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About Polk County itemizer. (Dallas, Or.) 1879-1927 | View Entire Issue (April 30, 1914)
HOME AND FARM MAGAZINE SECTION LIVESTOCK AND DAIRY Facts About Care of Farmers’ Feeders and Aids to Greater Milk Production. + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + 4* 4* W e a r e al l in t e r e s t e d in 4* 4* g o o d b u tte r . T h e c o n s u m e r is 4* 4* i n te r e s te d b e c a u s e h e is a l- 4* 4- w a y s w illin g to p a y t h e b e s t 4« 4- p ric e f o r t h e b e s t b u t t e r ; t h e 4* 4* f a r m e r b e c a u s e h e w a n ts to 4- 4* o b ta in t h e b e s t p r ic e p o s s ib le . 4* 4* U n d e r th e s e c ir c u m s ta n c e s 4- 4- N o r th w e s t f a r m e r s w ill f in d i t + 4* w o r th w h ile to c o n s id e r t h e 4* 4* f o llo w in g a r tic le on b u t t e r 4« 4* m a k i n g o n t h e f a r m . T h e 4* 4- w r i t e r is a re c o g n iz e d e x p e r t. 4* 4* 4* 4* 4- 4* 4- 4- *1* 4* 4* 4* •!- 4* 4* 4* 4* 4- 'I* 4* B y A. B. N Y S T R O M H u s b a n d m a n , S ta te A g r ic u lt u r a l E x p e r i m e n t S ta tio n , P u ll m a n . H E R E is p e r h a p s n o o n e o n th e f a r m to d a y w h o d o e s n o t b e lie v e t h a t b u t t e r m a d e in t h e o ld - f a s h io n w a y is th e b e s t t h a t c a ^ b e o b ta in e d . T h is is t r u e w h e n t h e p r o p e r m e th o d s a r e e m p lo y e d , b u t a n e x a m in a tio n o f th e a v e r a g e s to c k o f r a n c h b u t t e r f o r s a le in t h e c o u n tr y s to r e t o d a y w ill c o n v in c e a n y o n e t h a t t h e r e c e r ta in ly is r o o m f o r i m p r o v e m e n t in th e a r tic le t h a t is s o ld f o r “ f ir s t c la s s c o u n tr y b u t t e r . ” G o o d b u t t e r is a d e lic a c y s o u g h t b y n e a r ly e v e r y c o n s u m e r. W h a t c o n s ti tu te s g o o d b u t t e r ? An a v e ra g e o f a n u m b e r o f a n a ly se s of b u t t e r g iv e s th e fo llo w in g c o m p o s i tio n : F a t , 85 p e r c e n t ; w a te r , 12 p e r c e n t; s a lt, 2 p e r c e n t ; a n d c u rd , etc ., 1 p e r c e n t. B u t th e f a c t t h a t th e s e c o n s t i t u e n t s a r e p r e s e n t in t h e p r o p o r ti o n s m e n tio n e d d o e s n o t in s u r e p e r f e c t b u tte r . T h e r e is s o m e t h in g m o re , s o m e t h in g t h a t c a n n o t b e d e te c te d b y c h e m ic a l a n a ly s is , n a m e ly , fla v o r. F la v o r c a n b e c o n tr o lle d , b u t in m a n y c a s e s is n o t c o n tr o lle d , a n d a s a r e s u l t p o o r b u t t e r it. p ro d u c e d . B u t t e r is ju d g e d c o m m e r c ia l ly on a s c a le o f p o in ts a s fo llo w s : F la v o r , 45; b o d y , ( t e x t u r e ) 2 5 ; c o lo r, 15; s a lt, 10; a n d p a c k a g e , 5. In m o s t o f t h e e a s te r n c r itic a l m a r k e t s , b u t t e r is v e ry c a r e f u lly s c o r e d a n d s o ld o n its m e r its , a n d i t Is o n ly b y s u c h m e a n s t h a t t h e s t a n d a r d o f q u a lity c a n b e ra is e d . O n a f a r m w h e r e o n ly e n o u g h b u t t e r f o r h o m e u s e is m a d e t h e q u a lity is g e n e r a l ly f a i r to g o o d , b e c a u s e th e b u t t e r is u s u a lly c o n s u m e d b e f o r e it h a s a c h a n c e to s h o w s ig n s o f a b n o r m a l f e r m e n ta tio n . U is o n th is a c c o u n t t h a t th e m e th o d s e m p lo y e d o n t h e f a r m a r e a s a r u l e n o t u p to s t a n d a r d , a n d b e c a u s e o f th i s a ls o a la r g e s u p p ly o f v e ry p o o r r a n c h b u t t e r fin d s its w a y to t h e m a r k e t s In t h e f lu s h o f th e s e a s o n . C r e a m e r ie s m u s t n e c e s s a r il y m a k e a p r o d u c t t h a t w ill k e e p w e ll f o r a c o m p a r a tiv e l y lo n g p e r io d a n d c o n s e q u e n tly t h e m o s t s c ie n tif ic m e th o d s a r e e m p lo y e d . N o w If th e s e g o o d m e th o d s a r e a p p lie d o n t h e f a r m , a p ro d u c t m a y be m a d e th a t c a n n o t p o s s ib ly b e s u r p a s s e d b y t h e c r e a m e ry . P o o r b u t t e r m e a n s u n d e s ir a b l e f e r m e n t a t i o n h a s ta k e n p la c e a t s o m e s ta g e in th e p r o d u c tio n , a n d w h e r e a ll p o s s ib ility o f f e r m e n ta tio n is u n d e r th e c o n tr o l o f o n e m a n a s it w o u ld b e o n th e f a r m , f i r s t c la s s b u t t e r c a n b e D a ir y T Make Your B oy Happy L et him play in overalls with never a care in the world and you w ill make him a healthy, happy boy. Be sure to buy him T w o-H orte B rand Overalls T h e k in d th a t is m ade for co m fo rt and long wear. VT FREE LXVl S T R A U SS * C O .h i m u , w oou n im u n r R L T i. r r c . U K « * r t < o „ W rit* for prl«* Hat u id i k l p p l t f “ f t , ------ m ention th is paper.) p ro d u c e d . A c r e a m e r y m u s t m a k e a g o o d p r o d u c t o u t o f t h e c r e a m w h ic h is re c e iv e d . A d a ir y m a n n e e d s o n ly to b e a little c a r e f u l in p r o d u c in g th e m ilk in o r d e r to h a v e th e b e s t c r e a m f r o m w h ic h to m a k e h is b u tte r , ( 'r e a m P e r i s h a b l e P r o d u c t C re am is a p e r is h a b l e p r o d u c t, g e r m s d e v e lo p in it a s th e y d o in m ilk , a l t h o u g h n o t a s r a p id ly . T h e firs t f e r m e n ta tio n w h ic h t a k e s p la c e is th e la c tic , w h e r e th e g e rm s , a c t o n th e s u g a r in t h e m ilk , c h a n g i n g it in to la c tic a c id , a n d it b e c o m e s “ s o u r . ” I f th e s u g a r is n o t p r e s e n t t h e r e is littl e c h a n c e f o r t h e g e r m s to g ro w , a n d s in c e t h e f a t is th e la s t s u b s ta n c e t h a t is w o r k e d o n it fo llo w s t h a t t h e r i c h e r t h e c r e a m , t h e lo n g e r it w ill k e e p s w e e t. T h is is o n e r e a s o n f o r n o t w a n tin g t h i n c r e a m . A n o th e r is t h a t u n d e r m o s t c o n d itio n s it is e a s ie r to c h u r n a c r e a m o f f r o m 30 to 50 p e r c e n t fa t, a n d a b e t t e r g r a d e o f b u t t e r can be m ade. I f p e r f e c tly s w e e t b u t t e r Is d e s ir e d , it w o u ld , o f c o u rs e , b e n e c e s s a r y to c h u r n a t le a s t t h r e e tim e s a w e ek . H o w e v e r, th i s is n o t n e c e s s a r y In o r d e r to g e t g o o d b u tte r , f o r m o s t o f th e g o o d b u t t e r t h a t is o n t h e m a r k e t t o d a y is m a d e f r o m c r e a m t h a t is s to r e d fr o m f o u r d a y s to n e a r ly a w e e k . It is In t h e s to r in g o f c r e a m t h a t m o s t o f t h e b a d f la v o r s in b u t t e r a r e p r o d u ce d . T h e u n d e s ir a b l e g e r m s m a y h a v e g a in e d e n t r a n c e a t s o m e o t h e r tim e , b u t if t h e p r o p e r p r e c a u t io n s a r e ta k e n in s to r in g , t h e f e r m e n t a tio n c a n b e c h e c k e d , w h ile if n o c a r e is ta k e n , a b s o lu t e ly r a n c id b u t t e r is a p t to b e p ro d u c e d . A s c r e a m w ill a b s o r b o d o r s e a s ily , It is im p e r a tiv e t h a t i t s h o u ld n o t b e s to r e d w ith v e g e ta b le s o r v ic tu a ls t h a t a r e o d o ro u s . A c le a n , c o o l p la c e s h o u ld b e u s e d fo r s t o r i n g c re a m . T h e a b n o rm a l fe rm e n ta tio n s th a t a r e s o m e tim e s a t t r i b u t e d to t h e c o w a r e b i t t e r m ilk , r o p y m ilk a n d c o lo re d m ilk . T h e s e a r e a ll c a u s e d b y g e r m s t h a t g a in e n t r a n c e t h r o u g h v a r io u s so u rc e s b u t c an be ch ec k e d by p ro p e r m e th o d s o f c o o lin g a n d s to r in g . S ou r C ream E a sie r W h ile th e b u t t e r m a d e f r o m s w e e t c r e a m is r e lis h e d b y s o m e , t h e m a j o r ity o f b u t t e r e a t e r s w a n t a q u ic k f l a v o r t h a t is b r o u g h t a b o u t b y th e r i p e n in g p ro c e s s . S o u r c r e a m is e a s ie r to c h u r n , a n d t h e r e is le ss lo s s o f f a t t h a n fr o m s w e e t c re a m . To p re p a re c r e a m f o r c h u r n in g , p r o c e e d a s f o l lo w s: M ix a ll t h e c r e a m in to o n e v e ss e l th e d a y b e f o r e y o u w is h to c h u r n , a n d le t it s ta n d a t a t e m p e r a t u r e o f f r o m 66 d e g r e e s F . to 70 d e g r e e s F . f o r fr o m f o u r to e ig h t h o u rs . T h e s w e e te r th e c r e a m a n d th e c o o le r t h e t e m p e r a t u r e t h e lo n g e r It w ill n e e d to s ta n d b e f o r e c o o lin g . T h is is c a lle d th e r ip e n in g p ro c e s s . W h ile g o o d b u t t e r c a n b e m a d e f r o m s w e e t c r e a m . It la c k s t h e a r o m a c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of s o u r c r e a m b u t t e r a n d p r a c tic a ll y a ll t h e c o m m e r c ia l b u t t e r is m a d e f r o m s o u r c re a m . T h e r ip e n in g , o r s o u rin g , is d o n e b y b a c t e r i a w h ic h fe e d on t h e s u g a r In t h e m ilk o r c r e a m a n d b r e a k *t d o w n in to la c tic a c id . T h e m o re of t h e s e g e r m s t h e r e a r e p r e s e n t a n d th e m o r e f a v o r a b le t h e t e m p e r a t u r e is, t h e q u ic k e r th e c r e a m w ill s o u r. T h e p r e s e n c e o f la c tic a c id c a u s e s t h e s o u r ta s t e , a n d a ls o m a k e s t h e c r e a m th ic k , 1. e. it c u r d le s t h e c a s e in . A ll g e rm s , g o o d o r h a d . g ro w w ell a t th e b lo o d h e a t (1 8 d e g r e e s F . ) v e ry fe w g e r m s g ro w w e ll a t 50 d e r g e e s F. w h ile a t 65 to 70 d e g r e e s F . t h e la c tic a c id ( s o u r in g ) g e rm g ro w s v e ry w e ll a n d t h e u n d e s ir a b l e o n e s d o n o t g ro w so w ell. B y h a v in g t h e c r e a m a t th e l a t t e r t e m p e r a t u r e . It g iv e s t h e d e s ir a b le g e rm a c h a n c e to g a in c o n tr o l a n d c ro w d t h e o th e r s o u t V e ry f r e q u e n tly In w in te r tim e m ilk w ill tu r n b i t t e r b e f o r e It w ill s o u r T h e re a s o n f o r th i s is t h a t t h e g e r m w h ic h c a u s e s b i t t e r m ilk w ill grow- w e ll a t lo w t e m p e r a t u r e . w h ile t h e s o u r in g g e r m w ill n o t g ro w a t a ll. I f t h e s a m e m ilk h a d b e e n h e a t e d to 70 d e g r e e s F so o n a f t e r it w a s m ilk e d . It p r o b a b ly w o u ld h a v e h a d a c le a n a c id fla v o r. V at arm I S ta rter s In th e r ip e n in g o f c re a m It la n e c e s s a r y to h e lp th e s o u r in g g e rm to g e t c o n tr o l If w e a r e to e x p e c t th e beat b u tte r T h is ran g e n e r a lly be d o n e by a llo w in g th e rre a m to sta n d at th e te m p e r a tu r e w h ic h la fa v o r a b le to th e .g r o w th o f th e r e germ a (6 5 to 76 de- : g r e ea F > H o w e v er . If a la r g e sn p p lv j o f u n d e sir a b le g e r m s a r e p reoen t it I m a y n ot s u ffic e to In su re g ood fla v o r . T h e n e x t report th e n la to uae • s ta r t- * er. A s ta r te r In a m ans o f th e d e - sfraM e s o u r in g p r m s In a c tiv e form , g r o w in g g e n e r a lly In s o m e m ilk m ed - ' t o n an d m a y ha m ad * aa la a h o w a ha- low . T h e n a t u r a l s t a r t e r s a r e th e o n e s m o s t c o m m o n ly u s e d o n th e fa rm . T h e y a r e m a d e b y s e le c tin g s o m e p u r e m ilk p r o d u c e d u n d e r s a n i t a r y c o n d itio n s a n d d iv id e d in to n u m b e r o f s te r ile b o ttle s . T h e s e a r e s a t a w a y , a t a t e m p e r a t u r e o f 70 d e g r e e s F . to e n c o u r a g e t h e g r o w th o f t h e la c tic a c id g e rm , u n til th e m ilk th ic k e n s . A s s o o n a s th e m ilk th ic k e n s it is r e a d y f o r u s e , f o r a t t h a t tim e th e g e r m s a r e t h e m o s t a c tiv e , a n d th e f la v o r is t h e b e st. T h e b o ttle s q.re a ll e x a m in e d a n d th e b e s t o n e i6 u s e d a s a m o t h e r s t a r t e r . W h e n a q u a n tity is n e e d e d f o r p u t t i n g in to c r e a m a s m a ll a m o u n t o f th e m o th e r s t a r t e r is u s e d to in n o c u la te a la r g e c a n f u l o f s c a ld ed a n d c o o le d s k im m ilk , a n d th is is a d d e d to t h e c r e a m b e f o r e t h e rip e n in g p r o c e s s b e g in s. V a r io u s m e d iu m s s u c h a s b u t te r - m ilk , w h e y , w h o le m ilk a n d s k im m ilk a r e u s e d a s s t a r t e rs , b u t t h e l a t t e r is m u c h p r e f e r r e d , b e c a u s e t h e a b s e n c e o f f a t s e e m s to a id in t h e r a p id d e v e l o p m e n t o f th e la c tic a c id g e rm . S k im m ilk f o r a s t a r t e r s h o u ld b e h e a t e d to 170 d e g r e e s to 180 d e g r e e s F . f o r a b o u t 20 m in u te s , t h e n c o o le d to 70 d e g r e e s F . a n d a s m a ll a m o u n t o f t h e m o th e r s t a r t e r a d d e d . A s s o o n a s i t is th ic k i t is r e a d y f o r u se. I f t h e r i g h t g e rm s a r e p r e s e n t it s h o u ld h a v e a m ild a c id ta s te , a n d le a v e n o d is a g r e e a b le a f t e r ta s te . T h e a m o u n t o f s t a r t e r to b e a d d e d to t h e c r e a m w ill d e p e n d u p o n th e t e m p e r a t u r e o f th e s t a r t e r a n d c re a m , a n d u p o n t h e le n g th o f tim e th e r i p e n in g is to c o n tin u e . U s u a lly a b o u t 20 p e r c e n t o f t h e b u lk o f t h e c r e a m Is b e st. I f a p u r e c u l t u r e c a n b e o b ta in e d , t h e d ir e c tio n s f o u n d o n t h e p a c k a g e s h o u ld b e fo llo w e d In m a k in g th e m o t h e r s t a r t e r a n d a f t e r c h a t It w o rk s th e s a m e a s a n a t u r a l s t a r t e r . T h e a d v a n ta g e s o f u s in g a sta r te r are: F ir s t, it m a k e s it p o ssib le to g e t s o u r c re a m w h ic h can be c h u r n e d e a sie r th a n s w e e t c r e a m ; sec o n d , it m a k e s a b e tte r fla v o r e d b u tte r th an ca n b e m a d e fro m s w e e t c rea m , or fr o m c r e a m t h a t h a s h a d a good s ta r t er, p r o v id e d , o f c o u r se , th a t th e s ta r t er Is g o o d ; an d th ird , it m a k e s a m ore u n ifo r m p rod u ct. P r e p a r in g C ream fo r C h u rn in g It Is d if fic u lt to la y d ow n h ard and fa s t r u le s fo r c h u r n in g b e c a u s e th er e a r e so m a n y fa c to r s th a t w ill c h a n g e c o n d itio n s. T h e p r in c ip a l p o in ts to be o b se rv e d w ill be c ite d . A s so o n as th e cre a m is rip e, w h ic h c a n be d e te r m in ed by th e g lo s sy a p p e a r a n c e w h en stir re d , or w h e n th e a c id ity h a s r e a c h ed a b o u t 0 5 p er c e n t, It sh o u ld be c o o le d to c h u r n in g te m p e r a tu r e an d k e p t a t le a s t fo u r h o u r s b e fo r e c h u r n in g. I t Is c u s to m a r y to rip en on e d a y an d c o o l d ow n tn th e e v e n in g fo r c h u r n in g th e n e x t m o r n in g . T h e c o o l in g te m p e r a tu r e v a r ie s With th e c o n d itio n s an d sh o u ld be fr o m 50 d e g r ee s In th e su m m e r to 60 d e g r e e s In th e w in ter . D o n o t o v e r -lo a d th e c h u rn . The m o r e a g ita tio n th e r e is th e so o n e r th e b u tte r w ill co m e. H a v e th e ch u rn h a lf fu ll or less. I f th e c o lo r Is to he u sed It sh o u ld be a d d ed b e fo r e th e c h u rn sta r ts. T h e a g ita tio n sh o u ld be c o n tin u o u s an d u n ifo r m , an d if a ll c o n d itio n s as to a c id ity an d te m p e r a tu re a r e r ig h t, th e b u tte r sh o u ld " com e" in fr o m SO to 40 m in u tes. W h e n to S to p C h u r n in g It Is th e o n e th in g th a t c a u s e s th s m o st d e fe c ts In r a n c h b u tte r . T h ere is a c o m m o n id e a th a t b u tte r sh o u ld b e c h u r n e d Into lu m p s a s la r g e as p o ssib le , a n d th en w o r k e d w e ll to e x c lu d e th e b u tte r m ilk . T h is is an error. T h e b u tte r m ilk c a r r ie s w ith it n u m e r o u s g e r m s th a t aid In th e s p o ilin g of I b u tter, an d It Is im p o ss ib le to e n tir e ly w o rk th e s e out. I f th e a tte m p t is m a d e, th e te x tu r e o f th e b u tte r w ill : be in ju r ed an d it b e c o m e e s o ft and s m e a r y lik e s a lv e, r a th e r th a n lik e w ax. T h e b u tte r m ilk sh o u ld be w ash ed o u t w ith p u re c o ld w a te r , and in ord er th a t th e w a te r s h a ll do th e m ost good, th e c h u r n in g sh o u ld be sto p p e d w h e n th e b u tte r Is In g r a n u le s ab ou t th e stse o f w h e a t T h is w ill a lso aid , tn th e e v e n d istr ib u tio n o f s a lt If th e g r a n u le s are rou n d an d reg u la r and th e b u tte r m ilk h a s d ra in ed o ff w ell, o n e w a sh in g w ill s u ffic e , b u t o r d in a r ily It w ill b e n e eesa a rv to w a sh tw ic e . T h e te m p e r a tu r e o f th e w a sh w a te r s h o u ld v a r y a c c o r d in g to th e , c o n s iste n c y of* v* s b u tte r , but a good r u le to fo llo w Is to w a sh th e fir s t tim e w a s h in g s as cold a s a t th e c b s r n ln g an d t h e s e c o n d tim e fo u r d e g r e e s a b o v e c h u r n in g I f th e b u tte r is v e ry s o ft It m a y be n e c e s s a r y to h a v e both w a s h in g s a s c o ld a sa t th e c h u r n in g te m p e r a tu r e . T s' m u ch w a sh in g s p o ils th e f la v o r in a m e a s u r e . O n ly a s m a ll a m o u n t o f a g ita tio n Is n e c e s s a r y f o r th e w a s h in g a s t h e b u t t e r s h o u ld b e k e p t in t h e g r a n u l a r fo r m a s m u c h a s p o s s ib le so t h a t th e s a l t c a n be w o r k e d in to b e t t e r a d v a n ta g e . I f t h e lu m p s a r e la r g e i t t a k e s m o r s w o r k in g to g e t a n e v e n d is tr ib u tio n o f t h e s a lt. S a lt w ill t a k e u p o d o rs r e a d ily , a n d it is e s s e n tia l to s to r e th e s a l t in a c le a n p la c e , e s p e c ia lly fre e fr o m o d o rs . T h e r e a r e tw o w a y s o f s a lt in g b u t t e r ; n a m e ly , b y a d d in g d r y s a lt d ir e c tly o n th e g r a n u le s , o r b y d is s o lv in g th e s a l t w a t e r a n d a d d in g th e b r in e . T h e l a t t e r m e th o d t a k e s m o re s a l t b u t h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e o f le a v in g n o g r i t t i n e s s in t h e b u t t e r . G r ittin e s a is d u e to s m a ll c r y s ta l s o f s a l t in th e b u tte r , w h ic h is c o m m o n ly s u p p o s e d to in d ic a te a n e x c e s s o f s a lt, b u t w h e n b u t t e r c o n ta in s o n ly a s m a ll a m o u n t of w a te r g rittin e s s m ay o c c u r w h en o n ly a s m a ll a m o u n t o f s a lt Is p r e s e n t. W o r k in g tlie B u t t e r B u t t e r is w o r k e d m a in ly to d is t r i b u t e t h e s a lt, a n d w h e n t h e s a l t is e v e n ly d is tr ib u te d it is tim e to s to p w o rk in g . U n f o r t u n a te ly , h o w e v e r, o n e m u s t re ly u p o n t h e t a s t e a n d u p o n t h e d is a p p e a r a n c e of h o le s in th e b u t t e r to in d ic a te th is , a n d it t h e r e f o r e t a k e s a g o o d d e a l o f p r a c tic e to b e c o m e p r o f ic i e n t in t h e a r t . I t is n e c e s s a r y to k e e p t h e b u t t e r cool w h ile w o r k in g so a s to p r e v e n t s p o il in g t h e t e x tu r e w h ic h w ill r e s u lt fr o m w o r k in g s o f t b u t t e r . T w o o r th re e w o r k in g s a r e n e e d e d w ith i n te r v a ls o f fiv e o r te n m in u te s b e tw e e n th e m . L o n g e r in te r v a ls t h a n th i s w ill n o t in j u r e t h e b u t t e r so lo n g a s th e c o r r e c t t e m p e r a t u r e c a n b e m a in ta in e d . T h is w ill a llo w t h e s a l t to d is s o lv e b e f o r e th e f in a l w o rk in g , a n d t h e r e is le ss c h a n c e o f h a v in g m o ttle s o n th e f in is h e d p r o d u c t. T h e p a c k i n g s h o u ld b e d o n e w h ile th e b u t t e r is in a w o r k a b le c o n d itio n , r « t h e m o u ld in g in to p r in t s c a n t h e n b e d o n e e a s ily a n d p e rfe c tly . I f th e b u t t e r is to g o on th e m a r k e t it is w e ll to h a v e a n a t t r a c t i v e a n d n e a t p a c k a g e , w ith t h e m a r k o f t h e d a ir y fr o m w h ic h it c a m e p la c e d con s p ic u o u s ly o n t h e o u ts id e . A p ro s p e c tiv e b u y e r J u d g e s th e m e th o d s u sed in m a n u f a c t u r e la r g e ly by th e n e a t n e s s o f t h e p a c k a g e , h e n c e it is c e r ta in ly u n w is e to p u t g o o d b u t t e r Into a p o o r p a c k a g e . T h e b e s t p o lic y to fo llo w in m a r k e tin g b u t t e r is to s e ll n o th in g t h a t is n o t f i r s t c la ss . T h e n th e la b e l w ill s o o n b e re c o g n iz e d a s s ta n d i n g f o r t h e b e s t, a n d t h e g r e a t e s t d if f ic u lty w ill be in f illin g o r d e r s r a t h e r t h a n in f in d in g a m a r k e t. • Sum m ary T h e b e s t b u t t e r c a n b e m a d e o n th e f a r m , w h e r e t h e c o n tr o l o f a ll c o n d itio n s is u n d e r o n e m a n , a n d h e c a n u n d e r s ta n d b u t t e r m a k in g . T h e p o o re st b u tte r can be m ad e fr o m g o o d c r e a m if th e b u t t e r m a k e r does n o t u n d e rs ta n d t h e u n d e r ly in g p r in c ip le s o f th e a r t . T h e c a u s e s o f f o a m in g a r e : Sw eet c re a m , c h u r n to o fu ll, a n d in s u f f ic ie n t a g ita tio n . H a rd c h u rn in g m ay be c au se d by f o a m in g , t h i n c r e a m o r c f e a m to o c o ld , c re ai% f r o m c o w s a f r advan> ed in la c ta ti o n , a n d w h e n c o w s a r e fe d o n ly d r y fe e d s . C r e a m s h o u ld a lw a y s b e s tr a in e d in to th e c h u r n s o t h a t t h e r e w ill n o t b e w h ite c u r d p a r tic le s in t h e b u t te r. S to p c h u r n in g w h e n t h e g r a n u le s a r e a b o u t t h e s ize o f w h e a t. W a s h o u t th e b u t t e r m i l k in s te a d o f t r y i n g to w o rk In o u t. M o ttle s a r e c a u se d b y a n u n ev e n d istr ib u tio n o f s a lt or th e p r e se n c e o f curd. T hey c a n be p r e v en te d by w a sh in g o u t th e b u tte r m ilk th o r o u g h ly and w o r k in g th e unit In b e t ter A d d in g b u tte r co lo r d o e s n o t h a v e a n y e ffe c t u p on th e m o ttle s W ork th e b u tte r o n ly e n o u g h to d istr ib u te th e s a lt e v e n ly D o n o t to u c h th e b u tte r w ith th e h a n d s. U se w o o d e n p ad d les. K e e p c h u r n a n d b u tte r u te n sils p e r fe c tly c le a n , u s in g h o t w a te r w ith so m e g o o d w a sh in g p o w d er P a c k b u tte r tn n e a t p a c k a g e s and k e e p up th e sta n d a r d o f q u a lity . R o y s a n d K m C orn d r o p F o r 10 y e a r s th e a v e r a g e fe r corn g r o w th In O h io h a s b een 35 or I I b u sh e ls to th e a c r e L a st s e a so n m ore th a n 1.000 b o y fa r m e r s— m e m b e r s of th e s ta te c o m clu b #— a v e r a g e d g r e a te r th a n l i b u sh e ls an a c r e on a ll k in d s an d ty p e s o f s o il.