o
e
c
r
.
t a
C J
c o
)
flrown Hrc.id.
Nothing was ever cot together
tliu ulnlfnrm of n. tinlitlcal D:irtV t
that
meant nioro or panned out less than n
boy's first attempt at gardening.
It cost a man ten dollars aim a soro
nose to express an opinion at Jasksoii,
JUicli.. the oilier (lav. no miorreu mat
nnothor man was a liar nnd said so.
What a blessed thing is knowledge,
Without it you would nnvor know that
pantaloons aro derived from a couolo
of Greek words that mean to rttlo the
roost.
Philosophy stutters and crows weak
in the knees when it tries to explain
whv n granger has to have a black
patch on a blue pair of pantaloons,
and vieo versa.
A Now York paper mentions tho fact
that a lailyoiiuo received a declaration
01 Jova on lier cigntiotii uirtnuay
Never despair, girls. While tliero;
Jifo thoro'shopo.
Another turn on tho capstan of pro
cress has been given. Water is now
being used for fuel!) in Cincinnati, and
for that purpose it is said to excel the
nativo whisk'.
A St. Louis man was so affected with
tho story of the Prodigal Son, which
he recently heard for the lirst time,
that ho sent word to the ininistor to
send the boy to his factory, and ho
(J would give him a steady job at good
wages.
There is strong probability that
Balaam's ass was blessed with progeny.
A Georgia proaohor says ho not only
believes tho whalo swallowed Jonah,
buthe could also believe Jonah swal
lowed tho whale, had it been so writ
ten. It istdainicd that a successful type
fiettingnnachino has at last been put in
oporation. Wo go right smart on ma
chinery, nut wo want to see it trot
around tho ollien hunting, sorts and
stealing leads boforo-wiako much
stock in it.
Tho ashes of an imperial Cirsar, who
was kiln-dried more than eighteen hun
dred years ag were used by a wasli-er-woman
recently in the manufacture
of soft soap. It takes a long while
sometimes to liml out what a mail is
good for.
TIk! blue gingham umbrella has done
heaps of good and saved man a bon
net, but has never been embowered in
poesy. Instead of fooling away in
spiration on the lxj.ist.ly weather, somo
oi too spriojo warmers might toss o
a little melody now titld titUn io honor
Of einnb merit.
A medical Kinrnnl fills dovonil pagea
witb solvation iuwlifabeio tr iiltf to
(orphan wby it is that the poropntngo
of bowleps ig uiflbt tiinck p.roator
an ions; boys tlmn girlo. 1 op roodoti
0 iidduodow putoly NoiuntiuV, and alio.
gnjth(tttflti'ifyino- to it rainrt a u
loiauu t krovfiltj around io Search of
bovbujtpo of a (wmioiou-sooio nature.
Auy mafJUw- who ban oht turacd a
bov'f' pockotn wranff nido out eon
XJckw-mumm light on tui qucnioM Uuui
iMfchu doefcdro. (Iiinaqo Ltigor.
A Study of tho t'lunid.
So Suropttun urmy has niiulo uutudy
ojb tm oa-md, and tho ic,niranco of its
aoupuVrs w fobid to tho boiuit, writer a
camntpoiuiwnfc (if Tim Jionthn Tele
iraipli. Iki roulioo of lio is directed,
or Miiould bu, noon priociuhai m im
irjutFislw iik tho laws tba $o?ero tho
saW BViitni'D. Us PxiKtooou h. ull
thi rigid furnmdit of & larud proeostf.
To dhffosgtujino, JiHariiOgP & camel 1$
iv Hp oil it; to ittutlo it m to kill it.
Spiyw, liver onmpJJot, btiiirt du;sf,
,aiv Hju rotolt (if U rpoTiUritlus io huun
or ffabils; it bjoks up ulothoe oa
dia.' uou.uul coadition. of life. You
can oot work oo ol' Iohhu hoodie t
death if you a?$b it in a pvopor wny.
At itoytDiog- out of tho conuoon
slnlvels it up destroys it. 1U Umid
ity is of thA stupid mipeiMtitiuuti kind.
Substaalial cansw fui' friftlM, suob no
woOld ularra no iolclliftoat hrnc aro
disregio'ded by tbo camel. Yot it will
take night for an ruuxuo wbitordt", op
next to imoe. Aod thoo, io; is always
the ease with the unroitxiniftig, it jikah
ts in a moftieot fnoa purplnxlty to
panic. The only plan, tbjueforo,
when convoying with camels throtiph
an enemy's cgjintry is to hobble tho
aniiuttls as soon as danger threatens.
'Mio moment the scouts fall back tho
camels hhoulit be made to sit down
and their legs should bo kneo-halterod
ic such a way that they can not move,
lot their tremor ho what It may. For
oueo on their legs they are stampeded,
nnd all attempts at ra'llyiny them aro
as futilo as Irvine to coax a sand-
storm to stop. 1 hia fact about hob
bling took us soimV
'time to learn, but
wo learuud it at last, and stampede is
no longer among tho dangers upon
which those who accompany tho con
voys have to count.
.leHoi'son'a Itirtlidiiy.
Jefferson's birthday was lirst cele
brated in Washington in 18110 by tho
friends of John C. Calhoun, then a
presidential aspirant. The Pennsyl
vania delegation, thinking that there
might bo "a eat under the moil," in
sisted upon seeing a list of the toasts
the duy prior to the celebration, and
finding that they wero full of anti
tariff' and uullllloutloii doctrines, they
refused to attend and had it prlvato
jollllication. This oroulod somu stir,
and by wav of quieting matters, (Jen.
Jackson recalled a sentiment which ho
hud transmitted, substituting for it,
"Our federal 11111011; it must bo pre
served l"
John Hiindolpli, of HoruoV.c, tho
haughty descendant of I'outthoiitas,
wrote to Col. Hontou, declining ;ui in
vitation to this Initial Jefferson i.:ui
cjuet, and proposing as a toast, "Tho
principles which Mr. Jefferson brought
into power, and wldeh brought him
into power -th touchstone of tho old
republican parly." Huston HmUjH.
"Hooked."
Judge "How did )ouooinoby tluuo
luhf"
I'rJKoiior "1 liookiid tlipni,"
Jmlw'u "What huyu you to say, Mr.
Ollloer?"
),ollounMii"Ilo ati iliu truth,
your Huiion t'W liuuk 'uuii ml 1
Jiidgu - "Thoit
do yuu bring
him herof
9m
-u(oi Ucuwn
DOMESTIC KCONOMY.
In
How Fish Culture tins Increased, end tbo
Ucst Method for Kncournirlnff It. Uencr
lU Industrial JtUcellnny.
l'orirress In Flett Culture.
Fish culture was undertaken in most
parts of tliis country from necessity.
In 110 part of tho world wero fish bet
ter distributed. When tho country
was discovered there was excellent
lishing, not onlv all along tho coast of
tho Atlantic, but in the numerous
lakes, rivers, and small streams. In
many places tho lirst settlers would
Imvo perished during seasons when
tho crops failed had it not been for
tho liberal supply of fish. Shad wero
so plenty in the rivers of somo of tho
eastern states that they wero salted
for use during tho times when thoy
could not bo eaten in their
fresh state. Dried cod, smoked her
rings, and salt mackerel wero anion"
the chief articles of food in town and
country. They also took the phico of
most or too condiments now m use.
Did "dun" codlish was known as
lake cod cheese" in all parts of tho
coast. Smoked alcwives, or Eastport
herrings, were employed in place of
small coins in making change in coun
try stores. Lobsters, clams, and
oysters wero so plenty that thoy wero
hauled aboulQind sold at a nominal
price. Smells, eels, hake, bluefisli.
and haddock afforded a variety to tlioso
who lived larcolv on "the harvest of
tho seas." Tho prosperity of Now
Kuglaud at tho commencement of its
history was largely duo to tho fish
that fiiioplled the 'iieoolo with their
irinoipal articles of food.
Tho rivers emptying into tho ocean
and all their tributaries, as well as
fbj lakes that fed them, wero plenti
fully supplied with lisli. Salmon wero
soplentilul in many streams that the
people were nblo to catch and cure
them 111 largo quantities. All tho
mountain streams and spring brooks
were stocked witli trout. Tho lakes
abounded witli pike, pickerel, bass.
nnd per. The great lakes in tho
west were full of trout and whitolish,
and supplied the earlier settlers ol the
iraines with cheap and excellent food,
'or many enrs no necessity was"eon
for the artilical propagation, of fish or
iijuiui iiMuumiiig mum 11 0111 ue.si ruc
tion. Thoy wero caught in nets,
somes, and other apparatus that wero
tfie niosj easycto manage. Dams were
erected across streams that prevented
tho pa-sago of fish. In many places
tlul Mnter of streams was polluted by
tanneries, distilleries, ana lnovvoricli
io that tho host variolic could not
livo in ttieii. Tho supply of lisli Bud
douly foil oil' in almost oil parts of tho
eotiu 17 at niKwt tho s.iino tituo. Shad
bcon)0 8i ensitly that mmo but tho
wcalUn could cattbem. Balnioo ho
cumo 10 uar!0 that thoy wmo ho.yond
tbo rcuch of oj ocit porwioa. Kven
muokoiol wiw oxponsiyo food, wbilo
brook trout readily commanded 60
roots poriiuund io city tunrkoU. Kvon
olaais ana lobsters took tlioir place
nmooo tho wwtly luxuries of tho table.
Although Obh-hrcodinn- was u tin mul
ed bj a- few poidnn ot woulth and
loinuro iDBoy oar ago, it hon only be
nomo a mottor of oaooral iuliHost hineo
tho formation of" tho Nutioaal Fij
oidturo iissoclotiou. which hold iUlost
unniial ou'Olinp; ut n osluogton durio"
iiiu ui'dt uopk in tuo protfool ruoutii.
This OtfMioiotioo ha addoil raillioiw f
dollar, to tliu wealth of tho ouunt ry,
nnd wo hnvo hut jiu,t bngan to dorivo
tho full lionoDt of ila liiliurii. llhari
worked in eiSnnciiion with tho nn-
tioonl uuii ywrious uiato fish coraiuia-
sums. It wo tHtfd ot too meeting at
Washington that tho Oipoarfo of luuch
ior wtillo-libh hod licou red unci i from
WOO to fAD per million during lm ):ist
ten yeaitf. Tho asuicialion lias sug
gested most of tlie means that havo
been odopted by stnte commissioners
for the estflblishmuntof fislnvflys and
tbo uionagemont of ha t'l)oric. It
rneotumendod luaoy of tho bills that
vPt'to poefsi'd by stotO leislotorni to?
tb protoeliou of lib in inland iVotOf
couihos. It liif. sugn;c8tBil the iotro
ductiitu of tlio various voriotic of the
(iOroiiin carp, wliicb oa undortaktu
by tho national goveroment. Only a
few years ago tlurty-fivo of thc.c lish
wero brought tothis country aoi
placed hi tho government (Kinds at
Washington. Somo of their progeny
aro now in every state and territory.
Thoy have been sent to over 'J3,000
places, and it is estimated that there
are now '.'OO, 000. 000 carp in tho coun
try. Most of them aro stilt) small,
which accounts for tho fact that they
aro not In tho market.
Tho United States commissioners
havdistributeil about G00,00000 fish
since 187l andQre prepared to send
out l.'iO.Oyjl.iRW this year. Many of
them havo been placed in wators
where fish wero never known to exist
before. Tho evperiuient was In a
large number of instances suecessfiup
German carp aro found to do 1)11 in
the alkaline lakes and streams in Ari
zona mid Now .Mexico, where no fisli
hud previously existed. They also
thrive in the artificial stock-ponds in
Texas, Colorado, ami other places
where fresh lish are difficult to obtain.
The carp is singlularly adapted to the
waters of the south, in which lish that
do well in a cold cluuatodo not thrive.
Local associations aro no dod to en
courage lisli culture by means of bring
I ni' a knowledge of the methods pur
sued by experts before tho public. Vow
peoplo'will attempt to start u hatchery,
to construct a fish pond, or even to
stock one If thoy havo no know led of
the business except that derived from
books and papers, it is with water
farming as with land farming, Peo
ple aoidro to see how a new operation
is performed before they will engage
in it themselves. Tho establishment
of a now butchery or ariilioial lisli
pond 111 u county will euiu.i many
people to visit and and oo how it Is
managed. The director of ooiinh
tigiioutlunil MM'letiiiH could render lish
culture prollliiblu by ouhlUliliif it
brooding eUbUhinont 011 thwlr fair-
K round, it would Iw a great hiiiho.
uii at the MUiiual fair, hiu) hwlp
mwoII ihu ttfoipt. It uuiild Im itfiulnr
h) nuuuuMuiivv iuutUr w) Hrowd
IllK iitll uuuld U uUltMUlwi fru ujf WMt
(put lUimllHUil Uf Utf UUUiWkfHMt
lioir axe
puiidi- Tliu uilttr ul pt"jiuuu fur
various kinds of fish raised In prlvato
wators would cause many people to
engage In tho business of fish culturo
for tho sake of pleasure or profit. Tho
protraction offish for food is as worthy
of encouragoinent to an agricultural
society as tho pioduction of field and
garden crops that aro to bo used for
tho same purpose. Chicago Times.
Industrial Brevities.
Thero is some improvement in the
present over tho old way of making
gnrden and cultivating tho crops.
Very few now think of fencing in a
plot of two hundred feet square and
then going into it annually witli the.
spado to dig it up and after planting)
do all tho cultivating with tho hoe.
Tho plan now is and tho bettor plan,
too, and one that should bo generally'
adopted, to select a plot long In
shape, plow it up instead of spading
it, break tho clods, if any, with the
harrow instead (Of tho rake, plant tho,
vegetables in rows instead of squares,:
and cultivate with the horse cultiva-'
tor, wheel-hoc, or other implements.
ins'cad of tho hand-hoc. One of tho
advantages is that a man does the
work in an hour that took (Uys on the
old plan.
1 4. A. Goodman, secretary of the
Missouri Horticultural soeiet', recom
mends setting tall-growing trees in the
vicinity of buildings, to protect them
from lightning. Tho branches of a tree
aro as so many points conducting the
electricity by tho trunk to tlio ground,
and henco the more upright the trees
grow tho better. Tlio Loinbardy pop
lar would seem to bo a good stylo of
free for this purposo, and much bettor
than tlio broad-spreading oaks and
0I111Q If tall trees near buildings ciin
nuu a constant supply 01 moisture 1:1
tho soil in which thoy grow, they will
prove all the more perfect as lightning
protectors. Trees will prove best sot
on the northerly or westerly sides of
buildings, or in tlio direction from
which tlio showers usually tfnjvcl.
Tew farmers seem to understand
the value of stanchions in feeding
calves. Thoy can be made very uhoap"
ly out of any old boards lying" aro-md
the farm, and save a world of time.
Give each cajfx twenty inches space.
Put a trough'4ii front, spaced oil" .so
that each calf gets his share and no
more. They will soon learn to have
their heads in position at feeding time
and you can fioden and feed a dozen
in a, few minutes.' ' After; Mliey are
done witli the milk, give a little ground
teed or corn and turn tho whole lot
into a yard where you have some uico
hay in a rack.
An experiment made at tlio
Now York experiment station to do
torniino distinctly tho ndvantogo
gained by sprouting peas before plant
ing, nn oporation ol'ton praetieod but
not nicaoUi od. Tlio peas were sprout
ed iu moist sand, and when I ho now
shoots wore ovor half an inch in length
thny wuro carefully planted. Aloog
sido the row containing tho.10sprou.tcu
pons tvas imolher row, planted wim
uiiriproutnd acod at Inn uniuo tinjn.
Tlio sprouted deed produced uhh Qc
lor uso eight dnys before tbn oUion.
Ono of tho Jarojoqt ranch sale? made
for somo tituo has lust born roportml
from Fort Worib, Tf.xnti. Tbo mlo is
Mid to coiiipi iso I ho cotiro proporty
of the Kapuoly Laoil and Cuttlo com
pany, embracing 70,000 head of cattle
and iO.trflft acres of loud. It goes to an
Knclisii syndicate incorporated in
London. Tho considceotioii is not yet
known, but tho property i valued "ul
iSil.M 10.000.
Kmneh linkers nro making largo uo
of vaseline in enfcn and other pastry.
Its tidvivplauO oor lant or butter lien
in tho fact that, howpvor stale tho
pantry may lw, it will not become ran
cid. The council of hygihno disap
proves of the practice on tho ground
thai Ihe derivative.- of petroleom con
tain no nutriment. It ihwtf not sjty
distinctly, however, that thoy aro in
jurious to boa I tit.
&ccu)dinr to the bulletin of tho So
aiHyut Naturalists of ftloboow.tlio hitii
eyjo noaia'ountablo dcstructioB ol'piuo
forosU Ui cuiucd by tho ravac;( of a
spObies of mushroom wliich tak(j
growth on the surface of the wootiond
Attorufjrd ponotnvtos and dt'titraya the
trcO- IUau,s are given iu rbiclt tho
patfc of the destroying loagus is
traced through thji pine woods -if
Russia.
AMisstssippl paper says that thoro
hits recently been a notiomblo growth
iu the use of oottonwoou for tho man
ufaoturo of furniture. Recently a
steamer took 100,000 feet from that
locality UL-'Cincinnati for furniture
mitking purposes. Thero is a
selvage of cottouwood all along tho
Mississippi, 011 the bottoms below
Cairo.
Tlio Russian crop of wheat averages
about 200,000.000 bushels per year,
ibout one tiurd of which is usually ex
ported. Tl ability of her inhabitants
to subsist upon so small a proportion
of her wheat crop is due to the fact
that tho ryo crop avorages about
1500,000,000 bushels, about 10,
000.000 of which aro annually ex
ported. Air, Jacob Trungcnwalt, of Phila
delphia, has discovered that catlisli
skins may be tanned into elegant and
serviceable leather. His lirst experi
ment was on a skin of a tish weighing
about l(it) pounds. He lias now been
engaged in the business for several
years, and tinds it very profitable.
A Virginia farmer recommends
placing brush between tho riiiges in
which sweet potatoos grow, to allow
support for tho vines. Ho thinks better
and larger tubers are produced when
the vines got tho full Imnollt of tho
sun, as they do when the) nro ruUinl
from the giouu I.
The farmer king of Alabama in
llragg II. Comer, of Harbour county,
lie rult.od tf.a.Vi lal as of itulloii lsl
year, buiiltw a Urpw uinouiU ot eoni.
lie has Iruui oiglit IhuiiMtud to ton
thoiumid acre 111 oiluu aud mini 1I114
)iuir, and 11 op prutpoou wvr
iibmii bwiior
All I'aglUh hiirluulturit ltM (bit
hi oiup ol tit Mudauf fruit U erllj
ilerwWMd ittt liu iutfstod lii
kltupilU HW'i di'll iliuli d In hit O til'i'ul
til i'i li.iltl ,u. l j'l Ul4ll"U u biivltt 4
I I. . Kit U tt It pttrtd Mtn.,
Una A gMati UuuuUful UhNiUjT r'tll
make a very decided improvement,
both on pasture and meadow lands.
Tho climato of Iowa is reported to
be changing, because farming has re
moved tall, dense prairie grass and
dried up the ponds and reservoirs of
water that formerly abounded.
A Colorado paper states that tho ex
periment of maintaining a cowboy
hospital is being tried at Fort Kcttcr
nian, supported by funds contributed
by tho cowboys themselves.
Delaware poach trees are covered
with buds, aud hopes arc so high that
over livo hundred now orchards havo
keen planted this year iu the lower
part of the peninsula.
Russia and the United States aro
said to bo tho only countries in tho
world that have a sufficient number of
horses for army purposes in caso of
war.
English nnd German houses havo
established agencies in various parts
Df Australia to purchase wool from tho
sheep-raisers.
Tlio Central Now Mexican Stock-
Growers' association represents 100,000
head of catllc, valued at .?-,223,000.
Finding One's Way 011 tlio Prairies.
To find the way for yourself , to a now
ranch across tlio piairie, or to drivo
anywhere after dark, is a feat only at
tempted by tho unwary. "Lovo will
find out n way" through bolts and bars
and parental interdiction; but Lovo
itself would bo baffled on a praino,
where tho whole umVorso stretches iu
endless invitation, and where thero La
absolutely "nothing to hinder" from
going in anv direction that you plMisc.
"Poller a kind of a blind" trail, one
mile east and two milo south, "(-is tho
kind of direction usually given In tlio
vernacular; and so closely does 0110
cultivalo the powers Df observation in
a country where a bush may be a feat
uro of the landscape, and a tall sun
llovycr a landmark, that 1 am tempted
to copy verbatim tlio written directions
cnt by a friend by which wo wore to
Had our wa,y to her hospitable homo:
"Cross thtrrivcr at the Howards1:'
turn to tho right, and follow a dim
trail till you come to the ploughed
ground, which you follow to tlio topo'
the hill. Follow tho road on the wes.
lido of a corn field, and then a dim
trail across tho piairie to a wire fence.
iWieivou icavo me wire ioncc. go up
a little hill and down a little hill, then
up another till yju reach a road lead
ing to tlio right", which angles across a
section and leads into a road going
south to Dr. Read's frame house with'
a wall of sod about it. Through his
door-jard, and then through sOmo
com. Leave the road after" driving
through tho corn, and angle to tho
right to tho corner of another corn
held. Take the road to the we-jt of
thi& com and go .south, up a hill, an
turn to tho right and follow a put,i
road west; afterward south, p:tst Mr.
Devcr'f ho)ni"tcad, a frame house on
the right with a stone lioiiso unroofed.
Sonth, post n corn field and ploughed
land on tho right. Tlio road turns to
the right, toward tho west, for a littler
way, t lion sooth, then a short distunco
east, and you reach tho guide-post,
which is near a tlirift -looking farm
owned by Mr. Urvnttt; a frame house,
(torn licld, wheat stacKw, ami melon
patch. At the cuido-piwt take tho
road going south, with corn Held ou
the right, till ou come to two roads.
Follow tho right-hand road (a dim
trail nt first) down tho hill, past some
hity-olncks, to the Osagc-oratigo hedge.
Jeollow that to the creek errSwing, then
through the grovu of Huiillowers to a
Sod house. Go through tho corn
directly wet, following tho creek to
tlio crossing rear our house."
The distance was sixteen miles, but
Wo took the letter witli us, and found
tho Wfty witluntl tho slightest difficulty,
though a little puzzled at lirst by iind
mft that "at the Howards' " "meant
anywhere within three utlos pf tho
Howards-1. -Aftt$ Wellington llolmis, in
JOirpers ifaijazinc for thine.
ir Mi it Kansas I'MUrig.
"Whttbaco yonr precautions against
tiro?" Admetiis had asked a few days
boloro.
"Sucb ns will tlHiglit your honnoo
p&tfjio soul," answertO tlio Enthusiast.
A can of kerosene and a bundle of
matches to set back fires with, though
tho lire-guards of ploughed ground
that youiiavo seen all roumPiho ranch
aro tlio ounce of prevention, better
titan any cure Then wo always keep
a hogshead lull of water at the stable,
ready for carting to tho spot."
"A hogshead ot water! What good
can a hogshead of water do against a
prairie lire?"
"Oh, we don't put it on with a hose,
1 assuio you. My imagination gasps
at the conception of managing a
prairie fire wWt a hose. Wo dip old
blankets and old clothes in it, or
boughs ot trees if we can get them,
and beat tho Hredown with them."
The Illustration followed soon. All
day smoke had been drifting oyer C,r
neiro, and at night-fall tho' scouts re
tiorted that the whole force had bet
tor be put ou. The "whole force" ut
tho tnument consisted of about twenty
men who had just coino In to supper,
and who started at once in wagons
and on horseback. Ponies wero or
dered after dinner for tho entire ho uso
hold, oven the ladies riding far enough
to havo a view of the exciting sceuo.
Thero were no tumbling walls or bhiz
lug buildings, and there was no fear of
lives being lost in upper stories; but
thoro wore miles upon miles., acred
upon acres, ot low grass burning liko
a Ma of tire, while in tho twilight
shadows could bo seen men galloping
tlercely ou Mtifl points, while the slow
wagons crept oaiiifully, lest the pro
olotw tt ater Mioiild bo spilled, from
every lioiuiwtoNd, oaoh with lU 0110
litiiul hognhcHd. It nueniiHl Im-rodl-do
thai Mich n nut of tUu.e could
oyer bo put out b) kiudi n handful of
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l I 4
TORNADOEA
Tho rormatlnn anil Apiiearance of Tornntlocs,
and tho Premonitory Signs of lhclr
Approach.
Timo will only determine whether
this will be a "good year" for torna
does or not, says The Chicago Times.
Tho destruction caused by them dur
ing tho past few seasons has created
much alarm in tho districts whero
they have been the most frequent, and
where thoy have resulted in causing
tho loss of many lives and much valu
able properly. The prevalence of tor
nadoes iu somo places has made cau
tious people reluctant to become resi
dents of thorn, as no person wishes to
locate in a place whero life and prop
erty aro rendered insecure by tlio ac
tion of tho olomotits. During tho past
few seasons tho signal ollico of our
war department bastinado a special
study of tornadoes, and has endeav
ored to collect all the facts attainable
in relation to the places where they
are most likely to occur, the condi
tions of their formations, premonitory
signs or llieir aopearaneo and the
character of tornado clouds and mo
tions. It has also made investigation
iu relation to the best mcaus of nllbrd-'
Ing protection from Ihein to life and
property. All this information has
boon compiled by Gen. Haves, chief
signal-sorvlco oflicer, and published by
tlie authority of tlio secretary of war.
Following aro somo of the important
facts sot forth in tlio report, which are
of special interest to farmers and oth
ers living in the country:
In the United States "the terms 03--clonc,
tornado, and hurricane aro fre
quently interchanged in ordinary
conversation, and in the minds of
nine-tenths of tlio people these terms
mean 0110 and tho same thing. Thts
is not altogether surprising, consider
ing tlie want of systematic instruction
in accurate meteorological knowledge,
and the general disposition of intelli
gent minds to speculate about the
weather. Put, in tact, tlio tornado of
tho United States is a well-defined
species of storm, dill'ering In many
points from Iiurricaa.'s'qycloiies, and
thunder-storms, and it is the only one
that will now be considered.
Omitting consideration of tho torna
does, so called by Portugese and Span
ish navigrtors on tlie African coast,
and conliuing our attention to tliu
United States, it is believed that these
storms are possessed of t'lie following
promiutjiit characteristics: Tlie gen
oral diiection of movement of tho tor
Rado is invariably trout a point in tlio
southwest quadrant to a point 111 tlie
northeast quadrant. The tornado
cloud assumes tlie form of a funnel,
the small end drawing near to, or rest
ing upon, the earth. This cloud and
tho air Irtmeath it revolve about a cen
tral vertical axis witli inconceivable
rapidity, and always in a direction
contrary to tlio movement of th(j hands
of a watch. Tho destructive violence
of the storm is sometimes confined to
a path a few yards in width, as when
the small or tail end just touches tho
earth; while, on tlie other hand, as
the body of tlio cloud lowers more of
it rests upon tlie earth, the violence in
creases, and tlie path widens to tlio
extreme limit of eighty rods. The tor
Dad o, with iiardly an exception, occurs
in the aiternoon, iii.it alter the Jiottust
part of tlio day. The hour of greatest
frequency is between U and 1 p. 111.
Tornadoes very rarely, if ever, begin
after 0 p. iu. A tornado commencing
about 5- u. xri may continue its charac
teristic violence "until nearly H p. m.,
which means, only, that tlio tornado
cloud may bo traveling after (i p. 111.,
or after 1 p. 111.. but it does not de
velop that is, make its appearance for
tlio lirst time, after those hours. Out
side of ti area of destruction, at times
oven along the immediate edgj.', the
smallest objects often remain undis
turbed, although at a few yawls dis
tance tlio largest and strongest build
ings aro crushed to pieces. At aay
point
along
tho storm s path, whore
thoro is opDortuinty allonlert the tor
pportuurt,!
ml to (lis
undo cloud to display its power, the
disposition of the deoris presents un
mistakable signs of an action of tlio
wind, such as might bo called a rota
tion, from the right through the front
to tho left around tho center. The de
structive potver of tlio wind increases
steadily from tho circumference of tho
storm to its ccftor.
Observations with a single isolatod
barometer will not indicate the ap
proach of a tornado, however near tho
position of tlie instrument to the path
of tlie storm, dt such observations
aro of value when a number are dis
played on the daHj weather map. Tho
tornado season is oinbraced between
the Lst of April and the 1st of Septem
ber. Tho mouths of greatest froquono3"
are Juno and Jul)". Tnero are, how
ovor, instances in a long soriosof yuars
where tornadoes havo been reported
iu every month of the year. Taking
tho wholo United States together, it is
found that tho region of groatosQiver
age frequoiuy per year per squaro
mile, embraces the following states:
Georgia, Illinois. Indiiuia, Iowa, Kan
sas, Missouri, Ohio.
On tlio day of tho storm, and for
several hours pretious to tho appear
ance of the tornado cloud, what Indi
cations of its probable formation and
approach aro within tSe comprehension
of an ordinary observer, aud can read
ily be dotecte'd by him? A sultry, op
pressive condition of tlie atmosphere,
described by various observers as
followed: "I really experienced a
sickly sensation tinder the iutlueuco of
the sun's rays," "I wits compelled
to stop work 011 account of the "pecu
liar exhaustion experienced from phy
sical exertion." "It seemed us it tho
lightest gtrinotits that I could put ou
wore a burden to nie." "Thuro was
tiot a lntmtli of air utirrlng." "Tim
air. at times, intuit 111 pull', as from a
hen tod furniuMj." ! ftdl a want uf
hiotttk, tho Mir frequently HpMMtrlnif
too raritlwl to brotu frvtdy," "I w
fclrUd Hi lit JUddtm It Nil OOMlluilWii
riM in lit tutfrmomeur, tutfUU ut
luU feMIMMI ut till )r." "It MM
twrrtbl) opprit , it mm m m if iu
ftliMucphtfiv mm iiutiu-ll) h-t aud
pr iiltf JuttU ' Uti ttllh
Mt Ijjlil
I'li'HIIl I I I. -t I till,. I.. J
I K 1 11 tin i. I In ii.li . 1.. I . m 1. .i 1 1, ia
1. ii.ti t-i t . iliiii..3 Oil,. 1 Mjua
iwtiulior MUifthou uf ilttf riott4i Ui i
tho western horizon. Sometimes theso
peculiar clouds extend from tbo south
west through the west by tho north to
the northwest. More frequently, how
ever, they form in tho northwest aud
southwest, sometimes commencing lirst
in tho former quarter and then again in
the latter, but in either case they aro
equally significant. The marked pe
culiarity of the clouds is found to
occur not only in the form but in tho
color and character of development.
The sudden appearanco of ominous
clouds, firgin the southwest and thoru
almost immediately in the northwcsP
or northeast (or perhaps reversed in
tho order of their appearanco), gen
erally attracts the attention of tho
most casual observer. In almost all
cases these premonitory clofids nro
unlike any ordinary formation. If they
aro light their appearance rcseiljbles
smoke issuing fiom a burning build
ing or straw stack, rolling upward in
fantastic shapes to groat heights;
sometimes they are liko a lino mist, or
quite white liko fog or steam. Some
persons describe tlioso light clouds as
at times apparently iridescent or glow
ing, as if a pale Whitish light issued
from their irregular surfaces. If the
premonitory clouds i"'c 'i:vk vni pre
sent a deep greenish Into, this fairly'
forbodes very great oril. So, also, if
thoy appear jet black from tho cciit&c
to circumference, or if this dcep-sct
color appears only at tho center, grad
ually diminishiiQ in Intensity as tho
outer edges of the cloud of bank of
clouds are approached. Sometimes
these dark clouds, instead of appear
ing in solid and heavy masses, roll tin
lightly but still intensely black, liko
tlie smoke front an engino or locomo
tive burning soft coal. Thoy havo
been described as of a purple of
bluish tiiitfc, or at times possessed of
a strange lividncss, or frequently dark
green, and again of an inky blackness
that farly startles 0110 witli its in
sonsiiv. Another
aud invariable sigtOof tlio
tornado's approach is a heavy roaring,
whioi) augments intensity as tlie tor
nado-cloud advances. This roaring is
compared to tlie passage of a heavily
loaded freight train moving over a
bridge or through a deep pa-s or tun
nel, or as heard 011 damp mornings
wlien the sound is very clear and loud.
At times tlie roaring has been so vio
lent that persons havo compared it to
the simultaneous "rush of ton thou
sand trains of cars." Again, the roar
ing is likened to the low rumbling of
distant thunder. The varying in
tensity of tlio roar, as hero represen
ted, is apparently due to tlifi lack ol)
uniformity in the positions of tlio vari
ous observors with respect to the ad
vancing tornado cloud. Thoso situa
ted nearest the cloud, other things be
ing equal, experience the loudest roar,
while to thoso at greater distanco tlio
noise is proportionally weaker. In
any ovept, however, tlio noise is suffi
ciently peculiar and distinct to creato
alarm", and as a means of warning
should not be overlooked under 11113'
pretext. q
The tornado cloud is, generalh
speaking, at its lir.st formation funnel
shaped that is to sa-, it tapers front
the top downward, not alwi's in tlio
same degree witli every appearance of
the cloud, but the lower end of it (the
part nearest the earth) is invariably
tlio smallest, and this, too, whatever
may be tlie inclination of tlie central
axis of the cloud to the vertical or
plumb lint!. As seen in, different posi
tions and stages of 'development 1)3'
various" observers, located difforoiitty,
the tornado cloud has been call
ed "balloon-shaped, basket-shaped," q
"egg-shaped," "trailing on tho ground
like tho tail of an enormous kite;" "ot
bulbous foiiu" "liko an elephant's
trunk," etc. In tho majority of in
stances, however, observers describe
tlio cloud as appearing liko an up- '
right funnel. When tho small end of
tlio cloud iust roaches to thu.oarth, tlio
violence of its whirl eausosYt in
peculiar-
l)--foriuod cloud of dust and H110I3'
divided debris, around which pl:i3'
small gatherings of condensed vapor.
To-appearances now, tho tornado cloud
has two heads, one on the surface ot
the earth and tlio other in the sky, the
bodies of each joining in midair and
tapering both was with tho smallest
diameter at their "junction. In other
words, the cloud now assumes the
shapivf an hour-glass, and tho lower
portion displaj's oxtrnordiuarj' de
structive violence. This last and most
fatal form of the tornado cloud Q.s
fortunately not a constant feature of
tho storm. Tho tornado cloud is constant-
changing from tho hour-glass
form to that of the upright, funnel, orO
somo other intermediate shapa pre
viously referred to. Tho various gra
dations of form, not itny of which,
however, atl'oet tho storootypod rela
tion between tho size of top and bot
tom, number somo twenty-fivo or
thirty, so far as reliable information
has boon secured upon this point.
Tlie.se variations of form depend upon
the peculiar movements of tlio whirl
ing currents of air within and about
the tornado cloud, the direction of tho
currents being outlined to the 03 0 03
tho singular disposition of the rapidh'
condensing masses of vapor.
A Ueclprocal Spirit.
"I can't find my tootli brash ai)3"
whore," said a Cottage Hill young
lady, looking all over tho house for
the article.
"I'll Ion1 you iniiio." accommodat
ingly suggested the colored kltoiiun
girl.
"Oh, no, thanks!" replied the young
lady turning awav.
"Noti nuedn't "hub 110 combustion
Rbout takln' it, miss," porsUtwd tho
girl, "for I's usoit yours Munotlmoa
when I oouldn't llnd mluo."-- 0ty
Ikrrick.
Tlio iJnoTrMttlr.
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uuitty ytuov iupwrUnmi iu hot touu
trie. bou!d lw jflvtMi tu a liur tthu
vr k WHHU U. UiU, lu ndiU. "A
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m vr by mm In iku mm n wf iki
d) t Ubuul driUtf m k lMti
Mttor ki UMMMMf Hiiui) tfiU to
iiftif u luMtr I l U lldduB
l... 1. 1 iiii.ir 1 lU'": on iu 1 1 otU
.4 diil ltw tl)'lM1 ""n 11 " ' t.
I ill .ui.. IMUpU'J 1 " (-tt a di i,,
kur 9 um
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