PAGE nx
ABUT MAT OMOOWIAN. PIWMnHM, OlUDQOJf. TITORSDAY, JANUARY It, 111.
XGHT PAGES
WEST UMATILLA PROJECT ONE OF
BEST IN THE EI1TIKE UNITED STATES
' - ,
Irrigation Is the golden key which
alone can unlock the door of civiliza
tion to wide areas in Oregon. This
applies paricularly to that portion
of the etate east of the Cascade moun
tains. Irrigation may be said to antedate
the white man. as much of the land I
In Oregon now classed under irriga
tion Is that which yields a crop of wild
hay after having been watered in the
primitive way by the natural over
Tow of streams. Prom this crude be
ginning the present system of Irrlga
tlon has developed, first by the con
structlon of temporary dikes to force
this natural overflow over a greater
area: later by ditches to divert even
the low water of the streams, some
times causing them to go almost dry
during the summer months, as in the
case of the Umatilla; now by the con
aervation of winter flood water by
storage to be used during the hot
summer months.
The first irrigation by the con
eruction of canals began about 60
years ago along the Walla Walla river.
Since that ime the land in that val
ley has become highly developeu
through Irrigation. In the Malheur
valley Irrigation began about thirty
years ago, and about 80.000 acres
have been reclaimed. In Harney
county the land is irrigated at the
present time by the natural overflow
of streams aided by primitive diver
sion works.
The cost of the first Irrigation in
the state was only about five dollars
per acre, because It was employed
.where easiest to divert the water from i
Streams. Now a, portion, of the irrl-
ration development of the state is caf
rled on by the government, and as
expensive canals and structures have
been built it ha; recited In the cost
tt water 6n sdme projects belr.s rais
ed to sixty datlart ah acre.
In 1S90 Irrigation was regarded as
the Hast important factor in the fu
ture development of th state. Now,
In some of the southwestern coun
ties, it Is even considered necessary
for the proper cultivation of tho soil.
In 1S02 there was an area of 439,981
acres in the state irrigated by private
corporations.
'--Investigations were first begun in
Oregon by the United States recla
mation service in 1903, and work
commenced in 1904 on the Umatilla
and Klamath projects. The Umatilla
project consists of 22,000 acres of
comparatively level land lying east
of the Junction of the Umatilla river
and the Columbia river.
The soil in its original state is cov
ered with sagebrush, but being of
basaltic origin It will, when irrigated,
be well adapted to the production of
alfalfa, fruit and vegetables.
Under this project there are pub
lic and private lands on which the
construction cost of sixty dollars per
acre must be paid in ten annual in
Bailments. Where private lands are
purchased residence within the vicin
ity must be established before water
can be secured.
All the structures on the project
have been built of permanent mate
rial. The diversion dam near Echo
Is of concrete, and much of the 25
mile feed canal of 300 cubic feet per
second capacity is concrete lined A
storage reservoir of 50,000 acra-feet
has been provided by the construction
of an earth embankment 93 feet in
height with a top length of 3500 feet.
In the distribution system there vill
be eight miles of C2hals of from 60
to 225 cubic feet per secona capacity,
0 miles with from 10 to 50 cubic
feet per sec6nd capaciy, and lOo
miles with less than 10 cubic feet per
second capacity. Instead of construct
ing wooden flumes across depressions,
reinforced concrete pipe, gome as
large as forty-six inches In diameter,
has been constructed and imbedded
in the ground, forming an inverted
siphon.
The Klamath project, which is di
vided into two projects, the upper
lowt: eontempl m feeUiAticS
of 172,000 ficr.pf fertile land lo
cated largely in Klamath county, Ore
gon, and partly in Modoc and Siski
you counties. California.
Construction work was authorized
fm May 17, 1905. and by June, 1909,
tMrty-"ne per cent of the entire pro
ject was completed, and water was
delivered to about 7000 acres.
The water supply of the lower pro
ject is derived from Upper Klamath
lake, which has an area of 60,000
acres and srve. as a natural reser
voir. The plan of the upper project
provided a sorage dam 35 feet high
and S40 feet long at the outlet of
Cic-ar lake; a diversion dam on Lost
river about twelve miles below the
storage dam; and canals on either
BAD DREAMS.
Nightmare, Item less news and Night
Kt All Caused by Indigestion.
Half of the nervousness in the
world, all of the disturbing dreams
and nightmares can be ended in a
few weeks by a simple. Inexpensive
treatment guaranteed by Tallman &
Co.
Upi-et stomach is the cause of ner
vousness and tad dreams. Tour food
is lying In your stomach undigested
and fermenting; It Is forming poison
ous gases which irritates the pneumo-
gastric nerve that leads direct from
the brain and ends in a network of
tiny branches running through the
stomach.
It Is also the irritation of this great
pneumogastric nerve that causes
headaches and know they are caused
by the stomarti, but do not know how,
If you are nervous, have dreams or
nightmare, and, do not sleep sound
at night, get a SO cent box of MI-O
NA stomach tablets and take one or
two after or with meals. MI-O-NA
stomach tablets relieve distressed
stomach in I minutes. Sold by Tall
man and Co. and druggists everywhere
who guarantee MI-O-NA to cure indl
featlon or money back.
side of the river for the Irrigation of
lands in the upper valley of Lost riv
er. The principal Industry of this coun
try has been stockraislng, but alfal
fa, grain, fruit and vegetables may be
grown as soon as the land is irrigated.
Some of the most important pre
liminary surveys that have been
made by the reclamation service dur
ing and since 1903 are the Malheum
project, involving 90,000 acres, for
which $2,000,000 was set aside pro
visionally at one time; Silver creek
project in Harney county, where about
20.000 acres can be reclaimed by the
construction of a ninety-foot dam
and in 1909 Investigations were car
ried on for the west extension of the
Umatilla project.
Probably more money has been
spent In Malheur county In the devel
opment of irrigation by private enter
prise than in any other county In the
state. There are about 50,000 acres
under irrigation now and with stor
age of water in the reservoir sites
along the Malheur and Owyhee riv
ers, Bully creek and Willow creek
100,000 acres in addition to this may
be reclaimed. A lage ditch twenty
five miles in length and with a ca
pacity of 200 cubic feet per second
takes water from the Owyhee river.
Twenty-two ditches divert water from
Bully creek, and eleven from the Mal
heur river.
In Baker county twenty-five per
cent of the Powder river valley is ir
rigaed by the regular summer flow
of the Powder river, and is almost
entirely In privates ownership. The
largest storage development in he I
I vaney is that gf" the Baker Irrif alien
company. dam 2000 feet in length 1
and f'.fty feet high Is now under con
sructton, and will when completed,
store enough water to reclaim 10,000
acres.
In Umailla county several large
ditches have been built where the
crops depend on the flood water dur
ing the spring 'overflow. Nineteen of
these ditches divert water from the
Umatilla river. There has been no
Irrigation development in the state
west of the Umatilla project except in
Hood River county, and there irriga
tion is also necessary for the highest
development of the soil.
Methods of Applying Water.
Whatever the source ot supply of
the water, a large number of ditches
to convey It to all parts of the coun-
Ltry is necessary.
The form of these ditches depends
on the implements used in excavating
and the size '"determined by the
crops to be grown, the method to be
adopted In watering them and the
regulations governing the delivery of
water to the ditch. The capacity of
a ditch depends as much on the fall
or grade as on its size. Having ob
tained a suitable grade, the chief
points to be remembered are the vol
ume to be carried and the nature of
the soil. The smaller the volume the
greater the grade required. In a fine
sand there must be a flat grade to
prevent scouring, while in a hard soil
a velocity of three feet per second may
be used without eroding the bottom.
When excessive grades cannot be
avoided by windink around the high
places, the speed of the water may be
checked by the insertion of drops at
the proper Intervals.
In laying out permanent ditches an
effort should be made to locate them
In the right place. Sufficient water
should be conveyed from the source
of supply to the highest point of the
farm, and from there distributed to
the various subdivisions. Where de
pressions occur, -the water may 00
carried across In a cement pipe laid
in the form of an Inverted siphon.
Every farmer must have a headgate
to contol the water from the main
canal into his private ditch and a weir
to measure it. After his feuppU
ditches have ;en wMt the fields
rtea and leveled, then the laterals
should be located and constructed for
the distribution of the water.
The field may be watered from the
lateral by placing a temporary dam
In the channel, which stops the flow
In that direction, and causes It to
flow over the low places In the bank.
This system, called the "flooding sys
tem," may be used where the soil Is
heavy; where grain and forage crops
are to be raised and when a rotation
of crops Is desired.
Nearly all crops that are planted in
rows and cultivatfd are irrigated by
means of furrows. Head-ditches
that are fed from the .main supply
ditch of the farm are made after the
fiebi Is leveled and graded. The dis
tance between any two consecutive
head-ditches depends on the soil, for
in sandy soils they should not be more
than 300 feet apart, and In a hard
soil they may be from 400 to 600 feet
apart. Each furrow Is fed by a
wooden snout placed two or tnree
Inches below the surface of the water,
The cost of Irrigating by ttys method
U about the same as by nooning irom
the field laterals.
The check method of Irrigation
confined mainly to alfalfa, consists
In dividing up a field Into rectangu
lar checks, each comprising from rne
half an acre to one and one-half
acres. Around the margin of each
check a low embankment Is formed
which retains the water until It has
been absorbed by the soli. A ditch
with a capacity equal to the head
used Is built to carry water to each
check or pair of checks. Each check
should be provided with a wooden or
concrete box controlled by a gate. A
large head of water Is turned Into a
check by raising fhe gate, and w? tn
sufficient has been admitted, a gate
to the second check Is opened and
the first one closed. The labor and
expense of Irrigating is much reduc
ed when this sysem is used.
In the border method of Irrigation
a large head ditch la built across the
highest boundary of the field. After
being plowed the field Is marked off
Into parallel strips of land from
to 125 feet wide, which extend down
the steepest slope from the head
ditch, Theae are then leveled and a
low embankment built along the bor
der of each. Care should be used to
obtain an even slope between the bor
ders, so that the water which la ad
mitted through a box in the head
ditch may flow In a thin sheet from
top to bottom of each strip.
Value of Irrigation to State as Whole,
Many people do not realise the val
ue of water In running streams when
viewed from a commercial standpoint
It has been estimated that the yearly
income from all the water power in
this state will sometime exceed the
wealth produced by the mines and
forests. The value of irrigated lands
Is based on the right to use the ne
cessary water, and such lands in'
crease from pracically nothing to as
much as $1000 per acre.
It is generally known that the most
productive and highest priced lands
are in those portions of the west
where Irrigation is practiced. Irriga
tion bonds are In such great demand,
and Irrigation projects are being so
eagerly sought for that new capital
and settlers are being continually
brought Into the state.
It Is difficult to estimate what the
value of irrigation will be to the
state, as it is now a practically new
undertaking, but the results already
evident give us an inkling of what
wonderful undeveloped resources the
state possesses In this regard. The
vast territory that now lies idle, sup
porting all told but a few thousand
people, may be transformed into a
wonderfully productive country
thickly populated with desirable, pro
gressive citizens.
There is perhaps no state in the
west in which the natural resources
are so undeveloped as In Oregon. This
may be accounted for by the lack of
railroads, and consequently the coun
try has not been settled as it would
otherwise have been.
The ',.v.ui.iMAftt IvrfiraHnn Vina
been retarded not only by a deficiency
ot capital on the part of most of the
country on the part of those who pos
sessed the capital. Oregon has not
knowledge of the conditions of the
settlers, but also by the lack of
received her Just proportion of the
reclamaion fund, it having been ex
pended in other states. This was
caused to some extent by the lack of
harmony on the part of the land
holders on certain areas capable of
reclamaion, particularly In the Mal
heur district.
Practically all the waters that are
used for irrigation are drawn from
the flowing streams. Although a por
tion of the water In the streams is ta
ken up by evaporation and also wast
ed by floods, a large quantity rushes
on to the sea, and Its usefulness Is
lost.
The amount of water precipitated
in the form of rain, snow and fog, up
on the watershed may be said to be
used In three different ways, as It
were, namely: For evaporation and
plant life; for seepage into the earth
and then collecting Into surface
streams, subterranean streams and
gravel beds; for storm run-off and
run-off during the irrigation season.
The amount of water which Is ta
ken up by evaporation and also as
nutriment necessary to sustain plant
life varies with the conditions of the
watershed and atmosphere.
It is impossible to estimate the
amount of water which seeps into the
ground and finds its way into under
ground channels that saturate the
gravel beds of the valleys and fill the
strata that carries the artesian sup
ply. The storm run-off Is the water
which flows from the surface of the
watershed after the upper crust of
earth has been saturated and no more
water can be absorbed by It. The sat
uration depends upon the amount of
rainfall and character of the water
shed. . If the rainfall Is heavy the sur
face will soon became saturated and
the runpff will be much greater than
if a portion of it was allowed to seep
Into the ground. Also it rnay be seeij
that on a water-shed denuded of plant
life the storm run-off win be much
larger than wb(3?g the underbrush
forms' a resistance to and retains the
water longer upon the surface, giv
ing it more time to penetrate into the
pores of the earth and subsequently
Into the underground channels and
reservoirs whjch retain the water and
give it up gradually during the sum
mer Into the streams.
The more water we are able to Trave
from the storm run-off and to turn
Into reservoirs, the more we Increase
the amount that may be used In Irri
gation. Therefore In order that Irri
gation may be developed further, some
means must be provided to store suf
ficient water.
How far are the principles and
methods of Irrigation as practiced In
the arid portions of the state applica
ble to the Willamette valley and other
so-called humid portions of the state
and the difficulties peculiar to these
sections severally:
The Willamette valley at the pres
ent time Is the most undeveloped
section of Oregon when Its natural
advantages are compared with those
of the other sections. It has the long'
est growing season of any section of
the state; rich and deep soil; no long
and severe winter; access to the local
markets and Is convenient to railway
and water transportation.
Few people realize the fact that the
rainfall during the summer months
Is less than that which occurs in the
arid sections of the state. Thus the
need of Irrigation is not determined
by the total amount' of rainfall, but
by Its distribution throughout the
year. From October to March about
seventy-five per cent of the annual
rainfall occurs and during the sum
mer period from June to September
less han five per cent.
Since a greater amount of water Is
available In the streams of the Wil
lamette valley and other humid por
tions of tho state than in the arid dis
tricts (on account of the heavy win
ter rainfall). Irrigation systems there
would not need to be elaborate or ex
tensive as In the arid regions; never
theless, the same mehods might he
carried on to good advantage, though
on a smaller scale.
Investigations have been carried on
by the office of experiment stations
Happy, Happy,
Use TIZ
A Marvel for Sore Peek AoU Rich!
Off.
Sore Feet? Never After Using 1W
Good-bye sore feet, swollen feet.
sweaty feet, smelling feet, tired feet.
aching feet.
Good-bye corns, callouses and bun-
Ions and raw spot.
Tou've never tried anything like
TIZ before for your feet It la dif
ferent from anything ever before sold.
It acta at once and makea the feet
feel remarkably fresh and sore-proof.
TIZ la not a powder. Powders and
other foot remedies clog up the pores.
TIZ draws out all poisonous exudl-
ations which bring on soreness of the
feet, and is the only remedy that
does. TIZ cleans out ?'e7 pore and
glorifies the feet your feet.
You'll never limp again or draw UP
your face In pain, and you'll forget
about your corns, bunions and cal
louses. You'll feel like a new person.
If you don't find all this true after I
trying a box of TIZ, you can get your
money right back.
TIZ Is for tale at all druggists at
IS cents per box, or it will be sent
you direct If von wish from Walter
Luther Dodge tt Co., Chicago, I1L
of the U. S. department of agriculture 1
during the past three years. These In-'
vestigatlons have demonstrated that
Irrigation in the Willamette valley Is
profitable four crops of clover and .
alfalfa having been grown in a sea
son where only one was produced be-
fore. Such crops as these were un-
hdarj nt hafflM Irrlfra f Inn frna nHA. '
Uced.
More investigations and study will
be required to further the develop
ment in the Willamette valley.
tn the Rata.
then a cold and a cough let It run
on get pneumonia er consumption, -that's
all. No matter new yen get ,
your eeugh don't neglect it take ,
Ballard's Horehound Syrup and you'll j
be ever It tn no time. The sura ;
cure for coughs, colds, bronohitls and
all pulmonary diseases in young and '
old. A. C. Koeppen St Bres. j
HaJloweij Concert.
Musical Entertainment at the ar
mory Friday, January 20. Admission
f 1.00. Given by Bayonet Club, com
posed of Company L, O. N. O., Spanish-American
war veterans, O. A. R.
veterans.
TO CURB A COLD IN ONE DAT.
Take LAXATIVE) BROMO Qnlnin
Tablets. Druggists refund meney If
it falls to cure. B. W. GROVE'S
signature Is en eaeto box. tie.
Unfurnished housekeeping teem
for rent In the Bast Oregenlan bail
ing. AH modern conveniences, Mm
quire at . O. office.
Miss Edna Howard Baker
Cooking School
at
The Peoples Warehouse
Grocery Department
Is a permanent help to everybody,
knowing how to cook is a necessity,
a luxury as well as a blessing.
Miss Baker is willing to help you.
Will you help yourself?
Ladies are requested to bring pen
cil, spoon and forks.
Cooking School
: FREE TO ALL
Friday, January 20th
MENU
Snow Cake
Marshmellow Filling
A change of Menu every day, will be
cooked and served from 2:30 p. m.
to 4:30 p. m.
The Peoples Warehouse and The
Pacific Power & Light Co. extend a
cordial invitation to all.
UNIONISM ED
....HOUSE-KEEPING....
ROOMS
In Suites of 2 Rooms Each
Steam Heat
Electric Lights
Gas and Gas Range
Hot and Cold Water
Bath
Good Ventilation
Plenty ol Daylight
INCLUDED IN
SUITE
LOCATED !N
Oregonian Building
Enquire at East Oregorvian Office -