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About Corvallis gazette. (Corvallis, Benton County, Or.) 1900-1909 | View Entire Issue (June 24, 1904)
CORVALLIS GAZETTE duetto Publishing Co. CORVALLIS. OREGON EVENTS OF THE DAY Comprehensive Review of the Import ant Happenings of the Past Week, Presented In Condensed Form, Most Likely to Prove Interesting. The Vladivostok squad ion has re- turned to Port. Japanese artillery is using lyddte shells extensively. Russia believee Japan is tii ing of the -war and would welcome mediation. The coroner's inquiry into the wreck of the. General Slocum has commenced. The release of captives Perdicaris and Varley has again been delayed for a week. According to Russian advices the Standard Oil company has absorbed the Russian oil trust. The Russian army at Mukden is now able to take a much needed rest as the Japanese advance has stopped. The Portland mine, in Cripple creek, the former stronghold of unionism, will hereafter employ nonunion help. The Connecticut court hae ruled that W. J. Bryan must turn over to Mrs. Philo Bennett all the money from the estate of her late husband. The Transcontinental Passenger as sociation is in session at St. Paul. The most important matter to come be foie the meeting for consideration will be rates to the LewiB and Clark expo sition. A big battle is imminent in Southern Manchuria. The British battleship Prince of Wales is at Tangier. All the Russian ships at Port Arthur are repaired and ready for sea.. Representative Tawney is sure the Lewis and Clark fair will be a success in every way. The city of New York will raise the wreck of the General Slocum to make sure it contains no bodies. The fourth of the transports which met with the Russian Vladivostok iwiuadron is now known to have been sunk. Fanatical Mongols are being urged to revolt by alleged apostles of the god Ariol and may cause the Russians much touble. Lieutenant General von Wahl, for merly chief of police of St. Petersburg, is likely to be appointed governor gen eral of Finland. The directors of the Portland mine will dismiss the damage action begun bv their suDerintendent against the state of Colorado for closing the mine It is believed that the Japanese fleet has met the Russian Vladivostok squadron near Sasebo. The Teamsters' union, of Chicago, and their employers are expected to have trouble shortly. Many of the Japanese on the trans ports sunk by the Russians committed suicide rather than be captured. The number of vessels in the Port Arthur harbor at present is 15, includ ing merchantmen and warships. Authorities at Cripple Creek claim to have the man in jail who blew up the Independnce depot platform. Gieat Britain and Russia are raid to be on the eve of reaching an under standing regarding the yellow peril. The big break in the Sacramento riv er near Stockton has been closed aid the flow of water checked. The loss to farmers, however, will be extensive. The train robbers who held up the L Northern Pacific train in Montana se cured $55,000. Kid Curry, the former Montana bandit is leading a posse in pursuit. Cuba has been swept by a hurricane which caused many deaths and great damage. The sultan of Morocco has alarmed Tangier by sending troops of the worst type there. The Porttland mine wiil sue the state of Colorado for $100,000 on account of being closed by the military. The Vladivostok squadron is now known to have sunk two Japanese transports, which carried about 1,000 men down with them.. Gneeral Stalxelberg, badly beaten at Vafangow, may yet save his army by retreating. Two batteries of artillery have been literallyc ut to pieces by the Japanese and of their 16 guns, 13 were bo badly damaged as to be rendered utterly worthless ana were abandoned. Two masked men held up the North Coast Limited Northern Pacific passen ger train near Bear mouth, Montana. The safe in te express car was blown open and the contents taken. It is not known how much was secured, but it is beliveed the sum was large. An attempt has been made to assas sinate the governor general of Finland. The Amity dam in the Arkansas Colorado, has river, near Fort Lyons, been torn out by the hig water and is a total loss. The dam cost $100,000 to construct only last year. Immense damage is feared to crops under the Amity canal. Burglars dynamited a safe at Pipe stone Springs, Montana, near Butte, and secured $2,700. CAAI MY COWfr-. Appropriate ' ul $5.0O lor et od ft t-Mir. - Portland, June . 22 Canada may conclude to tak an active part in the Lewis and Clark exposition. While that government seemed disinclined change has ' been eleventh hour. A has in the past to participate, . a wrought , in the bill making an ap propriation of $50,000 is to be intro duced at once in the Canadian parlia ment. r Telergaphic communication to this effect was received at lewis and Clark headqu rters yesterday morning. The telegram was received from Colonel H. E. Do8ch, commissioner general, who recently went io Ottawa to interest the Canadian officials in the fair. It wan addressed to Director General Goode, but, as Mr. Goode has been out otthe city for a week past, the message was received by Secretary Henry Reed. The message is as follows: "After many consultations and inter views, outlook for Canada's participa tion is favorable. Ministers will ask parliament for $50,000." This news was a pleasant surprise to fair officials, who had all but given up hope of getting the Canadian govern ment interested. All communications 8nnt to Ottawa and to Canadian officials had been courteously replied to, but the tone of the replies was not encour aging there seemed to be a disposi tion on the part of the Canadian people to concentrate their efforts on making a fine exhibit at the fair in Belgium, which takes place next year, almost simultaneously with the Lewis and Clark exposition. In the event parliament makes the appropriation asked for, it is thought the province of British Columbia can be brought into line. It is known that British Columbia has been holding back to see what reception the exposition will get from the general government before taking any action. Favorable action from the general government will, therefore, it is believed, insure the participation of British Columbia as a province. f AID STILL ON. Russian Vladivostok Squadron Is Again Sighted Off Japan Tokio, June 22. The Russian Sibe rian squadron from Vladivostok was sighted again at noon yesterday off Main island in the sea of Japan, but was apparently following out a prear ranged plan, as the vessels steamed at about 11 knots' speed slowly toward the northwest, paying no attention to the shores. Judging by their position in the water, they are heavily laden and it is sup posed that before leaving Vladivostok on this last trip they filled all of their reserve bunkers with coal, so that they can keep out of port for not less than three weeks. In spite "f the menace to their trans port fleet the Japanese officials here de elare that their oriignal plans will be carried out, no matter what tbe cost They declare that there is no chance for the Port Arthur squadron to make sortie to join Admiral Skrydlon, as Admiral Tog has so disposed of his ships about the harbor mouth that any vessels putting out will be sunk before they are even clear, of thesidstead. WORRYINQ THH JAPANESE. SkrydlofTs Squadron's Work Apprect ative at St Petersburg. St. Petersburg, June 22.- Vice Ad' crural SkrydlofTs meswage to the em' peror from Valdivostok, in which he detais the operations of tbe squadron, indicates that he has accounted for at least three of the Japanese transports besides a suspected collier. The mes sage does not indicate trie present whereabouts cf the squadron. The fact that the collier was cent to Vladivost under a prize crew might indicate that the news of the operations of the squad ron was brought there by her and that the cruisers are still at sea. The destruction of an aggregate of IS. 000 tons of shipping besides troops and crews and a valuable cargo of sup plies is considered here as being a good showing for the raid made by the cruia ers. it is thought that it will nave a moral effect and will besides necessarily divert a considerable section of Vice Admiral Togo's fleet. Strategy Is Criticised. Liao Yang, June 22. For the first time since the beginning of the war, General Kuropatkin has taken personal direction of the operations, and in con sequence of his having assumed the offensive results different from those following recent events are anticipated. The tactics of the Japanese are admired here, but their strategy is criticised, es pecially with regard to the battle of Vafandien. During the battle the in fantry extended over the field further than the eye could reach, one division covering six miles. Cossacks Return Prom Raid. Mukden, June 22. A raiding party of Cossacks, just returned from two months in Corea, bring veibal news re garding the Japanese position, accord ing to which the Japanese forces on the Yalu river have become decidedly weak, owing to tne confidence of the Japanese commanders, based on the results of the first fight. The Cossacks say that the inhabitants are well disposed to ward the Russians. Many Coreans constitute the rear guard. - r Liner Australia "Wrecked. " Melbourne. June 22. -The Peninsula & Oriental liner 'Australia, ' inward bound, struck on the rocks at Point Nepean today j and it is feared she will be a total loss." The passengers and crew were landed safely. She was "of 3,700 tons net. SHOT BY RUSSIANS NEW YORK NEWSPAPER MAN TAKEN FOR A SPY. MIS Colonel Edward Emerson, Jr., Cabled Last Month That He Would Leave Japanese Army, as He Could Get Into Lines of the Enemy Report Gives No Details. New York, June 22. A cable dis patch to the World today, which is not signed, and which the World says was probably forwarded by the American legation at Pekin, announces the shoot ing of Colonel Edward Emerson, Jr. one of the World's correspondents in the Far East, and conveyed the impres sion that he had been killed. The cable stated that it was reported that Emerson had been shot by Russians, who mistook him for a spy. A letter was received from Emerson by the World shortly before the receipt of this cable, dated May 14, containing these expressions : "Mukden is muzzled; no news can get out from there. I find I can get into the Russian lines." Emerson left the Japanese army some time ago, and pushed on to Mukden. SAYS RUSSIA LOST 7,000 MEN. Wounded Officer Says No Troops Could Have Withstood Japanese. Nm Chwang, June 22. A Russian officer who was wounded in the battle at Vafangow (Telissu) told an Associ ated Press correspondent that the losses on both sides were severe. He places the Russian casualties at least at 7,000 He says no soldiers in the world could withstand the Japanese as they have been fighting lately. Their artillery fire, he asserts, is marvelously effective The Russians fought stubbornly, des perately, but were unable to'withstand the enemy's dashing persistency. Several hundred wounded Russians have been sent north, owing to a lack of hospitals and surgeons. All the available transpoitation has to be used for supplies at the expense of the sick and wounded. The Japanese buried most of the Russian dead after the bat tle. It is estimated on the information obtainable that the force movingnortb ward is 70,000 strong, with 90,000 men in the aggregate engaged in the opera tions at Port Arthur. Several Japan ese spies have recently been captured a few miles south of Nm Chwang. The Russians are becoming more vig ilant and are watching newspaper mes sages closely. JAPANESE LOSSBS ONLY 1,000. Tokio Believes Vafangow Battle Cost the Bnemy 10,000 Men. Tokio, June 22. Further reports re ceived here show that the blow in flicted by General Oku on the Russians in the fighting at Telissu (Vafangow) on June 15, was more severe than at first was ' believed. The number of Russians killed in this battle probably will exceed 2,000, and theii total losses, including prisoners, is estimated at 10,000. The Japanese losses are less than 1,000, or about one-tenth of the Russian total. Up to June 17, General Oku had buried 1,516 dead and he reports that many more dead have been found. Chinese who witnessed the fighting from the Russian side report that the Russians removed many dead men from the trains with their wounded, and that they buried . or cremated many corpses in the village of Huasungkou before they retreated. The number of prisoners and trophies taken by the Japanese is increasing. General Oku is not yet able to report the total number of prisoners. Four-Story Brick Collapses. Kansas City, June 22. One person was killed, another probably is dead, buried under tons of debris, and seven others were injured, one fatally, here today by the collapse of the four-story brick building at Third and Delaware streets, occupied by the Block preserv ing company. The collapse was caused by the explosion of ammonia on the fourth floor. One side of the structure, extending its whole height, fell in. There were 50 girls on the upper stories at the time, and a panic prevailed among them. Morton Can Succeed Moody. Washington, June 22. The Post says: President Roosevelt has mvitd Paul Morton to become a member of his official family as secretary of the navy. Mr. Morten has the matter under con sideration and has not yet given any intimation of acceptance or declination. Mr. Morton is the son of the late J. Sterling Morton, who was secretary of agriculture in the second cabinet of President Cleveland, He is 47 years old. Large Fire at Utah Mine. Park City, Utah, June, 22. The big No. 2 hoist of the Ontario mine, locat ed near this city, was totally destroyed today, throwing 200 men out of employ ment and causing a nominal loss of $400,000. The actual loss, however, will not greatly exceed $600,000,' the OS8 otherwise being an immense Corn ish pump, which has not been used Bince the completion of the Ontario tunnel, which drains that district, sev eral years ago. FEAR TO PAY BANDIT. Ministers Object Giving Him Qold Until Captives are Free. Washington, June 21. A cablegram received at the state department from Consul General Gummere at Tangier, in confirming the press report that the sultan has, agreed to all of Raisuli's terms, adds the bandit requested that the money ransom, $55,000, be paid over today. Mr. Gummere expressed grave doubts as to the advisability of making this payment before Perdicaris and Varley were actually - released, and safely returned to Tangier. Injiis cablegram the consul general states that Raisuli's negotiator " re turned to Tangier last night and re ported that the terms had been ac cepted and the money as well as the prisoners released by the sultan today must be immediately turned over to Raisuli at Taradant, where he is now located, and the "captives will be re leased. Mr. Gummere and the British minis ter both objected to this plan, on the ground that they placed everything . in Raisuli's hands and they had no assur ance that he would carry out his agree ment after he got bold of the money Therefore they sent a special courier to Raisuli, suggesting that the exchange be effected through the shentr of Wazen, who nad a powerful influence over Raisuli. The answer is expected to morrow. Based on past experience, it is feared Raisuli is not to be depended upon, and once he has the money in hand and still controls the prisoners, he will make fresh demands. However, noth ing more can be done at this stage, ac cording to Mr. Gummere, and the state department will await the conclusion o( this last attempt to free the prison ers. CURRENCY FOR PANAMA. Commission Makes' the Dollar of United States the Standard. the Washington, June 21. Ihe com mission charged with the preparation of a currency system for Panama today reached an agreement, which estab lishes a coin equivalent in fineness and weight to the dollar of the United States as the standard, and which also mal 63 the United States dollar legal ton it r in Panama. Under the terms of the agreement, tna fanama government will recom or convert the Colombian silver into coins of the size of a silver dollar. The amount of this silver in Panama is now estimated at $1,500,009. At the request ef Secretary Taft, it was agreed to coin more silver until a total of $6,000,000 is reached. In or der to retain a parity with gold, there will be deposited in some reputable bank in New York 15 per cent of the amount coined, and, in addition, there will be deposited all the seignorage which Panama Till make in the coin' age to meet the, American government's lequirements. The agreement provides for a joint arrangement between the government of Panama and the canal commission, under which, by selling drafts and drawing on tbe funds ex change can be kept down to a reason able figure, not above 2 per cent and thus avoid large fluctuations of the rate. UNABLE TO BLOCK HARBOR. Japanese Make Another Desperate At tempt at Port Arthur. Liao Yang, June 21. According to trustworthy news from Port Arthur, the Japanese, before June 14, made a fourth unsuccessful attempt to block the entrance to the harbor, using four fire ships, two of which were immedi ately sunk by shots from the batteries, the other two withdrawing. The Rus sian fleet, according to these advices, is intact, and the spirits of' the garrison and inhabitants are excellent. The soldiers are eager to fight and are confident of the impossibility of the taking of Port Arthur by the Jap anese. .Most ot the inhabitants have enlisted in the volunteers and 600 women have offered their services. Perfect order is maintained and trade and industry are carried on as usual. Provisions are plentiful, there being sufficient supply to last six months on full rations and a year at reduced rations. The Japanese outposts are 18 miles from Port Arthur. Forces Now More Fven. Liao Yang, June 21. The retirement of the Russians before a superior force from Vafangow and the advance of the Japanese east and north makes immi nent a still more important engagement in the southern region. The Japanese nave now arrived at a point where the forces are more equal, and where they must fight on more even terms. The loss of 2,000 men by the Russian divis ion a at vatangow snows the courage and ability of the officers and troops to retain their position under a percent age of loss almost unprecedented. Intended to Pocket Stakelberg. St. Petersburg, June 21. The war office has received important news re garding General Kuroki and the reason why he is at Suyen with three divsons of about 30,000 men and with the re serves. It is believed Kuroki really contemplated combined operations to cut off and pocket Stakelberg, but that he delayed tod long. It is understood that Kuropatkin sent a strong Russian force south of Liao Yang to meet Kuro ki's move. Japanese Loan la Qreat Demand. London, June 21. A dispatch to the Central News from Tokio announces that the total subscriptions to the sec ond issue of exchequer bonds ($59,- 000,000) amounted to $160,246,762. The bonds are issned at 92, bear 5 per cent interest and are to run for - seven years. '' -; :. HAPPENINGS HERE IN OREGON RAILROAD TO DALLAS. Salem Commercial Club Accepts Offer of Engineer Coo vert. . Salem At a meeting of the Greater Salem Commercial club, the offer of J W. Coovert, engineer of the Dallas- Falls City railroad, to build a railroad from Salem to Dallas, was accepted The proposal calls foi a loan of $72,000, to bear 5 per cent interest and to be se cured by a first mortgage upon the road for terminal grounds 500x800 feet in West Salem, and a right of way through West Salem. Air. uoovert win go to work upon the road as soon as the money is guar anteed by the business men of this city, not later than July 15, and it is his in tention to have the road completed be' fore the rainy season sets in next fall The following resolutions were also ad opted by the club: "Resolved, That it is the sense of the Greater Salem Commercial club that it would be to the best interests of the people of this city for Salem to own and operate an electric. light plant to supply the city and its inhabitants with light, and we would respectfully ask the Salem city council to appoint a committee to investigate the matter of Salem purchasing or constructing and operating such a plant. "Resolved, That the city council receive propositions from persons or corporations having water powers or lighting plants to sell." Road to Blue River Mines. Eugene The Commercial club, at i recent meeting, took steps toward fur ther improving the road to the ' Blue river mines, on which a good many thousand dollars have already been ex pended. A committee of eight business men was appointed to make a personal inspection of the district and report to the club within ten days. Extensive improvements are being made in' the Blue river district this summer and good road is necessary to keep Eugene in touch with the mines. A force of carpenters will leave here in a few days to erect a thiee-story hotel, 60x70 feet, a two-story ouiding auxeu teet and a two-story assay office at the Lucky Boy mine. New Volume of Court Decisions. Salem Volume 43 of the Oregon su preme court reports has been delivered to the secretary of state by the state printer and the secretary; is . now pre pared to Bupply all who wish copies at the price fixed by law, $3.50, together with 28 cents to cover postage. This volume includes the opinions of the supreme court in cases decided up to November, 1903. The opinions report ed occupy 636 pages, and the index, which is very complete, 70 pages more. The repots are published by the state are sold to members of the bar and others at the cost of publication. Rich Strike Shows Stronger. Medford Reports from the Grayback rich strike, continue to pour in. Sev eral men have worked the property and have opened up tbe vein ovei 200 feat They report the showing much better than at first. Many miners are leaving for the Ecene, going by private convey ance from Jacksonville. The strike is located 54 miles northwest of Medford, near the California line, on a divide between the Illinois and Klamath riv ers, where rich placer beds were found in early days. In one day foui men mortared out $3,800. Scholarship to Albany Qrl. Albany President W. H. Lee, of Albany college, has announced that the scholarship which the college annually awarded to a graduate of the Albany high school would this year go to Miss Martha Montague. Miss Montague se cured the scholarship by competitive work, she having maintained the high est grade of scholarship for her class during her entire course in the high school. This scholarship will entitle Miss Montague to free tuition. Law of Water Rights. Salem Because of the rapid develop ment in irrigaton and the growing im portance of water-right questions, State Librarian J. B. Putnam has been strengthening the library in authorities on that branch of law. The latest ad dition was made lately when he re ceived a large three-volume work, "Farnham on Water Rights." The edition is of the year 1904. Qrandstand for Chautauqua. Oregon City At a recent meeting of the board of directors of the Willam ette Valley Chautauqua association it was decided to erect a grandstand hay ing a seating capacity of 500. This improvement will be stationed on the athletic grounds, and is calculated for the comfort of those attending the base ball games which constitute one of the most attractive diversions at the Chau tauqua meeting. Looking for a Mill Site. Medford B. H. Harris, of Medford, who has a large timber tract in the vi cinity of Big Butte Falls, located about 30 miles northeast of Medford, has left this city with a party of surveyors to locate a mill site near the falls, also to run a line of survey from the mill site to Medford for the purpose of construct ing a railroad which will tap the larg est timber belt in Southern Oregon. " Placed on Agricultural Board. Salem Governor Chamberlain has appointed Mark Hulburt, of Albany, a member of the state board of agricul ture. . . .--!. -i - i' ; BOY FINDS QOLD. As a -Result a Southern Oregon Family Cleans Up $25,000 In a Week. Grant's Pass A milkpan half full of gold 200 ounces valued at more than $4,000, was the sight that greeted scores of visitors at the Grant a I aea Banking & Tust company's bank one day last week. This represents about one-fifth of the amount taken from a ledge since its discovery. The discov ery was made by the 18-year old son of David Biggs. While out hunting he stumbled onto a ledge of decomposed quartz which was more gold than quartz. He secured a chunk the size of a candle box and took it to his father's placer claim, where it was mortared and yielded nearly $800. Early next morning the family staked out seven claims and began min ing. In two hours they had $2,000, and in one week they had mortared out $25,000, and Mr. Briggs reports the ledge getting better all the time. The whole amount was taken from an exca vation ten feet long by seven feet deep. The find is the talk of the country, and already the surroundiing hills are being searched by prospectors and gold excitement is at fever heat. The ledge is located in the southeastern part ot Josephine county, about 50 miles from Grants Pass. Dredge Clears a Passage. Astoria The bar dredge Chinook has not missed a day at work on the Columbia entrance excepting the time consumed in coaling, since her return from Portland, and has accomplished very much in that time. The record performance for one day is 5,000 cubie yards or more than 9,000 tons. Thi is the greatest day's work ever done by a vessel of her class, and the perform ance has been highly gratifying to the officers. The big vessel has materially deepened the river entrance, and pilots say that the depth has inci eased two feet in some places. ' Pheasant Bill Not a Law. Salem In answer to an inquiry from. Game Warden J. W. Baker, Attorney General Crawford has rendered an opinion in which be holds that the pheasant bill of 1903 did not become a law. This has been the generally ac cepted opinion. Although the bill waa signed by the presiding officer of each house, approved by the governor and filed in the office of. the secretary of state, the records show that it leceived only 30 votess in the house, or one less: than a majority, and therefore it did not pass the house. Leglslators Pick Out Seats. Salem Members of the Oregon leg- lslature have already commenced 86- lecting their seats for the session of 1905, and about two-thirds of the seate have been assigned in each house. Sec retary of State Dunbar has a plat of the floor of each house, and has assign ed members to seats upon receiving- requests from them. He will have- jiame cards printed m .large Jetteist and placed on the front of the desks of' the different members. PORTLAND MARKETS. Wheat Walla Walla, 69c: bluestem. 77c; valley. 78c. Barley Feed., $23 per ton; rolled,. $24.50 25. . Flour Valley, $3.904.05 per bar rel; hard wheat straights, $44.25:: clears, $3.854.10; hard wheat pat ents, $4.404.70; graham, $3.504 rye flour, $4.50. Oats No. 1 white, $1.25; giay $1.20 per cental. Millstuffs Bran, $1920 per font middlings, $25.5027; fhorts, $20 21; chop. $18; linseed, dairy food, $19. Hay Timcthy. $15(316 per tont clover, $89; grain, $1112; cheat,. $lltrl2. Butter Fancy creamery, 17J20ct store, 1213c per pound. Eggs Oregon ranch, 1920. Cheese Fuil cream, twins, new stock 1212c; old stock, 78c; Young- America, 1314c. Poultry Fancy hens, 1212Kc per pound; old hens, 2ci mixed chickens, 1011; old roosters, 88c young roosters, 1213c; springs, 1 2-pound, 1718c; broilers, 11V- pound. 1820o, dressed.chickens, 13- 13Hc; turkeys, live, 1416c; dressed 1516c; choice, 2022c; geese, live 67c; dressed. 9110c; ducks', old, $67 per doz; young, as to size, $3.60 J. Vegetaoles Turnips, $1.25 per sack carrots. $1.50; beets, $1.25; parsnips, $1.25; cabbage, 22; red cabbage, 2jc; lettuce, head, 2540c per doz tomatoes, $1.752; cauliflower, $1.75 2 per doz; celery, 7590c; cucum bers, $1.25; asparagus, 50c ; peas. 46c per lb; beans, green, 10c; wax, 10c squash, $1 per box; green-corn, 6 Oct per doz. Honey $33.50 per case. Potatoes Fancy, 75c$l per cental t new potatoes, $1.752 per cental. Fruits Strawberries, 536c per lbs cherries, 57c; gooseberries, 6c; ap ples, new, $1.50(3)2; apricots, 90c$l per box; plums, $1; peaches, 90c$l; canteloupes. $4.50 per crate. Hops 1903 crop, 2324c per lb. Wool Valley, 1920c per lb; East ern Oregon, 1216c; mohair, 30c per pound for choice. Beef Dressed, 57c pei lb. Mutton Dressed, 46c per lb; laHrhr, 8c. . . Veal Dressed, 100 to 125, 67c per lb; 125 to 200, 5)6c; 200 and up 4)5c. , Pork Dressed, 100 to 150, 77c; 150 and up, 6 7c. . ! .- -