Image provided by: The Confederated Tribes of Warm Springs; Warm Springs, OR
About Spilyay tymoo. (Warm Springs, Or.) 1976-current | View Entire Issue (March 8, 2001)
Spilyqy Tyrooo, Wfm Springs, Oregon SUrch 8, 2001 The Clover Speaks Natural Resources Notables Arlrnt WoiltdH 4 11 Agent And Minnie Tnlultikns What is 411? And who works in the 4-H World I Icre In Warm Springs; In Oregon 4-H is a part of the Oregon State University Extension Service. Math county has an Extension Office Which administers the 4-H program. 4-H is a Youth Education Program for boys and girls in kindergarten Though M1 grade. For youth in grades K - 3rd the urogram is Designed to meet the Jevelopmental characteristics of Voting children. It emphasizes coop erative learning and F.xcludes com-x-titive events. Youth in grades 4-12 usually Be ong to 41 1 clubs or groups and sc ect project or activities From the arge number available to them and nay choose to F.nter fairs or other competition. At Warm Springs Arlcnc and Minnie administer the 4-1 1 Program and what is it that we actual do? We search for 4 -I I leaders to lead the 411 Clubs In the following ar eas: bcadwork, sewing, cooking, and livestock, Radio, computer. What ever you can teach can be a 4-H club. How docs the 4-H program work? It's often said " t is better to build a child then to mend an adult." This is it in a nutshell, is the main objective of the 4-H program. In 4-1 1, volunteer leaders encour age youth to Gain knowledge and learn practivc life skills, And to ap ply both in their project area. Mem bers I .earn to work together as a team and develop a sense of fair play 4-H members learn decision - making skills thought project Work, judging contest and other 4-H activities. As 4-H members mature, they have opportunities to learn And practice leadership skills within their own club, at county Activities, and during state events. They also begin to develop An appreciation and understand of their community Through individual or club service project Members improve their com munication skills through Working together and interaction in the club, Presentation, and 4-H recordkeeping. They also develop Positive atti tudes about themselves and others, learn basic Health and safety prac tices have educational and vocational Experiences, and learn how to set and achieve Realistic goals for them selves through individual time man agement. All of this doesn't happen at once, but develops gradually as members Continue their involve ment in 4-H under the guidance of their 4-H leader Be sure and read the next Spilyay to find out more. Why become involved in 4-H Clubs? The following list of figures based on national statistics for all Ameri can youth indicates one more or rea son for youth and adults to become involved in 4 11 Activities. Every 1 -second a public school student is suspended. Every 9 seconds a high school student drops out. Every 10 seconds a child is re ported abused or neglected. Every 15 seconds a child is ar rested Every 1 minute a baby is born to a teen mother Every 5 minutes a child is arrested for a violet crime. F.very 18 minutes a baby dies. Every 2 hours a child is a homi cide victim. Every 4 hours a child commits suicide. Taken from the Jefferson County Newsletter Home Sweet Home The American Dietetic Associa :ion sponsors National Nutrition Month each year in March. It al ways serves as a gentle (sometimes larsh) reminder to enhance my ex ercise routine (or start it again if I lave been a winter slug) and to look it my daily food choices. Am I re illy "practicing what I preach"? during nutrition education lessons it the elementary school, I encour ige students to make food selections bllowing the Food Guide Pyramid. Jut, do I make sure that I consume i variety of fruits and vegetables or !-3 servings from the dairy group 2VERYDAY? Really? March is the PERFECT time to .tart over, don't you think? The days ire warmer and we are able to spend nore time outside. This year's slo ;an "Food & Fitness: Build a iealthy Lifestyle" can serve as a :hallenge to all of us. It reinforces fie importance of BOTH nutrition md physical activity as key compo lents of a healthy lifestyle. The Di :tary Guidelines for Americans, 2000 is a great tool and offers the asics of the ABC's (Aim for fitness, 3uild a healthy base, Choose sensi ly) for you and your family's lealth. These guidelines are intended 'or healthy children (ages 2 and lder) and adults of any age. Aim for fitness Aim for a healthy weight. Be physically active each day. Build a healthy base Let the Food Pyramid guide your food choices. Choose a variety of grains daily, especially whole grains. Choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily. Keep food safe to eat. Choose sensibly Choose a diet that is low in saturated fat and cholesterol and moderate in total fat. Choose beverages and foods to moderate your intake of sugars. Choose and prepare foods with less salt. If you drink alcoholic bev erages, do so in moderation. So, how does one Aim for fit ness? .Aim for a healthy weight. If you are at a healthy weight, aim to avoid weight gain. If you already over weight, first aim to prevent further weight gain and lose weight to im prove your health. A realistic and safe goal is to lose about 10 of your weight over about 6 months at a rate of 12 to 2 pounds per week. Build a healthy base by eating vegetables, fruits and grain (espe cially whole grain) with little added fat or sugar. Select sensible portion sizes. If you are eating out, choose small portion sizes (even though it is really easy to SUPERSIZE it!) or share with someone. GET MOVINGI Get regular physical activity to balance calories from the foods you eat. Set a good example for children by practicing healthy eating habits and enjoying regular physical activities together. Keep in mind that even though he redity and the environment are im portant influences, your behaviors help determine your body weight. Be physically active each day. Engage in at least 30 minutes (adults) or 60 minutes (children) of moder ate physical activity most, preferably all days of the week. Become physi cally active if you are inactive. Main tain or increase physical activity if you are already active. Stay active throughout your life. Help children get at least 60 mitv utes of physical activity daily. How , about playing a game of tag or jump ing rope or riding a bike? Walking, skipping or running! Dance around or play follow the leader with free movements. Choose physical activi ties that fit in with your daily rou tine, or choose recreational or struc tured exercise programs, or both. Make sure it is fun or enjoyable to you or you may lose interest. Con sult your health care provider before starting a new vigorous physical ac tivity plan if you have a chronic health problem or if you are over 40 (men) or 50 (women). Are you feeling motivated yet to Build a Healthy Lifestyle? Tips to help you Build a healthy base and Choose sensibly will be offered in the future. Stay tuned. If you want more information on the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2000 or for your own copy, contact OSU Extension 553-3238. Time to think about spring Sure, we've got a lot of cold weather ahead of us yet, but this is a good time to start thinking alxmt any plans you have for your place once the ground does warm up. Grazing and livestock plans, hay operations, fertilization, irrigation development, home garden, weed control, fencing plans, just about anything you arc wanting to get done this summer. For the large scale operations, like grazing and farm plans, I suggest you contact us at OSU Extension for some as sistance - either Bob or I should be able to assist you with anything from soil testing to stocking rates to seed and fertilizer recommendations. If you arc lot iking out the win dow at your yard - and have some ideas on what you aunt it to look ike -we can help. Now is a good time to map out where you would ike a garden to be. You can start out small, that's not a problem. In fact, it's better to start small and expand later. Look for an area that has good soil drainage and plenty of sunlight in the summer (make sure there is no big shade tree or other obstruction around). Think about fencing it off too - dogs, horses, and cows can pound your new garden to dust. Speaking of fencing, plan on get ting any new projects in the ground while the ground is soft - but wait until it has had a chance to dry out a little. Driving and working on muddy soils just makes more prl lems: soil compaction, weed inva si m, etc. Weeds - they are just aliout cv erywhere, and spreading fast. You can do a lot to stow the invasion and even stop it. Get familiar with weed identification. If you don' have a copy of the CTWS Noxious Weeds Field Guide, stop by our office and pick up yours for free Know the weeds and then you have a chance at getting a hold on them before they get a hold on you. Early spring is a good time to remove standing dead material and prepare for herbicide treatment. Those for ests of knapweed around your driveway can be torched off and then, as the spring warm up comes along, you can cither spray out or chop out the rosettes (new plants) as they emerge. Now, just burning the stuff now won't fix it - and rak ing or mowing it just spreads the seeds around. Once you get rid of the stuff that's there now, you have to be prepared to treat the new stuff as it pops up (kind of like life, huh?). So, we still have some winter left ahead of us - and George Taylor, the OSU Weather Man, is predict ing a wet spring. So, you don't need to rush out the first warm day, but this is a good time to at least get some ideas flowing and make some plans so that the spring docs not pass you by. The Stockman's Roundup By Bob Pawelek Birth represents an abrupt change for the beef calf from one environ ment to another. It is one of the shortest periods in the life of the bovine but is the most hazardous. It marks the end of gestation and the start of independent life. Calf death loss increases toward the end of ges tation partly because of the dangers of birth. The dangers are TRAUMA andor ANOXIA as a result of a difficult or prolonged birth. The common term for a difficult birth is dystocia and it is the major cause of death of the newborn calf. It is also important to understand that dystocia andor prolonged birth affects the vitality and health of the Facts about Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy Note: No cases of BSE have ever een reported or diagnosed in the Jnited States. Bovine spongiform encephalopa hy (BSE), widely referred to as "mad row disease," is a chronic degenera :ive disease affecting the central lervoussystem of cattle. The disease ms first diagnosed in 1986 in Great Britain. BSE has had a substantial impact jn the livestock industry in the Jnited Kingdom. The disease also las been confirmed in domestic :attle in Belgium, France, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzer and. The U.S. Department of griculture's (USDA) Animal and Jlant Health Inspection Service APHIS) is enforcing import restric ions and is conducting surveillance 'or BSE to ensure that this serious lisease does not become established n the United States. Clinical Signs Catde affected by BSE experience rogrcssive degeneration of the ner rous system. Affected animals may lisplay changes in temperament, uch as nervousness or aggression, ibnormal posture, incoordination aid difficulty in rising, decreased nilk production, or loss of body veight despite continued appetite. ffected cattle die. The causative igent of the disease is not completely :haracterized, and there is neither iiy treatment nor a vaccine to pre ent the disease. The incubation period (the time rom when an animal becomes in fected until it first shows disease signs) is from 2 to 8 years. Follow ing the onset of clinical signs, the animal's condition deteriorates un til it either dies or is destroyed. This process usually takes from 2 weeks to 6 months. Most cases in Great Britain have occurred in dairy cows between 3 and 6 years of age. Currently, there is no test to de tect the disease in a live animal; vet erinary pathologists confirm BSE by postmortem microscopic examina tion of brain tissue or by the detec tion of the abnormal form of the prion protein. BSE is so named be cause of the spongy appearance of the brain tissue of infected cattle when sections are examined under a microscope. History From November 1986 (when BSE was first identified as a separate disease entity) until July 2, 1999, 175,065 head of cattle in more than 34,800 herds were diagnosed with BSE in Great Britain. The epidemic peaked in January 1993 at almost 1,000 new cases reported per week. Agricultural officials in Great Britain have taken a series of actions to eradicate BSE, includ ing making BSE a notifiable disease, prohibiting the inclusion of mam malian meat-and-bone meal in feed for all food-producing animals, pro hibiting the inclusion of animals more than 30 months of age in the animal and human food chains, and destroying all animals showing signs of BSE and other animals at high risk of developing the disease. As a result of these actions, the rate of newly reported cases of BSE is decreasing. Currently, approxi mately 60 new cases are found in Great Britain per week. Related Diseases The TSE family of diseases in cludes scrapie, which affects sheep and goats; transmissible mink en cephalopathy; feline spongiform encephalopathy; chronic wasting disease of deer and elk; and kuru, both classical and variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Gerstmann-Straussler-Scheinker syndrome, and fatal familial insom nia, five rare diseases in humans. TSE's have also been reported in Europe in captive wild ruminants, cats, and monkeys. The occurrence of TSE's in captive wild animals is believed to have resulted from BSE contaminated feed. It is important to clarify the dif ference between classical CJD and vCJD. Classical CJD occurs each year at a rate of 1 to 2 cases per 1 million people throughout the world, including in the United States and other countries where BSE has never occurred and among vegetar ians and meat eaters alike. Classical CJD occurs sporadically and is not linked to BSE. According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), no cases of vCJD have been found in the United States. Research published in October 1997 found evidence to further link vCJD to BSE. Investigators in the United Kingdom found that BSE and vCJD are of the same "strain." In addition, classical CJD and known scrapie strains were not similar to vCJD or BSE. USDA Actions in Response to BSE The United States has one of the most aggressive BSE surveillance programs in the world. BSE has not been diagnosed in the United States, and USDA has worked proactively to keep it that way. In cooperation with USDA's Food Safety and Inspection Service (FSIS), APHIS has taken stringent measures in prevention, education, surveillance, and response. To prevent BSE from entering the country, since 1989 APHIS has pro hibited the importation of live ru minants from countries where BSE is known to exist in native cattle. Other products derived from rumi nants, such as fetal bovine serum, bonemeal, meat-and-bone meal, bloodmeal, offal, fats, and glands, are also prohibited from entry, except under special conditions or under USDA permit for scientific or re search purposes. On December 12, 1997, APHIS stopped the importation of all live ruminants and most ruminant prod ucts, including meat-and-bone meal, offals, glands, etc., from Europe un til APHIS scientists can assess the disease risk and evaluate surveillance activities in individual countries. For additional information, con tact USDA, APHIS, Veterinary Ser vices Emergency Programs 4700 Riverdale Road, Unit 41 Riverdale, MD 20737-1231 Telephone: (609) 259-5825 or (301) 734-8073 newborn calf. The calf may be born alive but is doomed by unrecognized damage. This can be explained by understanding the effects of anoxia andor trauma. Anoxia is a lack of oxygen and it is a common occurrence. Most calves are born with some degree of anoxia but are able to compensate and survive. Severe anoxia can oc cur as a result of dystocia. When the critical oxygen supply is cut off tissue damage occurs because anoxia causes acid to accumulate in the blood. When the blood pH falls below 6.6 the heart ceases beating. Birth trauma describes the me chanical damage incurred during birth and adds to anoxia. The re sult is hemorrhage in the brain or spinal cord. Trauma may also cause fractured ribs, ruptured livers, hem orrhaging in the joints, and blood in the muscles. Trauma during birth compresses the calf. The newborn calf is already anoxic and is unable to breath due to the birth trauma. This causes further anoxia and a con tinuation of the build up of acid in the blood resulting in death shortly after birth. The damage caused by trauma andor anoxia is often latent and contributes to illness or death fol lowing birth. This information was documented in a study conducted by the USDA and reported as the Cow Calf Health and Productivity Audit. The report revealed that the average mortality estimates from birth to weaning was 8 to 10 of all calves delivered and 70 of those losses occur by 3 days of age. The follow ing important points summarize why the calves are lost: Dystocia is the number one con tributor to calf death. Dystocia can affect calves severe enough to cause mortality directly, or can contribute to other problems and indirectly increase calf death. Heifers have a higher incidence or dystocia than mature cows, and calves from heifers have increased death loss. Calves affected by dystocia or from other cow herd health prob lems such as deficient or excessive body condition adapt poorly to life outside the uterus and succumb to environmental problems more eas ily. Infectious disease problems in crease in calves with dystocia. Such calves initially adapt poorly to life outside the uterus, and often have poor maternal immunoglobulin ab sorption. Poor maternal nutrition reduces calf vigor, calf body heat production, and calf immunoglobu lin absorption. Environmental conditions such as colU wind , and moisture Increase calf death. Infectious disease is an important cause of death in calves greater than three days old. Therefore it is clear that the key to reducing calf death loss is to pre vent dystocia and to recognize when the birthing process is prolonged or difficult and provide timely assis tance. Generalizations about when to intervene and provide assistance are of little value. Experience is neces sary for making sound decisions in this matter. A dystocia cause by a constricted vulva requires immedi ate assistance and should be easy to identify. If a fetus is presented breech or with the head turned intense la bor may never be observed. Assis tance is necessary and the herdsmen must pay attention to the behavior of each individual animal. In most cases, initial assistance during par turition should be limited to regu lar observations of the female from a distance. Unnecessary excitement brought on by an anxious attendant often causes reduced labor efforts by the cow or heifer causing a pro longed birth. The result is often a stillbirth. Hard and fast rules are difficult to establish but in general when a cow has been in labor four hours without progress, an exami nation is warranted. Wisdom in management of beef catde at calving time to decrease the damage caused by dystocia is based on the following basic points. First, the attendant must be patient enough to let nature take its course and second they must be able to rec ognize when assistance is needed. They must apply common sense to all efforts of assistance. Every atten dant should take time to observe the normal birthing process. This train ing will provide the experience and common sense required to success fully assist mother nature at calving time. For most beef cow herds the single most important means of in creasing income is increasing the number of calves weaned and sold in relation to the number of cows in the operation. Timely assistance to detect and correct dystocia in the beef cow herd is an important step in achieving that goal.
