THE MOlfflEKG HEBALDi SUNDAY, DECEMBEK 15, 1KS9
UN'CLE SAM'S FARM.
The Biffircst Thincr of the Kind
- rtj '
on the Face of the Earth.
TIIK HIMIU AND A KIT ItEOION
Altbengb Ow 700,000,000 Acres Hav
Bats Bald nd DsoiteJ, 1,150,000,
000, Bemaia in tha Market.
Since indejieiidenec was achieved
the United states government has
been the largest owner of arable
land on earh. The total area of
the piiblio domain, sold and un
Fold, amounts 1,849,072,587 acres,
and ron.stitutCH 7'J jilt cent, of the
area of the United .States, including
Alaska. Alxmt 7OO,O0J,O0O aires
of land have ftcon sold and donated,
about 1, 500,000 000 acres remain
unsoiii. as tno Area or AiasKa is
30;i,r):;o,000 acres, the area unsold
exclusive of that territory is uljout
780,000,000 acres.
This vast landed estate, says
Joseph Ximmo, Jr., in Frank Les
lie's Illustrated Ncwspaja-T, was
acquired by the war of indepen
dence; by the purchase from
Franco in 180: of the enormous
area known as the Province of
Louisiana, extending from the
Mississippi river to the Pacific
ocean ; by the purchase of Florida
in 1821, from Spain, by the treaty
of i trace with Mexico, in 1848, and
the supplemental treaty of 185.",
which nave as California and
brought our southern Itoundary
line down from Oregon to where it
is now; by purchase of lxrder
lands from Texas in 1850, and by
the purchase of Alaska from Hussia
in lSr',7. The cost of the public do
main for purchase, quieting Indian
M'cupancy titles, surveys, and sales,
has been 17 2-5 cents per acre.
The prices at which the public
lands haw been sold have ranged
from VlYt cents to $2.50 per -acre
for agricultural lands ; $2.50 to $5
per acre for mineral lands except
coal lands, which are sold at $10
and $20 iter acre, according to lo
cation with respeot to land grant
railroads. The governmental bal
ance sheet on account of public
lands on June IJOtli, 1880, stood
thus:
Kxitendilures
Purchase ami cessions
Surveying and sale
ship in the same uniform manner
from one to thirty-six was devised
during the period when our na
tional government was a confed
eracy. The bill which enacted it
is dated May 20, 1785, and was re
ported by a committee of which
Thomas Jefferson waa chairman.
Such, briefly, are some of the
more important historical facts in
regard to "Uncle .Sam's Farm".
And now let us turn from the past
to the present and future. Great
questions of administration and of
public policy confront us, and de
mand solution - at the hands of the
generation which now controls the
destinies of the nation.
The national domain is divided
by nature into two distinct areas,
sometimes designated as the "hu
mid region" and the "arid reirion".
The former embraces all lands
uiKin which agriculture mav be
...
j carried on ty means oi the natural
. i rainfall, and'the latter the area in
winch agriculture can Ito success
fully prosecuted only by means of
artificial irrigation." Tlie physical
characteristics of the arid region
atlect the national
pitable region. Soon the brave
frontiersmen who composed this
host of fortune-seekers were driven
by the sheer force cf circumstance
to agriculture by irrigation. Thus
a vealth of soil was discoverad far
in excess of the wealth of mine,
and within the last year the im
portant fact has dawned upon the
country that the reclamation of the
agricultural lands of the arid region
opens up the last and perhaps the
most imjtortant chapter m the' his
tory of the sujugation of wild lands
to the uses ot civilized man upon
this continent.
The area of agricultural lands
misccpt ible to reclamation by means
of irrigation is various! v estimated
at from 125,000,000 to "200,000,000
of acrea. Even 125,000,000 acres
is sufficient for the agricultural
area oi a mighty empire. It is
nine times the area of the improved
land in farms in Pennsyluania,
eight times that of New York, and
00 per cent, more than that of all
the New England states, New
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Delaware, Maryland, Virginia,
North Carolina, isouth Carolina
aiiect me national economy m ini- oriii Carolina, Jsoutn Carolina,
lortant particulars, and constitute Georgia and Florida combined.
Indian occupancy titles,
conditions which demand certain
modifications of our public land
policy.
The arid region of the United
States extends from about the
10!)th meridian of west longitude to
the Sierra Nevada range and the
lacnit: ocean. Approximately its
dimensions are 1,200 miles "from
north to gouth and I ,:J00 miles
from fast to west. It contains, in
round numbers, 100,000,000 acres
of land. According to Maj. Joint
V. Powell, Director of the Geologi
cal Survey, it embraces about four
tenths of the total area of the
United Stales, exclusive of Alaska.
For many years the arid region
was known as the "Great Ameri
can Desert". This designation,
with respect on characteristic, was
appurantly correct its rainfall is
A. A" ! a
noi suiiicieni lor me needs ot agn
culture. Rut in other important
particulars it is glaringly incorrect
and misleading. When supplied
with water its soil is highly pro
ductive. Resides, throughout this
area, and suited to its conditions,
nature, out of her fecundity, has
planted a variety of nutritions
grasses, which cure in the ojten air
and retain their nutritious proper
ties through the storms and at
mospheric changes of two, and
$S8,157,.7.0 even three years. No hay gather-
4t),5Gy,:02'iinio oarns is so wen preserved.
fur the holidays.
The Megan Display at Jnlln trnd.
Wohl'a Kncaar More.
One of the aosl extensive ana)
elegantly Blocked establishments
in the Willamette valley is i he
found in the Golden Rule Bazaar
j-tore of Julius Gradwohl in this
city. In order to accommodate hi
many customers he is in the hVI.!
early this year, and has alieu.iv ;
commenced receiving his imairnt-c
line of beautiful gocds for the fall
and winter and for the holidays,
and has one of the most gorgeous
and dazzling displays to be seen in
any Golden Rule Kuzaar in Oregon.
i no line carriea comprises a De
wildering assortment of tine china, I
queensware and glassware of the j
latest styles and most delicate de-'
signs. The beautiful ;hina and;
glassware, together with the dec-:
orated and fanuy wares, novelties,
elegant stand and hanging lamps, i
toys, boys' wagons and general j
bazaar goods, present a scene wall ;
worth out s time to visit. i
Here may be found a complete j
line of table cutlery of the cele-;
orated makes, liogef Bros.' silver'
and silver plated goods and '
Bohemian wares f rery variety. t
while his 6tock of dolls, toys, toilet
and fancy good, in plush and ;
brave settlers, who, under the pro-1 silver, and uovelties for the chil- j
visions of our desert land law, have dren will lie larger tlau ever he-
lore. Mr. Gradwohl ha? enlarged j
his slock in such a replete manner
that his Golden Rule Bazaar i m,t !
G. W. SMITH
SUCCESSOR TO W. II. McFARl.ALDj
The Largest Line of Stoves and Tinware in the Willamette Valley.
Pumps, pipoH a,ncl i
lumbing
But every acre of irrigated land is
about twice as productive as lands
dependent upon .the natural rain
fall. This has been demonstrated
beyond all doubt by thousands of ;
already reclaimed about 7.000,000
acres of laud by means of irrigation.
etc.
Total,
Receipts
From sale of lands
187,328,90-1
322,040,5!)G
$200,702,81!
Kacc?.- of exie;iditiires$121,:40,747
This excess of expenditures, how
ever, i offset by the 780.000,000
acres of land, exclusive of Alaska,
still in tho possession of the gov
ernment. The value of this re
maining part of the public domain
is valued at $800,000,000. If all
these lands or tho proceeds from
their sale in excess of the present
balance against the government
shall be appropriated to the re
claimation of the arid region by
means of irrigation, such action
will be. entirely in harmony with
the poliey pursued by the national
government from the beginning,
viz: to regard the public lands not
as a source of revenue, but simply
as a public trust, with the object
steadily in view of transferring
them to actual settlers at the low
est possible cost and as rapidly as
may be consistent with a healthy
national development. No politi
cal party h.ts swerved from this
wise and Ix-nilicent policy, and no
admini.otration of the national gov
ernment ha been false to this
great trust.
In our homestead, pre-emption,
tree culture and desert land laws
the humane and benifieent features
of all our public land legislation
the poor frontiersman has been ac
corded a vantage and a protection
which have guarded him against
the encroachments of influence
aud of wealth. Our public-land
policy has also been just and gen
erous toward the Indians, paternal j
and kindly toward the soldier and
sailor, while always honest and
upright toward the public interests.
For the erection and sustenation
of schools, seminaries and agricul
tural colleges the magnificent do
nation of 78,059,000 acres of land
lias been made. There have leen
been granted to the states for pub
lic improvements 7,Si)i!,0 )t) acres of
land. One of tho wisest and in its
results benifieent features of our
the granting of
acres of public
po!icv has been
about 51 ,:575,nou
lands for the construction of wagon
roads, can lis and railroads, chielly
the latter. Within cjrtain limits
the government lias given hall the
land in alternate sections to rail
road companies ; but at tin same
time it has doubled the price of its
rem.iining lands within such lim
its. No other expedient has so
effectually helped to promote settle
ment, or to secure the development
of the resources of tite country, and
especially of that vast area toward
which the attention of the country
is now turned with such interest
the "arid region V. At the same
time it is the; intelligent and well
considered verdict of the American
people that the policy of land
grants went about far enough.
The conduct ot our public land
interests is a crowning glory of
American statesmanship and an
abiding honor to the administra
tion of our national affairs. In
world where every forcon.il man
seeking his own it is a record i licial irrigation
which illuminates our civilization.
There have Ir.fii heated disputa
tions at timij.t it! regard to metho 1 s
of adaiinistr itioii and mitten oi
detail touching the g-.urdia'ih'p
'and disposition o; our puM.c -,
but no political pariy iine ha-; ever
been drawn o;i any oi these on
tions, and Iher.' iM-o-ur-i t . I. no
t'.ensi!!o cx-..i:se ::c!i action i;i
the in? ure.
The method of t'ivMing tin:
lie lands i;:to towr.-hips rix miles
fc-qr.ar.f and numbering the square
mill"-- '. ".-'.'Ctioi! .-" :' ejeh to-.vn-
The principal grasses of the arid
region are bultalo grass ( Buchloe
dactyloides), gramma grass (Bout
eloua oligostachya), and "bunch
grass" of various species. When
these fail airiinals have recourse; to
sage brush and greasewood (Sarco
batus vermiculatus). and shrubs
which grow along the borders of
streams. For untold centuries
these grasses, herbs and shrubs af
forded abundant pasturage for mil
lions of buffaloes, elk, moose, deer
and other graninivoroup animals.
In another imjtortant particular
the designation "Gieat American
Desert" is glaringly incorrect.
The lands of the arid region be
come surpassingly productive when
inigated by turning water ujton
them from the rivers and smaller
streams. A given amount of labor
and capital expended in agricul
tural pursuits in the arid region
will, by means of irrigation, pro
dnce much larger results than in
the lainfall area. This is an econ
omic and commercial fact of the
highest importance. Iarge portion.-,
of the arid region, however,
cannot be irrigated, and for all
time will be of value only as pas-fura-j".
Other extensive areas are
valuable only as forests.
For a while the opinion was gen
erally entertained that the arid
region is available only for pastur-,
ago and that it must be forever
treated as such. P.ut this is a
mistake. Another great change is
taking plav. It has been proved
(hat by means of irrigation lands
of- that vast area are susceptible of
an enormous and splendid agricul
tural development, and the result
is that the cowboy has been forced
to the confession that when the
man with the plow comes the man
with the spurs has got to get out.
Neither the savage nor the nomad
can resist the forces of civilization.
The severe winter losses, the fail
ur of the supply of natural grasses
on the ranges through overstocking
them, the high price of young cat
tle in Texas and low price of beef
cattle in Chicago have led to the
conviction that henceforth pastoral
rur.-uifs must be carried on chiefly
as adjuncts of agriculture. The
economies all point in that direc
tion. This new area summons the na
tion to the solution of such prob
lems of development as have con
fronted the countries of Asia, Af
rica and southern Europe, in all
ages problems, the solution -of
which detends upon the establish
ment of a wise and benifieent sys
tem of irrigation.
From the earliest ages much the
larger part of the human family
has been dependent for food upon
the product of irrigated lands. Hut
.stub has not been the case on this
continent. The early settlers, and
for many years almost all the im
migrants to this country, came
from (treat Britain and Ireland,
and from the countries of northern
F.uropc, which have an abundant,
and to some extent a sujtorabun
dant. rainfall. Besides, our an
cestors landed here on the eastern
Imres of by far the largest area on
a the eaith's surfai e within which
is; agriculture is possible without arti-
l area extending
IN AN 1CK FI.OK.
Arrivul of thn Thetis from tin- North
A liilly Flvf IlavV I!uii.
At an early hour Saturday morn
ing the United .States steamer
Thetis, which had been exjH'cted
for some time, arrived in San Fran
cisco after a long tnp of seven and
one-half months in the Arctic
ocean. The Thetis left San Fran
cisco about the middle of last
April. Her mission was to follow
the whaling licet and keep within
the call of danger. That she has
done this to the entire satisfaction
of the whalers has been learned
long since. She has also rendered
valuable aid to the llydrographie
ollice. She made the longest voy
age of any vessel which went north
this season, having been the first
to leave for the Arctic and the last
to return, waiting there until the1
last of the whalers was out of the'
sea. The Thetis traversed the i
Alaskan coast line from Fort Ton-1
iu i 'viuai fi.uiiMt i vim ;iui iui-
lowed the whalers farther to the
eastward than any steamer of her
class that ever went to the Arctic,
getting as far to the northwest as
Herschel Island. This latter. Cap.
Stockton says, is about 500 feet in
length. The vegetation is confined
to grasses and small -flowers. On
the east side of the island is a
snug harbor which has been called
Paulina Cove, capable of recievmg
a vessel of less than sixteen feet
draft. An open bay on the same
side of the island was found to give
fairly good anchorage with westerly
and northwesterly winds.
In speaking of the Thetis' ex
perience when caught in the ice,
Capt. Stockton praised his officers
and men very highly. Of the
Thetis ho also speaks well. He
had feared that she was too clumsy,
but he is now more than satisfied
with her behavior as an ice boat.
Her only mishap on the voyage oc
curred on August 18th, while she
was returning from Herschel Is
land to Point Barrow. The wind
shifted to the westward bringing
down the ice from Cape Halpet.
The Thetis put on all speed and
escaped the floe. There was heavy
ice resting on the shore to the
windward of Tangent Point, and
the Thetis in endeavoring to work
inshore got into shoal water, and
when she attempted to get out all
headways were closed. The ship
was in the greatest danger, as she
was likely to be crushed by the ice
at any time. The Thetis "rammed"
away at the closely packed ice and
the officers and men worked like
beavers. For live days it looked
like a hopeless task, but toward
the end of the fifth a small break
was made and this was followed up
with a will, and the following day
saw the vessel safely out of dan
ger. The Thetis will go to Mare Is
land to be overhauled and repaired
before going on her next trip.
only a ctedit to the city of Alban !
but to the entire Willamette
valley, being one of the most ex- j
tensive establishments of the kind j
in Oregon. The most impoitanl I
feature to purchasers is in prices, f
and when we assert that his price.-
and that his goods are sold m
ngures mat cannot tie equaled m
the Northwest, it is but the recital
of an absolute fact. It will be to
the interests of the country mer
chants to purchase their holiday
goods from this establishment, and
orders should be sent in at once, t
Mr. Gradwohl has long since
proven his adaptability to this
business, and it is taking no ris
to say that thisemporiinn of elegant
fancv and ilecotative ware is the
n.c . complete in the Willamette
Uev. Those who deal at. the
Golden Rule Bazaar, will find a i
lniie assort inert to chne from,!
am a square, rehab'w eentieinan
to deal with.
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fefe? .llli
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Tim. Granite anil Coppenvore
td Rubber Hose.
.Ml Job.U ot k I'ront fitly Mt rutted to.
CONRAD MEYER
Itelter Than Kver.
I am now better prepared than 1
have ever been to suit my custo
mers in the shoe line. I have just
received a largo invoice of tha cel
ebrated Laird, Schober v. Mitchell
fine shoes for ladies. There is no
manufacturer who claims anything
better than these shoes. 1 inteno
to keep a full assortment of them
in all prices, widths from A KF.
and can suit the most fastidious in
lit and price. I also received
another invoice of the popular
alioe, E. P. Heed's in waukenphast
snd patent leather tip. These
shoes are well known in Albany as
a first-class nice style shoe. Or
dei from tho country filled with
care and satisfaction guaranteed.
Samuel K. Young.
For Ibe Lad I ft Onlj.
I am now prepared to do all
kinds of stamping and have over
two thousand designs to choose
from. Also a nice line of em
broidery materials, such as arra
senes. crewels. No. 1 and 2 em
broidery, chenilles, princess che
nilles, etc. etc. And the finest
ponions, tassels, crescents, cords,
plushes, felts and fancy work ma
terials ever in the city. Zephyr is
going at five eents an ounce. Miss
Minnie Colwell has charge of this
department, and lias had several
years experience in all kinds of
fancy work and stamping. At the
store of G. W. Simpson, Albany,
Oregon.
I'KOl'KIbriOK "l
THE-
OLD AND RFLIABLE STAR BAKERY.
4 full Stock of s 'urti- awrrries. Pine jhistir.n-- oiul ( torkert Kept
Constantly on Hand.
Sav- Money
By buying your holiday goods at
(he new drug store. It is wonder
ful how a little money will go at
that store. Call and be convinced.
Tlie Celebrated French
: iront tlie Atlantic stao"anl to about
j the lOth meridian. This meridian
I passes through western Pakota,
! Nebraska and Ka'i.- is. Thus the
! t'nited slates sjrew to k; a great
nation, with iiri.ra!io;i practically :i
i t ,ir'. As the ti'i'' ;" eiiil.:i'i:l-
roii.vl
i
westward the border
oi ti.e 're. ii ar. i r . ji-;i was at
last leached. Here nature seemed
,M call a halt. Put the indomitable
spirit of advent::!-.; and tlie wild
fascination of gold an. I silver min
ing led the more ;'lvc:ii iiro;s to
IHnrinlng au I ntf b Kot-.
"Thi was sometime a paradox," t
"Iainlet lays. Since, hewevrr. the
icoph; cf Ainericu and oilier 'and
liuve I'cen rnubled to pit llo.1etU-r'
sjc;mh.-Ii Bitter against tliat miser
ric, Miliaria, it is no longer a paradox,
Itut an easv poesihility. Wliiitefei
malaria evolves its misty vi-noni hi
joison tliu air, and decaying turn liole--ouie
vegetation impregnate r the
-.vau-r, iheic, in the very btrongliolii
l' iiiiasniH. is the. auxiliary -otent to
disarm the foe and assure ei.. Lieut
li-()tection. Fcyer and ague, li!inu
remittent, duin't aj..ue and ague cake,
no mut'.i-r huw tenaciously they have
rasiein-r tin ir clutch on th'j Fysteni.
are ti r t forced to relax their gra)
iitl eventually to abandon it alto
gether. Hut it i preventive force
that should chiefly recommend the
Hitters !o persons dwelling in malaria,
ursccl liicaiitii'd, for it is a cert u in
liuckli r of defence agaiust which the
cneiiiy .s poeile3. Cure?, likewise,
dyspepsia, rheumatism, kidney p.nd
hilliniiB uilmcnt.
or rorj
refunds
niei riles! riici:
IV vi)li.un Indian l'ile 'intnieni
is the only sure cure lor blind, bleed
ing or itching piles ever discovered
It nevt-r fai's to cure o'.d cjscs 1" lns
standing.
luiigi; (.'oor.s, M:iyvil'e, Ky, !avs.
"ir William's liidi.m l'ile Ointment
un .l me alter years of sulIViing."
Judge ( i"i n Mir v. Cleveland. l.sjiys
"1 ii.:v. .iii. it b- exi.ci i.'inar that j.'i .
'A i'l.ai Iiaiiau l'ile ( ii,t met t givi- j to
:: iiin (rjie mikI perm .i.enl rein f.
We li.ive hiindieils of Hiie'.i te-t!
:i""i;i!s. !!.) i,i,t si;tV r an i':si:,nt
:-oig-r. Sold by dniggi-t at ! and
s per I i , . nit! In rosliav t XLu-on,
.Mb my, 'regoii.
3tF0Rt
err av
s3r0 rr
5, 2,-j
r; m rcur -
5 AFTER
Fresh Baked Bread Kvcrv Uaf, Pies, Makes, Kir.. Eto.
RED CROWN MI LLS.
Most Approved Process Flour and All firados of Meals.
Hie yeneratue urgaiiBofieillirr y?x whether
:iriring fr.jm the exojsiive use of stimulants,
I'll) v:oi or iipittai. or throuiih ) utithfiil inili.s
erelion, over indulgence, etc., such as loss of
Itram I'ower, Vakeiu'nesn, lltaring liown
Cuius in the Back, Seminal V. akness. Hys
teria, Nit ohm I'ros ration. Nocturnal Omis
sions, I.eucorrhoe, Dizziness, Weak Memory,
l.ossof 1'ower ami Iiiipotenc.v, which if Ile
lucted often kail to premature old ajre and
insanity. Price $1 a box; 6 boxeo for ?5.00
jjent by mail on receipt of price.
A MKIIIIA LIIOllMli: is given
with every S5 order received, to refund tne
money if a IVriiiiinenl cure is noteffei ted.
We have thoimmlHOf testimonials from old
anil young, of both sexes, who have been
permanently cured by the use "f Aphroditino
Circular free. Address
i ii k I'll ico MtttK ivt: in.
Western Hraneh, box, 1'ortland, OreROa.
Kor sale by Fosbay & Mason, wholesale and
retail druiruists, Albany. Oregon.
Wo
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8
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Unit vast :itnl i:i::os- 1 l
V !i:r.T
voico of cb
ic:it tliat (
' il i-i '!v!
:c'i.
jnst
f''fi!c-l :r,( ;li( v v.-
. ;l we. ft-ol cfinfi
Cl!l suit everv l;o.tv,
:i!rl price. . l
fustend of otTering a prize that on'r
he tic tits the lucky one, or ?i ndirg out
I i uiiiitieiM iai sups "is Minis, i pi opose
opei lv mil v the citizens f Albanv
a- 'I vicii.ity choice goods at bedrock
j nces anil give
!"i I'm. I'nui
' t VI va jit
i l" r c:i:-h i n e:it it dollar's worth at
. ' remibir ret.iil piic'"1. tintil .i: n 1.
! Highest pri.-i s ii lid for liieki eg"f
' :: ii .utter. Tliaiil.ii 'IC j-";: fur jour
. i:i putroi, jige :r."' M!;-';ii,g your
i ti-:.i!c for Ihe M'.ture. 1 beg to leirmil!
' al y..ur seiviei.-. J. M. V. ilDi'K.
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Conveniently located for shipment
by river or rail.
0 EI) I
i LLED.