OORVA
inn
Vol. XXXII.
Corvallis, Benton County, Oregon, Tuesday, April, 3, 1906.
NO. 29
JLIS
SAN JOSE SCALE.
Excerpt From OAC Bulletin
Prof. A. B. Cordley
by
Perhaps the worst feature of an
attack by San Jose scale is that,
owing to its small size and in
conspicuous color, it often re
mains unnoticed until the tree
has been seriously injured or even
killed. That the tree lacks vigor
may be recognized, but the cause
of its unthriftiness is overlooked.
Yet it is not difficult to detect
when one really looks for it.
In the early stage of infestation
a few scales may be found, usual
ly clustered about the buds of th
preceding "season's growth, or
even on two year old wood. Th
mature scales are grayish in
color, being usually but not
always somewhat lighter than
the bark to wnicn tnev are s
closely attached. The immature
half-grown scales which may be
found with the mature ones, are
at the present time somewhat
darker in color.
The mature females are nearlv
circular in shape, are approxi
mately one-sixteenth inch in di
ameter and each is somewhat
raised in the center to form a
slight protuberance or nipple
which is lighter in color than the
rest of the scale. If this scale is
carefully examined by means of
a small magnifier several con
centric circles may be observed
between the nipple and the out
side edge, and if it be carefully
raised with the point of a pin or
knife there will be revealed a
miniature bright yellow object,
the insect itself.
On badly infested plants the
young scales settle wherever
there is room to insert a beak
" Into the '"bark'and as" "they "in
crease in size they become much
crowded and overlapped and have
the appearance of a gray scurv
deposit on the bark. The nafiral
color of the bark is obscured and
the infested plant appears as
though coated with fine ash
colored bran. If the thumb
nail or other object is rubbed
over this scurvy covering, there
by crushing the insects beneath
the scales, a moist or oily appear
ance is produced and numerous
scales will be overturned and
many of the little yellow insects
be revealed.
During the early stages of an
attack very few if any of the
scales will settle upon the leaves
or fruit. Later both may be at
tacked. Upon the leaves, espec
ially of the prune and peach, the
young scales may be found on
bo h surfaces and more par
ticularly clustered along the
midrib. Each scale produces a
minute purple spot. Upon
purple prunes, red apples, etc.,
the scales appear only as minute
gray specks usually clustered
about the cavities at either end,
but upon the yellow fruits like
pears, peaches, and the yellow
plums and apples, each scale pro
duces a bright reddish discolor
ation If badly infested, the
fruit, particularly ef pears and
apples, become much pitted,
distorted in shape, cracked and
unmarketable.
For the benefit of fruit inspec
tors in particular, it should be
noted that the reddish discoloi
ations upon the yellow truits are
not always caused by San Jose
scale. Upon yellow apples and
particularly upon peaches very
similar spots are produced by at
tacks of certain minute fungi.
Hence, such spots should not in
themselves be taken as proof ot
infestation by the scale. This
can be determined definitely
only by a carefully examination
and the actual detection of the
scale. The presence of such
blotches may well arouse sus
picion of the presence f S-n
Jose scale and should challeng
a careful examinat'ga flllfca. of
growers, buyers and mspcioi ; so
also should the presence oi
dead and shriveled leaves upon
the trees in mid-winter invite ex
amination for although their
presence i not proof of the pres
ence of the scale it is evidence
that the vitalitv of the tree has
been seriously imraired by some
cause and in regions where
San Tose scale is prevalent that
cause in a vast majority of in
stances is the scale.
On the approach of winter
scales of various ages and sizes
ma' be found upon infested trees.
A very low portion especially
ot the immature scales usually
perishes during the winter but at
the presect writing, March 10,
practically all are still alive.
We may expect, therefore, with
normal conditions tor tne re
mainder ot the season, to witness
t veiy itecided increase in scale
infestation during the coming
summer.
The male scales aie not cir
cular but somewhat elongate.
Ut one removes one ot the large
circular scales the little , yellow
object thereby revealed is a
mature female. Under a moder
ate power of the microscope she
proves to be nearly circular,
yellow, sacklike with long,
slender, bristle-like mouth parts.
An examination of the male
shows him to be more elongate
and to possess the rudiments of
legs, wings, eyes, antennae, etc.
The females live and die beneath
tbeir scales never leaving them;
but in April the males molt for
the last time and soon thereafter
emerge froai under their scales
as minute active creatures with
fully developed wings. After
mating the males die.
In May, possibly earlier under
favorable conditions, the females
give birth to living young and
may continue to produce for six
jveeks or longer. The young
Are minute, light orange yellow,.
give"cfeaTures
like mouth parts, two antennae oi
feelers, and six legs. After
emerging from underthe protect
ing scale ot the parent each
wanders over the surface of bark,'
fruit or leaf until a suitable sit
uation is found when the legs
and antennae are folded beneath
the tody, the bristle like beak is
slowly working through the out
er bark into the living tissue
beneath, from which it draws its
substance. At any time during
the summer mouths hundreds of
these little pests may be seen,
even with the unaided eye, as
they crawl about over the bark or
fruit of infested trees.
Even before the young insect
has attached itself to the bark
the section of the scale has begun.
At first it consists only of a fluffy
white mass of fine, waxy threads
which for the first day or so of
its existence cause the young
San Jose scale to appear as a
minute downy white speck on
the bark. As these filaments
become more abundant they
become fused into a more and
more compact scale and assume a
yellowish color. Later the young
scale-insect molts several times
during its growth and the fully
developed scale is thus made up
of fused wax filaments and the
several molted skins.
Each female of the over-winter
generation is capable under
favorable conditions of produc
ing approximately one hundred
young. In the course of but one
month these reach maturity and
the females begin to produce
another generation. There are
thus produced some four or five
generations during the entire
season, under supposedly iav
orable conditions single females
of the later generations have been
observed to produce approximate
ly six hundred young. Basing
their estimates upon breeding
cage observations, Dr. Howard
and Mr. Pergande have shown
that is would be possible under
the most favorable conditions for
the progeny of a single female
to reach the astonishing number
of 3,216,080,400 individuals in a
single session. Sheuld each of
these scales reach the largest
size, one-tenth of an inch, and
were they all placed side by side
touching each other in all dirt-c
tions there would be enough of
them to coy- r appiuximately five
acres of . suiface. It is almost
needless to add that in the in
tense struggle for existence of
organism with organism and
wuh climat e conin'i'ii such an
-'onishing rate of . muftiplica
'n is not even aprp ximated
ider natural conditions Never
' less, when nt ealize-
the enormous rapidity with which
this pest multiplies it is no longer
a surprise that careless work of
spraying fails to give satisfactory
resuls. A few females here and
t ere upon very small portion
;f the tree which had not ben
reached by the spra may during
single season completely rein
fect that tree, satisfactory re
sults are obtained only by the
most thorough work. Every
square inch ot surface of trunk,
limb, branches and twigs should
be thoroughly covered. By far
the most common cause of" un
satisfactory results is the failure
of those who spray to do thorough
work.
Since the female scale is
motionless, and permanently
attached throughout life to the
branch on which it feeds, it is
often asked how is it the San
Jse scale can spread from tree to
tree, orchard to orchard, .and
even for larger distances? It is
only during the first few hours
of its existence that one of these
little pests can emigrate, and ob
servation has shown that even
then it is incapable by its own
efforts of getting more than a few
feet at most from the tree on
which it was born. But birds
and bees and other insects make
good airships tor the little
creatures, and no doubt many a
young scale nas crawled upon
large insect and thereon voyaged
to the distant realm of another
tree or orchard. No doubt also
strong gusts of wind often tear
them loose from the bark on
which they are crawling and
waft them to the branches of
neighboring trees. These are
provisions of nature for disturb
ing the species. Through the
channels of trade they are car
ried long distances, even from
continent to continent upon in
fested nursery stock, cuttings,
etc., and probably to a lesser
extent upon infested fruit. Buds
and scions carelessly taken from
an infested tree may transmit
the pest to the orchard in which
they are placed or many infest an
entire block of trees in some
nursery land theaee be distribut
ed to many orchards. It is also
probable that many are carried
about upon the hands and cloth
ing of the men who prune the
trees or pick the fruit or other
wise work about the orchards.
By such means has the scale
been brought from China, its
native home, to San Jose, Calif.,
whence in thirty-five years it
has spread to practically all the 1
fruit-growing states in the Union
and to various foreign countries.
A Mistaken Idea.
It is all a mistaken idea to Buppose that
oae mast be a Shake3pearean student to
appreciate Shakespearean plays; This
is especially true when the parts are
represented by Mr. Frederick Warde.
2 Every season ner plays are brought
out, but of the hundreds written each
year, bat few survive one brief season.
It is only the best that stands the only
true test the test of time. Plays of
Hamlet and Julius Caesar have been
annually delighting thousands for a
century, and just as they have pl3ased
in the past so they will go on pleasing
as long as there is a theatre open in the
civilized world.
Just Because.
Your cough is only in the throat and
does not trouble you now, don't think
that it needs no attention. When it has
not. had much of a start is ' the
time to check it. The slightest cough
easily leads to pneumonia, bronchitis,
and consumption. A bottle of Ballard's
Horehoaads Syrup will cure that cough.
Tke price puts it within reach ef alL
Sold by Graham 4 Wortham.
BROWN OUT FOR GOVERNOR.
Reform Sheriff Out on a Speeping
Reform Ticket.
(Extract from Baker City Her
ald, February 2, 1902 )
Harvey G. Brown, for the past 4
years sheriff of Baker county, an
nounces himself as a candidate
for the nomination ot governoi
on the republican ticket, subject
to the voter and not the machine
of the party, at the primaries on
April 20, 1906.
His platform is as follows:
The primary law and the elec
tion of all officers by . direct vote
of the people. .
Abolishment of all machines
and bosses, and let the people
rule.
' Enforcement of all laws, city,
county, state and United States
and the repealing of the same if
not the proper laws for the peo
ple. The abolishment of the use of
money for campaign funds and
purposes by any candidate, fac
tion or corporation, only as actual
legitimate expenses.
And last, but not least, woman
suffrage.
HARVEY BROWN'S STATEMENT.
I believe ia our new primary
law because it gives the people a
chance to select whom they want;
they are not compelled now to
take what the old machine and
the bosses put up for them at the
old conventions.
I am a Roosevelt republican,
who, in my opinion, is one man
that is strictly honest, and one
that monev does not tempt, and I
think it time that the republicans
of Oregon were turning down the
old machine and bosses and get
ting in line with the people, be
cause if they do ikfT tbey "will
turn them all down, as they have
evidently done in Portland, and
get men from another party .who
will do as the people want done.
The use of monev for compaign
purposes I ara strictly opposed to,
only as legitimate expenses. Be
cause people for the right don't
put up money for that purpose,
but corporations, wholesalers and
retailers in legitimate business
and gamblers will put up money
to no limit to hold on to and
further their interests in the city,
county, state and United States.
And if they don't put up the
the money, and a candidate does,
he' jrenerally. as past records
wil show, by grafting or usinvr
public money, will go wrong al
ways to the detriment of the
party and the people at large.
And here I want to urge the re
publican party in every county
to nominate tne right kind of
men for senators and representa
tives to be voted on at the next
general election.
Now, last of all, but not least,
woman suffrage. I believe in it
because if a mother is capable
of raising a boy from the cradle
tomauhood, she is also capable
of voting and helping to make
laws that help govern the boys
after they are men. And if any
one in the world has any in
fluence over men for the better
ment ot mankind and good gov
ernment, it is a good mother,
wife, daughter, sister or sweet
heart, and we will all have to
admit there is a very large ma
jority of this kind of women in
our glorious old Oregon, my na
tive state.
Now as for my record, it is l ere
in Baker county, from childhood.
A ad as to my record as sheriff, I
have done the best I could 1 r
the people under the' circum
stances, and can say I am out
man that is just as free today a
I was the day I went in office,
and I will admit that I am it
erator or public speaker, but on
of the best single handed talker
in this county on these subjects,
and I expect some great criticisn.
from our learned .men. of, the
stav. , . . .
. Tnese few reasons for my plat
form are from mv own personal
experience, and is the outcome of
mm
THERE IS A GIRL IN THE CASE.
Perhaps it's your intended, or maybe a
daughter. Either way if the watch is
one I sold it's a good one.
WATCHES
that keep correct time are the kind I deal
in. It makes 110 difference if the time
piece I sell you is a silver-cased one or a
iewelled gold-cased chronometer; they
both bear my warrantee. I sell at a low
margin and that increases my sales. My
goods and prices are both satisfactory.
Albert J. Metzger
WATCHMAKER
Occidental Building,- - - - Corvallis
Figure any way you will. The man or woman who
makes a purchase at our store actually saves money. We do
not claim that all our goods are sold at cost, but we do claim
that our customers are not deceived That our goods are sold
only at a profit consistent with the times, and that marking
some goods AWAY UP and some AWAY DOWN is not
allowed in our store. A SQUARE DEAL to everybody is
our motto.
Before commencing house cleaning drop in look over
our prices (all in plain figures) and see what we have in
FURNITURE, CARPETS,
MATTING, WALL PAPER,
LINOLEUM, ETC.
LARGE LINE OF COUCHES. NEW LINE OF GO-CARTS.
GRANITE
and
TINWARE
H01LO3BERG 3 CADY.
A Specialty
We are making a specialty in the form of the latest and most
up-to-date eye glass mounting, ever offered to the public.
This eye glass mounting is "The Heard" guaranteed to stay on
where others absolutely fail.
If you care to investigate call at my store'any time.
E.W. S. PRATT, Jeweler and Optician.!
SEEING IS BELIEVING
Then come in and see my line of Sporting Goods and be mn-M,m"rar
vinced that it is the best and most complete line ever brought?
to your city, consisting of Guns and Ammunition, Fishing Tackle,55ij
Base-ball Goods, Bicycles and Sundries, Pocket Knives, Razors,"
Sewing Machine Supplies, etc. Gasoline and Dry Cells for sale.
Agent for the Olds Gasoline Engines and Automobiles.
Guns and Bicycles For Rent. First-class Repair Shop.
M. M. LONG,
Ind. Phone 128, Residence 324.
CORVALLIS, - OREGON.
11 '
my going into office as Sheriff of
Baker county determined to find
ut the leason why our laws were
iot inlorced, and why a majority
f all officers go wrong.
One of the people.
HARVEY K. BROWN.
t Take. The Gazette for all the
local news.
SFEMCER'G
Hair I nvigoraioir
And Dandruff Eradlcator
i ?
a
1 13
O
rr
w o
sr a
3
2 5
' Trad) dirk Registered.
Price, - Fifty Cents
Manufactured by
The Vegetable Compound Company
Corvallis, Oregon 9tf
STOVES
and
RANGES
IT
We Fix Everything
Trial Solicited. Work Guaranteed.
I r TYL FR New Line of Bicycles,
w. r. nun. Columbias and Ramblers.
CASTOR I A. ,
Tor Infants and Children.
The Kind You Have Always Bought
Bears the
Signature of
FOLEYSKOIlEYian
toe ehlldrmut mafm, wtre -V