NEWS
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101 Legal Notices
101 Legal Notices
Wallowa County A-List Noxious Weeds
These weeds are present in Wallowa County but occurring
in small enough populations and with geographic infrequency
such that eradication and containment are possible.
Common Bugloss
Anchusa officianalis
Common Tansy
Tanacetum vulgare
Hoary Alyssum
Berteroa incana
Italian Thistle
Carduus pycnocephalus
Knotweed Complex (Japanese, Himalayan, Giant, Bohemi-
an)
Fallopia sp.
Leafy Spurge
Euphorbia esula
Meadow Knapweed
Centaurea pratensis
Musk Thistle
Carduus nutans
Myrtle Spurge
Euphorbia myrsinites
Orange Hawkweed
Hieracium aurantiacum
Oregano
Origanum vulgare
Perennial Pepperweed
Lepidium latifolium
Plumeless Thistle
Carduus acanthoides
Purple Loosestrife
Lythrum salicaria
Rose Campion
Lychnis coronaria
Russian Knapweed
Acroptilon repens
Scotch Broom
Sytisus scorparius
Spotted Knapweed
Centaurea maculosa
Tansy Ragwort
Senecio jacobaea
Welted Thistle
Carduus crispus
Whitetop (Hoary Cress)
Lepidium draba
Yellow Flag Iris
Iris pseudacorus
Wallowa County B-List Noxious Weeds
These weeds are present and pervasive where suitable habi-
tat is found in Wallowa County and require control to mitigate
negative impacts.
Absinth Wormwood
Artemisia absinthium
Annual Bugloss
Anchusa arvensis
Bachelor Button
Centaurea cyanus
Bloodrop/Pheasanteye
Adonis aestivalis
Bur Buttercup
Ranunculus testiculatus
Canada Thistle
Cirsium arvense
Chicory Cichorium intybus
Common Burdock
Arctium minus
Common Crupina
Crupina vulgaris
Common Kochia
Kochia scoparia
Common Mullein
Verbascum thapsus
Common Teasel
Dipsacus fullonum
Dalmatian Toadflax
Linaria dalmatica
Diffuse Knapweed
Centaurea diffusa
Field Bindweed
Convolvulus arvensis
Himalayan Blackberry
Rubus armeniacus
Houndstongue
Cynoglossum officinale
Jointed Goatgrass
Aegilops cylindrical
Long-spine Sandbur
Cenchrus longispinus
Meadow Hawkweed
Hieracium caespitosum
Medusahead Rye
Taeniatherum caput-medusae
Oxeye Daisy
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum
Poison Hemlock
Conium maculatum
Puncturevine
Tribulus terrestris
Reed Canary Grass
Phalaris arundinacea
Rush Skeletonweed
Chondrilla juncea
Scotch Thistle
Onopordum acanthium
St. Johnswort
Hypercium perforatum
Sulphur Cinquefoil
Potentilla recta
Sweet Briar Rose
Rosa eglanteria
Tall Buttercup
Ranunculus acris
Tree of Heaven
Ailanthus altissima
Ventenata
Ventenata dubia
White Campion
Silene alba
Yellow Starthistle
Centaurea solstitialis
Yellow Toadflax
Linaria vulgaris
Wallowa County Target List Noxious Weeds
Noxious weed partners and agencies within Wallowa County
have designated significant funding and labor towards proj-
ects targeting these weeds in 2018.
Common Bugloss
Anchusa officianalis
Common Tansy
Tanacetum vulgare
Hoary Alyssum
Berteroa incana
Jointed Goatgrass
Aegilops cylindrical
Knotweed Complex (Japanese, Himalayan, Giant, Bohemi-
an)
Fallopia sp.
Leafy Spurge
Euphorbia esula
Meadow Hawkweed
Hieracium caespitosum
Meadow Knapweed
Centaurea pratensis
Medusahead Rye
Taeniatherum caput-medusae
Musk Thistle
Carduus nutans
Myrtle Spurge
Euphorbia myrsinites
Orange Hawkweed
Hieracium aurantiacum
Oregano
Origanum vulgare
Perennial Pepperweed
Lepidium latifolium
Plumeless Thistle
Carduus acanthoides
Puncturevine
Tribulus terrestris
Rush Skeletonweed
Chondrilla juncea
Russian Knapweed
Acroptilon repens
Scotch Broom
Sytisus scorparius
Spotted Knapweed
Centaurea maculosa
Sulphur Cinquefoil
Potentilla recta
Tree of Heaven
Ailanthus altissima
Tansy Ragwort
Senecio jacobaea
Welted Thistle
Carduus crispus
Whitetop (Hoary Cress)
Lepidium draba
Yellow Flag Iris
Iris pseudacorus
Yellow Starthistle
Centaurea solstitialis
Wallowa County Watch List Noxious Weeds
These are weeds that are either:
Known to be noxious and exist within neighboring counties/
regionally but have no confirmed sites in Wallowa County*
OR
Thought to exist within Wallowa County and might one day
exhibit traits that requires formal listing
Baby’s Breath
Gypsophila paniculata
Black Henbane^
Hyoscyannus niger
Bouncing Bette
Sponaria officinalis
Buffalo Bur
Solanum rostratum
Bur Chervil
Anthriscus caucalis
Clary Sage
Salvia sclarea
Comfrey^
Symphytum sp.
Common Reed Grass^
Phragmites australis
Dyer’s Woad*
Isatis tinctoria
Foxtail Barley^
Hordeum jubatum
Garlic Mustard*
Alliaria petiolata
Glyphosate-resistant Creeping Bentgrass*
Agrostis stolonifera
Iberian Starthistle*
Centaurea iberica
Lambsquarter^
Chenopodium album
Marsh Elder
Iva annua
Mediterranean Sage*
Salvia aethiopis
Perennial Peavine
Lathyrus latifolius
Ravennagrass*
Saccharum ravennae
Rough Cocklebur
Xanthium strumarium
Russian Olive^
Elaegnus angustifolia
Russian Thistle^
Salsola kali
Salt Cedar^
Tamarix ramosissima
Silverleaf Nightshade
Solanum elaeagnifolium
Sow Thistle
Sonchus arvensis
Spotted Cat’s Ear^
Hypochaeris radicata
White Bryony
Bryonia alba
Wild Carrot^
Daucus carota
Wednesday, June 26, 2019
A15
NOAA forecasts low returns for
Chinook, improved returns for coho
Twice as many salmon
and steelhead are predicted
to return to the Colum-
bia River Basin in 2019 as
returned last year, Washing-
ton, Oregon, and Idaho state
fi sh biologists reported at
the Council’s March meet-
ing. The prediction for this
year is 1.3 million fi sh enter-
ing the Columbia River to
begin the upriver journey
to spawn; last year the total
return was 665,000.
While that is an improve-
ment, it is fewer than the cur-
rent 10-year average of 2.21
million fi sh, said Dan Rawd-
ing, Columbia River pol-
icy and science coordinator
for the Washington Depart-
ment of Fish and Wildlife.
He noted the average for
the decade of the 1980s was
1.5 million, for the 1990s
988,000, and for the 2000s
2 million. The upriver com-
ponent (above Bonneville
Dam) of the total salmon
and steelhead run is fore-
casted at 968,000 fi sh this
year compared to 619,400 in
2018.
Forecasting fi sh returns
is a bit like forecasting the
weather months in advance.
Fish biologists collect infor-
mation on smolt migrations
in previous years, ocean
conditions, and returns in
recent years then make edu-
cated guesses. Harvest sea-
sons are set based on the
predictions, then adjusted as
the fi sh return. In 2018 fi sh-
ery managers met 28 times
to adjust fi sheries, with the
goal of balancing conserva-
tion of the salmon and steel-
NOAA Fisheries
Returns of Coho salmon are predicted to be relatively strong in 2019, due to ocean conditions
favorable to coho; chinook returns are little improved over 2018.
head runs with providing
fi shing opportunities, Rawd-
ing said.
Coho are the reason for
the large increase in esti-
mated total returns in 2019.
A change in ocean condi-
tions appears to favor coho
this year. As well, ocean and
in-river harvest of coho has
been declining since 2005.
So the optimistic forecast
for the 2019 coho return this
fall is for 726,000 fi sh enter-
ing the mouth of the river.
The 2018 forecast was for
286,200 coho, and the actual
return was 147,300.
Sockeye: The 2019 fore-
cast is 94,400 fi sh; the 2018
return was 99,000. Most
of the Columbia River run
spawns in the Okanagon and
Wenatchee river basins, but
there is a very small compo-
nent of Snake River sock-
eye, an endangered species.
The forecast for those fi sh
in 2019 is 43 natural-origin,
compared to 36 last year, and
86 hatchery fi sh, compared
to 240 last year. Fish raised
at the new sockeye hatchery
in Springfi eld, Idaho, should
help boost adult returns in
future years.
Snake River fall Chinook
(combined
natural-origin
and hatchery): 10,016 hatch-
ery and 5,435 natural-ori-
gin fi sh. Those numbers are
close to the 2018 returns.
Meanwhile,
rapidly
changing conditions in the
ocean environment have
made forecasting salmon
and steelhead returns even
more diffi cult. Brian Burke,
an ocean scientist with
NOAA Fisheries in Seat-
tle, said some aspects of the
ocean ecosystem appear to
be back to normal, but oth-
ers are still changing. In
response to the variability
– from warmer than nor-
mal to cooler than normal
in the course of a couple
years recently, with the cur-
rent trend toward cooling —
he said, “my new answer is
the ocean is still changing;
we are seeing more variabil-
ity, and ‘typical’ and ‘nor-
mal’ conditions are diffi cult
to defi ne.”
Scientist explains low carbon dioxide during the Ice Age
Oregon State University
CORVALLIS, Ore. –
Since scientists fi rst deter-
mined that atmospheric car-
bon dioxide (CO2) was
signifi cantly lower during
ice age periods than warm
phases, they have sought to
discover why, theorizing that
it may be a function of ocean
circulation, sea ice, iron-
laden dust or temperature.
Yet no computer model
based on existing evidence
has been able to explain why
CO2 levels were as much as
one-third lower when an ice
age settled in.
A new study pub-
lished this week in Science
Advances provides compel-
ling evidence for a solution –
the combination of sea water
temperature variation and
iron from dust off Southern
Hemisphere continents.
“Many of the past stud-
ies that analyzed ocean tem-
peratures made the assump-
tion that ocean temperatures
cooled at the same rate over
the entire globe – about 2.5
degrees (Celsius),” said
Andreas Schmittner, a cli-
mate scientist at Oregon
State University and co-au-
thor on the study. “When
they ran their models, tem-
perature thus accounted
for only a small amount of
atmospheric CO2 decrease.
“We now know that the
oceans cooled much more in
some regions, as much as fi ve
degrees (C) in the mid-lati-
tudes. Since cold water has
a higher degree of CO2 sol-
ubility, it had the potential
to soak up a lot more carbon
from the atmosphere than
past studies accounted for –
and it realized more of that
potential.”
Schmittner and his col-
leagues estimate that colder
ocean temperatures would
account for about half of
the decrease in CO2 during
the last glacial maximum –
or height of the last ice age.
Another third or so, they
say, was likely caused by an
increase in iron-laden dust
coming off the continents
and “fertilizing” the sur-
face of the Southern Ocean.
An increase in iron would
boost phytoplankton produc-
tion, absorbing more carbon
and depositing it deep in the
ocean.
The researchers’ models
suggest that this combina-
tion accounts for more than
three-quarters of the reduced
amount of atmospheric
CO2 during the last ice age.
During the last glacial max-
imum, CO2 levels were
about 180 parts per million,
whereas levels in 1800 A.D.
– just prior to the Industrial
Revolution – were at about
280 parts per million.
Schmittner said the
remaining
amount
of
reduced carbon may be
attributable to variations in
nutrient availability and/or
ocean alkalinity.
“The increase in iron
likely resulted from ice
scouring the landscape in
Patagonia, Australia and
New Zealand, pulling iron
out of the rocks and soil,”
Schmittner said. “Since it
“We took
our daughter to
Dr. Allen on several
occasions, and we
were extremely
happy with the care
we received…”
was very cold and dry, the
iron would have been picked
up by the wind and deposited
in the ocean.
“Our three-dimensional
model of the global ocean
agrees well with observa-
tions from ocean sediments
from the last glacial max-
imum, giving us a high
degree of confi dence in the
results.”
The researchers say
that when the Earth cooled
during the last ice age, the
oceans naturally cooled as
well – except near the polar
regions, which already were
as cold as they could get
without freezing. During
warm phases, the difference
in ocean surface tempera-
tures between the high lati-
tudes and the mid-latitudes
was signifi cant.
As warmer water moves
toward Antarctica and begins
to cool, the lost heat goes into
the atmosphere, increasing
the ocean’s potential to soak
up CO2.
“It’s like when you take
a beer out of the refrigera-
tor,” Schmittner said. “As it
warms, the bubbles come out.
Carbon dioxide is a gas, and it
can dissolve in water as well
as get into the ocean from the
atmosphere, and it is more
soluble in colder water. But
that process takes a while and
therefore the ocean doesn’t
realize all of its potential to
take up CO2 in those waters
around Antarctica that fi ll
much of the deep ocean.”
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