FARROWING IN
COLD WEATHER
The pig bom the last of March or
In April Is behind the money, to use a
race track expression. True, be may
be fed on until after the holidays, and
that will be the more profitable for the
man who wants to grow pork largely
on forage. Most men feed for the
arlier market, however, and would
have their pigs farrowed in February
Instead of April if they thought they
Could save them. I want to give a
very simple method of doing so, writes
N. P. Miller of Ohio in American Agri
culturist. It presupposes good farrow
ing quarters, not expensive, but a place
that can be kept dry from above and
from below and where an attendant
can get to and about the sow. It also
presupposes a sow that you can safely
approach when she is farrowing. Then
you must know when she Is going to
farrow and be there.
All that is then needed to save pigs
in the coldest weather is a half barrel
or tub,, a jug of hot water, a blanket
and a man. Put the tub near the sow,
the Jug of hot water in it, cover with
the blanket to retain the heat and then
put each pig in the tub as quickly as
born. After the sow is through farrow
ing and quiet lift the pigs out and see
that each finds a teat. When they are
through nursing put all back into the
tub. Return to the mother every two
hours' and replace in the tub for the
first day., If the sow has been properly
fed before farrowing and properly not
fed for tweuty-four hours afterward
you can pretty nearly count the hogs
you will have to market in the fall.
Should the weather remain very cold
the second and third weeks of their
lives they will need to be forced to ex
ercise else they will die of suffocation.
Do this by lii'ting them out of their bed
Into another stall or put them into a
box and let them struggle to get back
to their bed.
See that the mother Is free from lice
before farrowing. Keep the bed free
from moisture and dust and get the
sun's rays directly into the bed. Then
change the bedding frequently, and
you have supplied the appointments of
a pig paradise.
Convenience For Slaughtering;.
The finest hogs must finally die, and
to dress them lefore the season gets
late and the market is glutted is often
DERRICK FOB EAISCJO HOGS.
Wisest. Many farmers dread butcher
ing time because of the hard lifting
and long hours of labor. Most of this
Is unnecessary and due to lack of prep
aration and inconveniences.
A derrick for raising the hogs and
hanging the pork and a butchering out
fit are readily put together by any one
who is handy with tools and will get a
few bolts and irons at the blacksmith
shop. Even a beef may be hung up by
the arrangement shown. This derrick
Is made of three timbers, each thirteen
feet long. The roller for the rope may
be made of a round stick four inches in
diameter. It is worked smaller where
it is clamped to the derrick. An iron
rod passed loosely through augur holes
in the derrick can be used as a brake
to hold the cranks when tDe rope is
wound up enough.
The illustrations, taken from the
American Agriculturist, tell their own
story. The scalding tub, table and
hangers may be set near the derrick.
CONVENIENT SCALDING VAT.
The hoist thus places the pigs in the
tub. The outfit is readily taken down
and laid in a wagon to borrow or lend.
The whole thing should be bolted to
gether so it cannot slip and in such
manner that it will never need nailing.
The crossbars for hanging should be
five to seven inches thick.
Vicious Bulla.
It is no uncommon thing to read of a
stockman beiug injured or killed by a
vicious bull. Within a few years we
have known five such cases besides
what we have read about In two of
these the bulls were known to be
vicious, and the trouble came in spite
of the ordinary precautions; in others
It was the result of carelessness. The
only thing to do with a bull that is
known to be vicious is not to handle
him at all. If he is of such great value
that it is desirable to keep him he can
be provided for and used without han
dling, though this is troublesome and
expensive. If he Is not exceptionally
valuable let the bologna maker handle
him. It is almost a proverb that the
gentle bull is the dangerous bulL This
slniply means that any bull, no mat
ter how gentle he may seem to be, Is
liable to go bad without warning and
tnaim or kill the man who is handling
him. Handle all bulls with this idea
in mind, never getting In such a corner
that an attack comes when there Is no
avenue of escape or means of protec
tion. Some people have the idea that
beef bred bulls are not dangerous; that
the dairy bred bulls do all the damage.
It Is true that the latter are most Ha
ble to become vicious, but the others
sometimes develop an evil temper too.
The only safe rule, says the National '
Stockman and Farmer, is never to 1
trust any mature hull too far. I
yy It -rki
RIFLE SHOOTING.
Develops tbe Arms. Luis an Chest
and Trains the Eye.
It Is not only the muscles of the arm
which are tested by properly organ
ized rifle shooting. It supplies an ex
cellent exercise for the chest and
lungs. One of the first things tt young
rifle shot has to learn is how to take a
deep breath, to fill the lungs with ah-,
and then to hold the breath while the
rifle is kept absolutely steady and the
finger is gradually tightening on the
trigger. A glance at any successful
rifle shot will show you a man with a
deep chest and full powers of breath
ing. Any form of recreation which trains
the muscles of the arm and exercises
the chest and lungs would seem likely
to be beneficial to health, but if that
is not enough there is the unequaled
training which rifle shooting gives to
the eye and to the hand working with
the eye. The writer remembers hear
ing a musketry instructor boast that
he had lengthened not only his own
sight, but the sight of scores of boys
whom he had taught how to use their
eyes in aiming at a target, .by two or
three hundred yards,- simply by con
tinued practice at long distance shoot
ing. It is astonishing what results can
be obtained in this way by placing a
rifle on a sand bag raised on a tripod
and making the pupil aim as accurate
ly as be can at any distant object. The
eye can be trained, of course, equally
well, though the sight will not neces
sarily be lengthened, by aiming at ob
jects close at hand. London Spectator.
CHILDREN'S CRIMES.
Arson, Theft and Train Wrecking:
Common, Forgery Rare.
Children's crimes are recognized by
criminologists as a large and impor
tant branch of criminology. The com
monest of children's crimes are arson,
stealing and train wrecking, and the
rarest is forgery.
Arson, in the country especially, is
frequently a crime of childhood. Coun
try children set fire to haystacks, barns
and sheds in order to see the great
bright flames leap skyward. Children
commit arson, in a word, out of a love
of fireworks.
Children often wreck trains. Some
times they do this from reading about
romantic train wreckers. More often
they do it out of curiosity. They pile
obstructions on the track to see what
will happen. They have no idea that
anything very serious will happen.
Children, of course, steal a good deal.
The best of men and women, looking
back on their childhood, can recall
many a theft. Stealing is natural.
Children now and then murder. Their
motive is always jealousy. Thus In
Vienna a boy of ten, jealous of his
brother and sister, who seemed to be
more petted than himself, killed both
of them and then took his own life.
Philadelphia Bulletin.
The Way In Turkey.
In the days when M. Paul Cambon
represented the interests of the French
republic at Constantinople Mme. Sarah
Bernhardt, who had been touring In
eastern Europe, was desirous of giving
a dramatic representation at Yildiz
kiosk. The sultan was willing, and the
terms were duly arranged with the
keeper of the wardrobe, the worthy
pasha who has the control of all enter
tainments at Yildiz. But the pasha
held out his hand for more backsheesh
than La Belle Sarah felt inclined to
give, and so the long looked for rep
resentation did not take place. Sarah
Bernhardt lost by it 1,000 and the
coveted order of the Chefekat. Her
mann, the conjurer, knowing the ropes
better than the French actress, squared
the keeper of the wardrobe, gave his
show and got his thousand pounds.
Exchange.
Remodeled.
After being injured by a bull of pe
culiarly savage temper John Wesson
was under a doctor's care for a con
siderable time and thereby incurred a
heavy bill for medical attendance.
When he was almost well one of his
old . friends who had called upon him
said he congratulated him on looking
so well after such a long illness.
"Looking well!" echoed John. "I
should be looking well. There's been
$150 spent in repairs on me lately, and
I'm not finished yet!"
The Prlvlleare of Peers.
There is a curious case in Fortescue's
"reports" relating to the privilege of
peers, in which the bailiff who many
years ago arrested a lord was forced
by the court to kneel down and ask
his pardon, though he alleged that he
had acted by mistake, for that his
lordship had a dirty shirt, a wornout
suit of clothes and only sixpence In
his' pocket, so that he could not be
lieve that he was a peer and arrested
him through inadvertence. Green Bag.
He Died Anyhow.
This was the way a native physician
In India filled out a death certificate:
"I am of a mind that he died (or lost
his life) for want of foodlngs or on ac
count of starvation. Maybe also for
other things for comfortables, and
most probably he died by drowning."
The Original "Village Blacksmith T"
Dunchurch. near Rugby, claims that
its smithy is the original forge which
Inspired the famous verses on "The
Tillage Blacksmith." It Is a pictur
esque old place, and the "spreading
chestnut tree" still flourishes In front
of It London Strand.
No Need For a Leader.
The society reporters always speak
of a bride being "led to the altar. Just
as though a bride couldn't find her own
way there blindfolded. Philadelphia
Record.
FEEDING SWINE.
Clean Food Repaired to
i .. Good Meat. , .-!--'.,- ,
' The main expense in raising swine is
their feed, and it is the duty of the
feeder to get the most out of it that he
possibly can. Some : farmers . make a
mistake in throwing feed to their hogs
land letting them take care of it. When
I hogs are fed In this way they do not
: receive the full benefit of the feed, for
' a portion of it is wasted. We must re
i member that one day's poor feeding
I will more than counterbalance two
jdays of good feeding.
J Regularity In feeding swine is of very
great importance, though some are
slow in realizing this fact. The diges
tive systems of animals adapt them
selves to receive food at certain times,
and if the food is not given at the ex
pected time the animal is worried
thereby. This results in loss of one
kind or another. Frequently the food,
being late, is taken in too large quanti
ties or too hurriedly for the best good
of the animal. For this reason it is to
our advantage, as well as the hog's, to
make it a rule to feed him at exactly
the same time each day.
' We must be careful what we feed.
Any old thing that no other animal will
look at is not good enough for hog
feed. We cannot expect good meat un
less clean food is used. Some farmers,
no doubt, congratulate themselves that
they have all the corn their hogs will
consume and that there is no better
feed. They will start the hogs exclu
sively on corn at the commencement of
the fattening period, using no care not
to give them too much of it, and finally
the result Is that the- appetite and di
gestion of tthe hogs are Injured, and
they are given a backset that they will
not readily overcome. Corn should be
fed in small quantities at first, gradu
ally increasing the amount as the hogs'
stomachs become stronger until they
are on full feed, says a writer in Farm
Press. Better results are produced by
feeding corn In relatively small quanti
ties in conjunction with mill foods,
alfalfa and clover hay and such foods
as turnips, artichokes, etc.
CUTTING ICE.
Inexpensive Homemade Plow "With
j Gauge Attachment.
I A good supply of ice can be put in
without any cash outlay worth speak
ing of. I store mine in the north end
at a shed which I partitioned off and
IOE PLOW.
double walled. Ice kept pretty well
last year simply packed closely and
covered with sawdust I borrowed a
saw. The plow was homemade and Is
plenty good enough for farm use. The
teeth are from old chisels or files bent
and sharpened by the blacksmith and
clamped with bolts between two thir
ty inch 2 by 3 inch beams. The gauge
piece is another thirty inch beam 4 by
3 inches and shod with a piece of three
eighths by two and a half inch iron of
the same length. This iron runs in
the previous groove and regulates the
width of the cut and size of the cakes.
The gauge piece is connected with the
other part by iron braces twenty inches
long and an iron crosspiece about twenty-five
Inches long, says a writer in
American Cultivator. The handles of
the plow are from an old land plow.
Care of Poultry.
The hens do not suffer so much for
green food when the weather is nice
and there is no snow on the ground.
They eat the grass and seem to relish
it though It is dead and brown. At
this season we give the specked ap
ples at sorting time to the hens.
We find that a place for hens to
scratch pays for Itself In one winter
in the fowls' health and in eggs. It
won't do to allow the hens to huddle
in one corner half dead if it's healthy
fowls and eggs we're after. The litter
that accumulates where the hay Is
thrown on the barn floor makes the
best kind of scratching material. The
hens search out the fine seeds and eat
every clover leaf.
We are learning the value of bran
as a hen food. In their soft food for
breakfast we use bran as a basis. It
gives bulk. It is one of the-desirable
feeds that are not too expensive with
eggs at present prices. An experienced
poultry breeder says bran is a good
regulator of the system, and I know,
if other, conditions are right, the feed
ing of bran largely will increase the
egg yield. H. M. W. In Ohio Farmer.
Irriaratlon.
Irrigation laws are probably next In
Importance to the homestead laws,
which were so potent in building up
farm communities in which the owners
immediately became good citizens and
ultimately prosperous. Irrigation, for
Instance, is providing the means foi
making a beautiful garden out of east
ern Washington by utilizing the hun
dreds of streams that have been run
ning to waste. The United States gov
ernment will get every dollar back
that it invests In Irrigation works.
Farm Press.
For Shut la Hens.
In regions where the hens go into
winter quarters about November and
seldom get out till the snow melts in
April green cut bone is advisable to
take the place of insects, grubs, etc,
that the hens find when foraging dar
ing the summer months.
HANDY DEVICE.
Western Contrivance . For Uftina
Heavy .Objects.
Sometimes a few hours spent in mak
ing some device will save much hard
:lifting that falls to the lot of es-ery
farmer. Such a device is fw.id on a
i western farm. It is a co::- r"!iee for
loading and ualoading crated hogs or
other heavy objects, as barrels of salt,
molasses, etc. ,
, The illustration shows a crate about
to be raised from the hog house door.
FOB BAI9INO A CRATE.
As soon as it is high enough the wagon
is backed under and the work is done.
The beam overhead is braced with a
rod and on the Inside of house. It
should be a 2 by 6. For heavy lifting
a small windlass may be used, which
will make it still easier to elevate the
load. Iowa Homestead.
MUTTON FINISHING.
A New Sheep Feeding -Era In the
Corn Belt.
Mutton finishing operations in th
corn belt have been hampered this year
by scarcity and high prices of thm
range sheep and lambs, according to
Breeder's Gazette, Chicago, which fur
ther says:
These a few years ago went beg
ging at Chicago and Omaha. Now val
ues are decidedly out of line with fin
ished stock, practically eliminating the
finisher's margin and forcing him to
feed largely for the gain.
In other words, the man out west
proposes to go out of the business of
selling feeders and finish everything at
home.
"The fact must be apparent to any
close student that the west will not
long continue to furnish the east with
material to fill its feed lots," said Mr.
Knolling, an Idaho breeder. "With the
rapid settlement of the west and ex
tension of the Irrigated area devoted
to small grains and alfalfa, feed will
become abundant, and It must be con
sumed on the ground, owing to long
hauls and expensive freights. The
grain and hay grower in the west will
need every sheep and lamb available
as a medium for converting his crops
Into an easily transported marketable
commodity. This is why Michigan,
Ohio and othert eastern states cannot
depend on the west for a supply of
feeders In the future. If they intend to
continue in the business of making fat
mutton it Is up to them to resume
breeding."
Bedding the Stock.
To go out in the morning and find
your hog troughs full of snow and
their drinking fountains frozen up,
your milk cows humped up In one cor
ner of the yard and the calves that
never saw snow before bawling, the
chickens and turkeys stuck in the snow
bank, the old pump frozen up, etc., how
happy It makes you feel! It doesn't
take long, however, for the thrifty man
to get things in shape and everything
comfortable. There is nothing that
helps to usher in the winter pleasantly
so much as plenty of straw for sheds,
pens and stables. I think there Is mon
ey in keeping everything bedded well,
says a writer in Iowa Homestond.
Support For Berry Bnshes.
In many localities raspberry and
blackberry bushes must be tied up to
prevent neavy
snows from
stripping oft the
tender shoots
that will pro
duce the fruit
of the coming
season. The usu
al stakes and
supports are in
the way of the
wise suppobt. cultivator. The
cut shows an excellent plan for sup
porting the bushes in rows between
two wires fastened to each post This
method keeps the bushes erect and
gives a clear open space between rows
for the cultivator and for the pickers.
Farm Journal.
Nursery Stock For Spring:.
If fruit trees are bought for next
spring's planting do not have them de
livered until nearly ready to plant
them. Let the nurseryman take care
of them until then. And do not receive
them unless they are In good si ape and
fren from insect pests.
BREAKING THE COLT.
Teaching; Him to Take .the Bit awl
-Wear -.the Harness.
Bitting and harnessing should not be
done by driving or riding, but by put
ting a light bridle with an ordinary
snaffle bit on the colt and leaving it on
for a few hours each day until he
ceases to "fight the bit" after which
gentle pressure by the use of the check
rein attached to a surcingle should be
given and the pressure gradually in
creased by shortening the check until
. we get him- to hold his head in about
the position we want. This teaches
him to carry a good head and at the
same time to yield to pressure upon
! the bit. His mouth becomes accustom
I ed to it, and we avoid the sore mouths
so often seen in colts when they are
driven or ridden without preliminary
fitting.
Then harness should be put on and
the colt allowed to run in a large box
stall or paddock for a few hours each
day until he becomes accustomed to
having the harness put on, to wearing
It and having it removed without fear
or nervousness. He is then ready to
be driven, which may be done either
with a good mannered mate or singly.
I do not think it wise to drive two
colts together at first. In fact, I pre
fer teaching a colt to go singly first
and then we seldom have trouble when
we want him to go with a mate, but
many prefer driving him with a steady
but prompt old horse first Whichever
we do, I think we should drive him a
few times with just the harness before
hitching to a rig.
It is well to give him a few lessons
this way first Teach him to stand, go
on, back, etc., and allow him to see all
the sights that are liable to frighten
him. When he is hitched we should
see that both harness and rig are
strong. The idea that "any old thing"
is good enough to hitch a colt to is en
tirely wrong. The "old thing" may
break and the colt injure himself or
run away and thereby learn habits that
he Is very slow to forget Have things
so strong that they are not liable to
break, and be in a position to conquer
him without violence or harshness if
he acts badly, as will sometimes occur
notwithstanding all our trouble. If
driving singly it's wise to use a kick
ing strap for the first few times.
Farmers Advocate.
Raisins Calves.
Our method of bringing up calves is
as follows: The calf is left with the
dam for three days. We believe that
there are elements in the mother's milk
at that time that are essential to the
calf. Furthermore, it is but natural
for the calf to remain with the cow
during this time, and it is nothing more
than right. At the end of three days
the calf is taken away and taught to
drink milk. We give it nine quarts of
milk per day for about a month, when
we add a little oil meal mush and skim
milk from the separator. This is mix
ed with the whole milk and gradually
increased until the calf Is six weeks
old, at which time the whole milk is
taken away. The calves are then giv
en ground oats and bran and a little
clover hay, which is increased as they
develop. Bolt & Huey, Schuyler Coun
ty, N. Y.
Alfalfa Experiments.
At the Utah experiment station al
falfa was cut at different stages of
growth and analyzed. It was found
that when about six inches high the
protein was two-thirds as much as the
starchy and fatty materials, but when
the plant was in full bloom the- pro
tein was about one-third as much as
the starchy and fatty materials. Al
falfa, clover, vetches and peas are
very nutritious when they are mature
or nearly so, but when they are young
and tender they do not contain enough
carbohydrates or starchy matter to
balance the protein (muscle makers).
THE VETERINARY
A slight cut on a horse's tongue will
usually heal and make no trouble. A
bad cut may need a few stitches taken
In it by a surgeon.
Short Teeth In Horses.
If your horse begins to hang his
tongue out of his mouth when driving
have the teeth examined. The trouble
Is usually caused by short teeth. At
tend to it or it may become a habit and
is most objectionable. Harsh bits will
also cause this habit, says the Farm
Journal.
Treatment of Stomach Worms.
Turpentine is ' largely used in the
treatment of stomach worms in sheep.
It is administered as an emulsion with
milk (one part turpentine to sixteen
parts of milk). The emulsion should
be well shaken before drenching the
animal. The dose is two ounces for a
lamb and four ounces for an adult and
to be effective it should be repeated
daily for two or three days.
Choking Cattle.
A breeder who has bad quite a little
experience with the different ways of
removing obstructions from the throats
of choking cattle finds that a short
piece of rubber hose is the best thing
to use. The hose admits air and is not
so apt to slide by the obstruction.
Therefore It is better than a whip
ttock or any solid instrument
Sore Month In Young pigs.
Sore mouth in little pigs is a very
troublesome thing. The only way to
prevent this is to take out their little
tusks when they are about one day old.
It Is fighting for the teat that causes
this and Is very much worse in wet
weather than in dry on account of the
mud that forms a sore, followed by In
flammation and swelling. A very good
remedy is to wash off with carbolic!
add and warm water. Use only a
very little carbolic acid.
Additional Local.
. A rather small audience witnessed the
game of basketball at the armory, Fri
day night, between the OorvalUs High
School and a Philomath team. The score
was 25 to 32 in favor of Corvallis.
Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Hartlev departed
Saturday for the Bohemia mines.
Lon Hawlev of Bellefountain transact
ed business in Corvallis, Saturday,
One of the most elaborate "sprea d s"
given in Corvallis this season was en
joyed at the Marvin restaurant, Saturday
night, when the Jeffersoniau literary
society of O.VC entertained the Pierian
members. The dining room was very
prettily arranged and the menu included
all tbe delicacies that could be desired.
Covers were laid for 70, and the affair
was heartily enjoyed.
The Gazette is requested , to atate that
the two children of Mr, and Mrs. Charles
Ynung who are suffering with, scarlet
fever were taken ill while at school.
This announcement is made that ia case
of other pupils becoming ill the pareuts
will keep them closely at home nntil
their ailment is determined by proper
persons. - Under the circumstances more
cases are likely to develop.
For ton Adams returned home, Sunday,
from Portland, where he went as a dele,
gate from the local lodge to the K. O.
T. M. convention.
Conrad Myers of Albany spent Sunday
with friends in this city.
Born, Sunday, to Mr. and Mrs.
Roy Warfield in Alsea, a daugh
ter. Darwin G. Thayer, ot Rainier, and
Miss Belle Bonnev will be va'ediutoriaa
and talutatorian, respectively, of tbe 'O7
graduating class at OAC. Both are
very bright and popular students.
The last military ball of the season oc
curs at the armory ou the 19th. The
Peerless orchestra of Salem will furnish
music.
The heavy rains the last of the week
caused another small sized flood in the
Willamette, the bottom land across the
river being; flooded at the present time.
As a result of the high water the freight
had to be removad from the dock in this
city, Sunday, and the draymen had to
break the Sabbath by hauling it to a place
of safety.
CUT GREEN BONE.
A Great Ecg Maker Which Should
Be Fed -Regularly to the Fowls.
One of the best and, in fact, one of
the most necessary poultry foods is
green bone, says It. II. Jones in Amer
ican Poultry Advocate. No other food
can entirely take its place. There are
different food elements required for
fowls, and one of the most essential is
protein. The other elements are also
necessary, but this is the one which
is given the most attention by poultry
men. In green cut bone we find a large
percentage of this most essential ele
ment; hence its value as a food. There
may be some objections to feeding
green bone for several reasons, but it
Is certain that the advantages fully
compensate for them.
Green cut bone can be fed advan
tageously to fowls intended for many
different purposes and under different
conditions. It is a great help In has
tening the growth of young birds. Al
so when fed to layiug hens the egg
yield will be increased wonderfully
and the poultry raiser well paid for
the labor expended. It is a food which
all fowls readily eat and it must be
fed judiciously that is to say, not too
much must be given at a time. It Is
a recognized fact that animal food
must be given in some form, and,
while It may be supplied in other
ways, this is undoubtedly the most
economical and satisfactory.
It should recommend itself to poul
trymen, as it is of a very reasonable
cost The bones can be obtained In
abundance from any butcher, by whom
they are generally regarded as waste.
Often they can be had gratis, but even
If it is necessary to pay a cent a
pound for them the investment will be
a good one.
The poultryman should by all means
have a good green bone cutter. The
cost price is very reasonable, and they
will more than pay for themselves.
The bones are put in the machine as
they are received from the butcher.
There are usually small pieces of meat
adhering to them, and these the ma
chine will also reduce to whatever
fineness may be desired.
CHulen ProdueCs For Horses.
Gluten products for horses may bo
fed with good results in connection
with oats, corn or other grain. Begin
by giving to each horse each day
about half a pint or half a pound of
gluten feed or gluten meal. After a
few days increase slightly, but at no
time should these concentrated feeds
constitute more than from one-fourth
to one-half the horse's grain ration.
Feed For Young Lambs.
A writer In Breeder's Gazette, Chi
cago, gives the following treatment for ,
a motherless lamb, the mother dying
at its birth: Take four teaspoonfuls of
fresh milk, one of cream, two of wa
ter and add a little sugar. That is a
feed for a quite young lamb, and it is
fed every ninety minutes and three or
four times during the night at first.
The feed is Increased gradually day
by day, but not till after the third
day. A hungry lamb is safe, so he Is
not too hungry. When a week old the
lamb is fed once in two hours, and
gradually the time of feeding may
lengthen with age and the amount of
feed Increase. ,