the millions.
Efforts are being made to teach the
eountry that the expenditure of large
•urns of money on certain types of
roads may result almost in a total waste.
A road built of materials which would
be ideal in ono locality may not serve
the purpose elsewhere, and the money
expended may bring scarcely any re
sult in reducing the cost of hauling or
making it easier for the farmer to get
to the shipping point with his crops.
To aid the farmers who want to build
their own roads and assist communities
that deeiro to improve roads near by,
the office o f public roads of the depart
ment o f agriculture has employed ex
ports to test all materials and study
their usefulness on roads subjected to
certain traffic conditions. The office
of publie roads is acting in an advisory
capacity to many states and counties,
giving a practical form o f national aid.
On roads where thero is heavy traffic
it has been found that certain kinds of
materials are better than others and
that while one kind of binder may not
serve the purpose, another kind pre
serves the road indefinitely. Millions
o f dollars doubtless have been wasted
because of the absence of the scientific
knowledge.
‘ ‘ There are two ways in which the
engineer may avail himself of the in
formation necessary to a proper selec
tion of road material, “ says Director
Page. “ The only certain one is to
make an actual service test on the ma
terial under observation and under the
same conditions of traffic and elimate
to which the proposed road will be sub
jected. This method is impractical ex
eept in rare instances, due to the lapse
of time before definite results can be
obtained. The second method is, by
means of short time laboratory tests,
to approximate the destructive agencies
to which the material will be subjected
•n the road, supplementing this knowl
edge by a study of the resalts obtained
in practice on material o f a similar na
turc."
I
Value of Machinery on The Farm
Writer Explains How Power Will Help With Chores and Routine
Duties of Work.
nitely if left by itself with plenty of
4 fuel. A steam engino must have an
attendant to keep the water at the pro
4- per level, lest the crown sheet be ex
4> posed and burned.
<£
The steam engine has the advantage
<& o f being able to furnish for short times
4> as much as two and one half times its
4» “ rated horsepower,“ though at the ex
4> pense of economy. The gasoline engine
4>4 4 >^ 4 >4, '^ 4 , 4>4><^ 4 >'£ 4 >4>4, 4>4> cannot carry an over load, for it is
rated at nearly its maximum horse
BY L J. CHARLTON,
Instructor In Farm Mechanics, Wash power, and it is most economical at near
it« maximum horsepower. If anything
ington State College.
goes wrong with an oil engine, it stops
NE of the big steps toward making at once; but with a steam engine, trou
life worth living on the farm is bles generally come on gradually and
the introduction of machinery to can be remedied. The average consump
help with the chores. A few of the tion of &n oil engine is one-fifth to one-
chores that are now performed by ma tenth gallons o f oil per horse power per
chinery are pumping water, sawing hour. Tho coal burned under a steam
wood, chopping feed, milking, separat engine is from four pounds to ten pounds
ing, churning, washing, ironing, sweep per herac power per hour, go, if the
ing, cooking, lighting, sewing, mixing cost of these fuels are known for any
bread, making ice cream, grinding tools, locality, the fuel expense can be de
cleaning grain, grinding grain, clipping, termined. If we take into considera
shearing sheep, currying horses; spray- tion the convenience of handling and
ing, painting and making cider; in fact, the small danger, undoubtedly tho oil
almost every irksome job on the farm engine is tho best for small power on the
can be handled with some sort of me farm.
chanical power.
n iats on Buying.
I know o f one family that carries
In purchasing an oil engine, it is very
water a little over 16 rods from a spring
to their house. They generally make important to know how much power is
three trips to the spring for every meal required. Usually, it is well to pur
chase an engine a little more than large
cooked, that is, nine trips each day,
enough to carry the maximum load, for
covering more than 288 rods. The fam
ily has used the spring since 1856, and thero is always sure to be something ex
during that time has traveled 18,396 tra for the engine to do. An engino on
miles, or three fourths of the way the farm is just like the hired man. If
around the globe, for water. I f the he is willing there is always something
carrier traveled oue mile every twenty extra for him to do.
There arc so many types o f engines
inutes, at fifteen cents per hour, this
would mean $900 worth of time. It is that it is hard for ono to make a se
about time that this family should use lection. For instance, there is the two
some power other than man power for and four cycle. The latter is the most
carrying water. There is probably not economical, but there are places where
a farm in Washington that does not the two-cycle is quite satisfactory. Then
have an equally undesirable chore that there are the air, water, and oil-cooled
could be performed by mechanical engines. All engines must have somo
means of keeping the cylinder tempera
power.
ture low, or the lubricating oil will
Six Forms of Motors.
burn o ff of the piston and cylinder and
There are six forms of motors in they will be cut and ruined. There are
general use for furnishing power— the the high speed and low speed engines,
animal body, heat engines, water wheels, each adapted to a certain class of work
tidal machines, windmills and electrical —the jump-spark, make and-break, and
motors. All o f them can be used on at hot-tube ignition; the vertical and hori
least some of the farms of Washington, zontal engines; the single and multiple
and every farm has the animal as a cylinder; in fact, there are innumerable
motor.
types and oach type has its particular
This article is to deal with the motor field.
best adapted to most farms for the per
In order for the farmer to determine
♦
«
forming of chores. Undoubtedly the which engine to buy, he should inform
♦ QUESTION OF BETTER ROADS. ♦
electric motor is the best suited to this
himself so that he understands the
♦
«>
class of work, but nnfortunately the
adaptibility o f the several types o f en
♦
As far back as 1776 Adam <&
electrical current would be so expensive
gines and appliances. I f he makes a
♦ Smith, in his “ Wealth
of Na- 4*
in most localities that it is prohibitive.
success of handling a gasoline engine, he
♦ Lions.'* wrote as follows: “ Good
Wind power is rather uncertain, and is
must understand the principles and
4* roads, canals and navigable rivers <$>
never steady, so it adepts itself to only
theory o f the machine and its parts.
4* by diminishing the expense of car 4*
a few o f the tasks mentioned, but when
Turning a machine over to see if it will
4> nage. put the remote parts o f the <§>
it can be used, it is exceedingly cheap.
4* country more nearly upon a level 4*
Water wheels are, of course, convenient
4* with those in the neighborhood of
to but few farms. But the heat engino
4» the town. They are upon that ac- 4>
is one source o f power that, like the ani
4* count the greatest o f all improve- <$>
mal, can be bad on every farm, and it is
4* meets.
They encourage the
culti- <$
the most uniformly ndaptibl© to the kind
4* vation of the remote, which
must 4-
o f work under discussion.
♦ always be the most expensive cir- 4*
There are two kinds of heat motors in
♦ ele of the country. They are ad- 4
use on the farm—the steam engine, and
♦ vantageous to the town by break- 4*
the oil or gas engine. Each one has its
4> ing dowu the monopoly of the 4
own particular field. In most localities
4 country
in
its
neighborhood. 4
in Washington, steam is well auited for
4* Though they introduce some rival 4*
the work that requires power for long
♦ commodities into the old market, 4>
intervals o f time, and where consider
4* they open many new markets, to 4>
able power is used. The oil engine would
♦ its produce.“
4*
find its field in handling iatenxiittent
$
•
and small power jobs. It is the ideal
engine for the farm chorea, and is, of
course, a close competitor of the steam
Brings More Fine Stock Into State.
engine in its field.
E. B. Marks, who already has a large
Reasons for Preference.
herd of registered and grade llolsteins
There are several reasons why the oil
at his farm in the Ahtanum, has re
turned fro mtke East with a car load engine is more preferable for chores
of new stock, 44 head o f heifers, year than the steam engine. One is that it
liags and calves, which he purchased can be started more quickly. You do
for $#,000 at the dispersal sale at La act have to heat up the water. No
«ora. N Y. This is the fourth ship power is lost after it is stopped. Stored
meat o f registered llolsteins
brought heat is lost from the water in the boiler
o f a steam engine, and from the fuel
into the Yakima Valley this spring.
in the grate. Also, there in little dan
To man y parta «f tbe « fit u av is !«*▼- ger of fire, if the oil eogiae in properly
XT LOOKS UK£ A HOTEL“
Inf the mvmUins rarlior thar naaal Ft r bandied: and less danger from an ex-
oat<r» say that Una maj m«-sn a b»«l fire
That ' . What They All Say.
•eaeun. and they ara makiu« pLft&v fur a ploeion, if handled by a careless work-
Ufa.
The wii eegiao will run ladcil*
Machinery of the right sort on
tho farm is perhaps even more
important than the commercial or
pleasure use of the automobile to
the farmer. That is why we think
the article herewith will be found
more than well worth perusal.
-
O
start, is not running a gasoline engine,
lie must know what is liable to get
wrong with the machine, and how to
find the trouble. Generally it is a waBte
of time to take an engine apart because
it doesn’t run, and this is likely to cause
more damage tharf good.
Good Ccost is Given
For Dairy Cow
T
HE milk produced by the average
cow in a year, according to Erof.
C. II. Ecklee of the Missouri Agri
cultural College, will sell for about *50
at a creamery, or wbeu made into first
class butter.
A good cow o f the d::iry breed will
make at least $50 cash income each
year. Many farmers report a cash in
come of (50 to *100 n cow overy year,
and these figures do not include thu
income from the rale of calves and pigs
fed on the skiin milk.
“ But,” says one, “ milking is a Ire
mendous tun .
As a matter of fact
it only takes sixty hours, worth 15 eon s
an hour, to nwlk n now twice a day fur
ten months.
In a recent year the caili incomo from
a herd of Jersey cattle on the Miss mri
college form was $bli.50 a cow for but
ter Bold and $1:1.50 a cow for milk.
Bkimmed milk and calves, making a
total income from each cow o f $05.
The following year the average income
per cow from the saint* source was in ore
than $100 l'or the entire herd of twenty-
eight.
f
“A
Want A Position
Being ready when tho oppor
tunity comes is wh;*.t. counts for
success. There is a big demand
for BEHNXE-W ALKER trained
bookkeepers, stenographers and
telegraphers.
Eight hundred mid forty ono
different firms called on us for
help since August 1ft. There is
no quicker, surer way to secure
remunerative employment and
future success than to secure our
diploma.
utunsiT
BUSINESS COLHEGE
L M. Walker. Pro*. Portland, Ore.
U. S. and Foreign Patents
Obtained.
Send Sketch and Description for Opinion
ns to Patentability.
PETER HAEERLIN,
200 Victor Bldg., Washington, D. C.
W hen In Seattle
TRY THE FRYE
. mm
■MMR
RE
fa
ha
a pair
insouc
wings
Besidi
the w
We
close
refuse
makes
ing.
third
gardei
and c
nity t
Irei
chair
discou
o f he
shoe ii
stocki
pickin
gethei
and b
I
IT’S NOW
IT’S CLEAN
IT CAN’T BURN
LOCATION IS RIGHT
Only 3 Blocks From Depots
T ■
«nd Docks.
1
THE RATES ARE RIGHT
$1,00 Per Day and Up,
™
FRYE IS THE RIGHT
HOTEL FOR YOU.
•
the K
said.
1 n
tho pi
parox;
“ \\
Irene
“ I
“ M
“ You
Think
“ T
for, ’ *
Irei
ing*
“ I
posing
“ D
A nd
you—
£500 i
“ S.
ings i
tune.
Irei
It wa
Ilal
my le
you i
come
well.
“ Y
4 4 C
fully
are?*1
“ I
to thi
ute. ’ ’
“ A
I 1
wheth
survey
a m<
cornel
“ T
“ N
going
little
tired
“ G
The
I wal
The
tcred
the b
it waf
o f tl
would
At an
Irene
•* Amj
ding. ’
I thoi
morn;
At
letter!
bad g
and A
"D
like t
I t
ralop<
Irene
fa *
It i
fa re
m ji
e-ee
faQ 1
£ 2 ;