PAGE nx ABUT MAT OMOOWIAN. PIWMnHM, OlUDQOJf. TITORSDAY, JANUARY It, 111. XGHT PAGES WEST UMATILLA PROJECT ONE OF BEST IN THE EI1TIKE UNITED STATES ' - , Irrigation Is the golden key which alone can unlock the door of civiliza tion to wide areas in Oregon. This applies paricularly to that portion of the etate east of the Cascade moun tains. Irrigation may be said to antedate the white man. as much of the land I In Oregon now classed under irriga tion Is that which yields a crop of wild hay after having been watered in the primitive way by the natural over Tow of streams. Prom this crude be ginning the present system of Irrlga tlon has developed, first by the con structlon of temporary dikes to force this natural overflow over a greater area: later by ditches to divert even the low water of the streams, some times causing them to go almost dry during the summer months, as in the case of the Umatilla; now by the con aervation of winter flood water by storage to be used during the hot summer months. The first irrigation by the con eruction of canals began about 60 years ago along the Walla Walla river. Since that ime the land in that val ley has become highly developeu through Irrigation. In the Malheur valley Irrigation began about thirty years ago, and about 80.000 acres have been reclaimed. In Harney county the land is irrigated at the present time by the natural overflow of streams aided by primitive diver sion works. The cost of the first Irrigation in the state was only about five dollars per acre, because It was employed .where easiest to divert the water from i Streams. Now a, portion, of the irrl- ration development of the state is caf rled on by the government, and as expensive canals and structures have been built it ha; recited In the cost tt water 6n sdme projects belr.s rais ed to sixty datlart ah acre. In 1S90 Irrigation was regarded as the Hast important factor in the fu ture development of th state. Now, In some of the southwestern coun ties, it Is even considered necessary for the proper cultivation of tho soil. In 1S02 there was an area of 439,981 acres in the state irrigated by private corporations. '--Investigations were first begun in Oregon by the United States recla mation service in 1903, and work commenced in 1904 on the Umatilla and Klamath projects. The Umatilla project consists of 22,000 acres of comparatively level land lying east of the Junction of the Umatilla river and the Columbia river. The soil in its original state is cov ered with sagebrush, but being of basaltic origin It will, when irrigated, be well adapted to the production of alfalfa, fruit and vegetables. Under this project there are pub lic and private lands on which the construction cost of sixty dollars per acre must be paid in ten annual in Bailments. Where private lands are purchased residence within the vicin ity must be established before water can be secured. All the structures on the project have been built of permanent mate rial. The diversion dam near Echo Is of concrete, and much of the 25 mile feed canal of 300 cubic feet per second capacity is concrete lined A storage reservoir of 50,000 acra-feet has been provided by the construction of an earth embankment 93 feet in height with a top length of 3500 feet. In the distribution system there vill be eight miles of C2hals of from 60 to 225 cubic feet per secona capacity, 0 miles with from 10 to 50 cubic feet per sec6nd capaciy, and lOo miles with less than 10 cubic feet per second capacity. Instead of construct ing wooden flumes across depressions, reinforced concrete pipe, gome as large as forty-six inches In diameter, has been constructed and imbedded in the ground, forming an inverted siphon. The Klamath project, which is di vided into two projects, the upper lowt: eontempl m feeUiAticS of 172,000 ficr.pf fertile land lo cated largely in Klamath county, Ore gon, and partly in Modoc and Siski you counties. California. Construction work was authorized fm May 17, 1905. and by June, 1909, tMrty-"ne per cent of the entire pro ject was completed, and water was delivered to about 7000 acres. The water supply of the lower pro ject is derived from Upper Klamath lake, which has an area of 60,000 acres and srve. as a natural reser voir. The plan of the upper project provided a sorage dam 35 feet high and S40 feet long at the outlet of Cic-ar lake; a diversion dam on Lost river about twelve miles below the storage dam; and canals on either BAD DREAMS. Nightmare, Item less news and Night Kt All Caused by Indigestion. Half of the nervousness in the world, all of the disturbing dreams and nightmares can be ended in a few weeks by a simple. Inexpensive treatment guaranteed by Tallman & Co. Upi-et stomach is the cause of ner vousness and tad dreams. Tour food is lying In your stomach undigested and fermenting; It Is forming poison ous gases which irritates the pneumo- gastric nerve that leads direct from the brain and ends in a network of tiny branches running through the stomach. It Is also the irritation of this great pneumogastric nerve that causes headaches and know they are caused by the stomarti, but do not know how, If you are nervous, have dreams or nightmare, and, do not sleep sound at night, get a SO cent box of MI-O NA stomach tablets and take one or two after or with meals. MI-O-NA stomach tablets relieve distressed stomach in I minutes. Sold by Tall man and Co. and druggists everywhere who guarantee MI-O-NA to cure indl featlon or money back. side of the river for the Irrigation of lands in the upper valley of Lost riv er. The principal Industry of this coun try has been stockraislng, but alfal fa, grain, fruit and vegetables may be grown as soon as the land is irrigated. Some of the most important pre liminary surveys that have been made by the reclamation service dur ing and since 1903 are the Malheum project, involving 90,000 acres, for which $2,000,000 was set aside pro visionally at one time; Silver creek project in Harney county, where about 20.000 acres can be reclaimed by the construction of a ninety-foot dam and in 1909 Investigations were car ried on for the west extension of the Umatilla project. Probably more money has been spent In Malheur county In the devel opment of irrigation by private enter prise than in any other county In the state. There are about 50,000 acres under irrigation now and with stor age of water in the reservoir sites along the Malheur and Owyhee riv ers, Bully creek and Willow creek 100,000 acres in addition to this may be reclaimed. A lage ditch twenty five miles in length and with a ca pacity of 200 cubic feet per second takes water from the Owyhee river. Twenty-two ditches divert water from Bully creek, and eleven from the Mal heur river. In Baker county twenty-five per cent of the Powder river valley is ir rigaed by the regular summer flow of the Powder river, and is almost entirely In privates ownership. The largest storage development in he I I vaney is that gf" the Baker Irrif alien company. dam 2000 feet in length 1 and f'.fty feet high Is now under con sructton, and will when completed, store enough water to reclaim 10,000 acres. In Umailla county several large ditches have been built where the crops depend on the flood water dur ing the spring 'overflow. Nineteen of these ditches divert water from the Umatilla river. There has been no Irrigation development in the state west of the Umatilla project except in Hood River county, and there irriga tion is also necessary for the highest development of the soil. Methods of Applying Water. Whatever the source ot supply of the water, a large number of ditches to convey It to all parts of the coun- Ltry is necessary. The form of these ditches depends on the implements used in excavating and the size '"determined by the crops to be grown, the method to be adopted In watering them and the regulations governing the delivery of water to the ditch. The capacity of a ditch depends as much on the fall or grade as on its size. Having ob tained a suitable grade, the chief points to be remembered are the vol ume to be carried and the nature of the soil. The smaller the volume the greater the grade required. In a fine sand there must be a flat grade to prevent scouring, while in a hard soil a velocity of three feet per second may be used without eroding the bottom. When excessive grades cannot be avoided by windink around the high places, the speed of the water may be checked by the insertion of drops at the proper Intervals. In laying out permanent ditches an effort should be made to locate them In the right place. Sufficient water should be conveyed from the source of supply to the highest point of the farm, and from there distributed to the various subdivisions. Where de pressions occur, -the water may 00 carried across In a cement pipe laid in the form of an Inverted siphon. Every farmer must have a headgate to contol the water from the main canal into his private ditch and a weir to measure it. After his feuppU ditches have ;en wMt the fields rtea and leveled, then the laterals should be located and constructed for the distribution of the water. The field may be watered from the lateral by placing a temporary dam In the channel, which stops the flow In that direction, and causes It to flow over the low places In the bank. This system, called the "flooding sys tem," may be used where the soil Is heavy; where grain and forage crops are to be raised and when a rotation of crops Is desired. Nearly all crops that are planted in rows and cultivatfd are irrigated by means of furrows. Head-ditches that are fed from the .main supply ditch of the farm are made after the fiebi Is leveled and graded. The dis tance between any two consecutive head-ditches depends on the soil, for in sandy soils they should not be more than 300 feet apart, and In a hard soil they may be from 400 to 600 feet apart. Each furrow Is fed by a wooden snout placed two or tnree Inches below the surface of the water, The cost of Irrigating by ttys method U about the same as by nooning irom the field laterals. The check method of Irrigation confined mainly to alfalfa, consists In dividing up a field Into rectangu lar checks, each comprising from rne half an acre to one and one-half acres. Around the margin of each check a low embankment Is formed which retains the water until It has been absorbed by the soli. A ditch with a capacity equal to the head used Is built to carry water to each check or pair of checks. Each check should be provided with a wooden or concrete box controlled by a gate. A large head of water Is turned Into a check by raising fhe gate, and w? tn sufficient has been admitted, a gate to the second check Is opened and the first one closed. The labor and expense of Irrigating is much reduc ed when this sysem is used. In the border method of Irrigation a large head ditch la built across the highest boundary of the field. After being plowed the field Is marked off Into parallel strips of land from to 125 feet wide, which extend down the steepest slope from the head ditch, Theae are then leveled and a low embankment built along the bor der of each. Care should be used to obtain an even slope between the bor ders, so that the water which la ad mitted through a box in the head ditch may flow In a thin sheet from top to bottom of each strip. Value of Irrigation to State as Whole, Many people do not realise the val ue of water In running streams when viewed from a commercial standpoint It has been estimated that the yearly income from all the water power in this state will sometime exceed the wealth produced by the mines and forests. The value of irrigated lands Is based on the right to use the ne cessary water, and such lands in' crease from pracically nothing to as much as $1000 per acre. It is generally known that the most productive and highest priced lands are in those portions of the west where Irrigation is practiced. Irriga tion bonds are In such great demand, and Irrigation projects are being so eagerly sought for that new capital and settlers are being continually brought Into the state. It Is difficult to estimate what the value of irrigation will be to the state, as it is now a practically new undertaking, but the results already evident give us an inkling of what wonderful undeveloped resources the state possesses In this regard. The vast territory that now lies idle, sup porting all told but a few thousand people, may be transformed into a wonderfully productive country thickly populated with desirable, pro gressive citizens. There is perhaps no state in the west in which the natural resources are so undeveloped as In Oregon. This may be accounted for by the lack of railroads, and consequently the coun try has not been settled as it would otherwise have been. The ',.v.ui.iMAftt IvrfiraHnn Vina been retarded not only by a deficiency ot capital on the part of most of the country on the part of those who pos sessed the capital. Oregon has not knowledge of the conditions of the settlers, but also by the lack of received her Just proportion of the reclamaion fund, it having been ex pended in other states. This was caused to some extent by the lack of harmony on the part of the land holders on certain areas capable of reclamaion, particularly In the Mal heur district. Practically all the waters that are used for irrigation are drawn from the flowing streams. Although a por tion of the water In the streams is ta ken up by evaporation and also wast ed by floods, a large quantity rushes on to the sea, and Its usefulness Is lost. The amount of water precipitated in the form of rain, snow and fog, up on the watershed may be said to be used In three different ways, as It were, namely: For evaporation and plant life; for seepage into the earth and then collecting Into surface streams, subterranean streams and gravel beds; for storm run-off and run-off during the irrigation season. The amount of water which Is ta ken up by evaporation and also as nutriment necessary to sustain plant life varies with the conditions of the watershed and atmosphere. It is impossible to estimate the amount of water which seeps into the ground and finds its way into under ground channels that saturate the gravel beds of the valleys and fill the strata that carries the artesian sup ply. The storm run-off Is the water which flows from the surface of the watershed after the upper crust of earth has been saturated and no more water can be absorbed by It. The sat uration depends upon the amount of rainfall and character of the water shed. . If the rainfall Is heavy the sur face will soon became saturated and the runpff will be much greater than if a portion of it was allowed to seep Into the ground. Also it rnay be seeij that on a water-shed denuded of plant life the storm run-off win be much larger than wb(3?g the underbrush forms' a resistance to and retains the water longer upon the surface, giv ing it more time to penetrate into the pores of the earth and subsequently Into the underground channels and reservoirs whjch retain the water and give it up gradually during the sum mer Into the streams. The more water we are able to Trave from the storm run-off and to turn Into reservoirs, the more we Increase the amount that may be used In Irri gation. Therefore In order that Irri gation may be developed further, some means must be provided to store suf ficient water. How far are the principles and methods of Irrigation as practiced In the arid portions of the state applica ble to the Willamette valley and other so-called humid portions of the state and the difficulties peculiar to these sections severally: The Willamette valley at the pres ent time Is the most undeveloped section of Oregon when Its natural advantages are compared with those of the other sections. It has the long' est growing season of any section of the state; rich and deep soil; no long and severe winter; access to the local markets and Is convenient to railway and water transportation. Few people realize the fact that the rainfall during the summer months Is less than that which occurs in the arid sections of the state. Thus the need of Irrigation is not determined by the total amount' of rainfall, but by Its distribution throughout the year. From October to March about seventy-five per cent of the annual rainfall occurs and during the sum mer period from June to September less han five per cent. Since a greater amount of water Is available In the streams of the Wil lamette valley and other humid por tions of tho state than in the arid dis tricts (on account of the heavy win ter rainfall). Irrigation systems there would not need to be elaborate or ex tensive as In the arid regions; never theless, the same mehods might he carried on to good advantage, though on a smaller scale. Investigations have been carried on by the office of experiment stations Happy, Happy, Use TIZ A Marvel for Sore Peek AoU Rich! Off. Sore Feet? Never After Using 1W Good-bye sore feet, swollen feet. sweaty feet, smelling feet, tired feet. aching feet. Good-bye corns, callouses and bun- Ions and raw spot. Tou've never tried anything like TIZ before for your feet It la dif ferent from anything ever before sold. It acta at once and makea the feet feel remarkably fresh and sore-proof. TIZ la not a powder. Powders and other foot remedies clog up the pores. TIZ draws out all poisonous exudl- ations which bring on soreness of the feet, and is the only remedy that does. TIZ cleans out ?'e7 pore and glorifies the feet your feet. You'll never limp again or draw UP your face In pain, and you'll forget about your corns, bunions and cal louses. You'll feel like a new person. If you don't find all this true after I trying a box of TIZ, you can get your money right back. TIZ Is for tale at all druggists at IS cents per box, or it will be sent you direct If von wish from Walter Luther Dodge tt Co., Chicago, I1L of the U. S. department of agriculture 1 during the past three years. These In-' vestigatlons have demonstrated that Irrigation in the Willamette valley Is profitable four crops of clover and . alfalfa having been grown in a sea son where only one was produced be- fore. Such crops as these were un- hdarj nt hafflM Irrlfra f Inn frna nHA. ' Uced. More investigations and study will be required to further the develop ment in the Willamette valley. tn the Rata. then a cold and a cough let It run on get pneumonia er consumption, -that's all. No matter new yen get , your eeugh don't neglect it take , Ballard's Horehound Syrup and you'll j be ever It tn no time. The sura ; cure for coughs, colds, bronohitls and all pulmonary diseases in young and ' old. A. C. Koeppen St Bres. j HaJloweij Concert. Musical Entertainment at the ar mory Friday, January 20. Admission f 1.00. Given by Bayonet Club, com posed of Company L, O. N. O., Spanish-American war veterans, O. A. R. veterans. TO CURB A COLD IN ONE DAT. Take LAXATIVE) BROMO Qnlnin Tablets. Druggists refund meney If it falls to cure. B. W. GROVE'S signature Is en eaeto box. tie. Unfurnished housekeeping teem for rent In the Bast Oregenlan bail ing. AH modern conveniences, Mm quire at . O. office. Miss Edna Howard Baker Cooking School at The Peoples Warehouse Grocery Department Is a permanent help to everybody, knowing how to cook is a necessity, a luxury as well as a blessing. Miss Baker is willing to help you. Will you help yourself? Ladies are requested to bring pen cil, spoon and forks. Cooking School : FREE TO ALL Friday, January 20th MENU Snow Cake Marshmellow Filling A change of Menu every day, will be cooked and served from 2:30 p. m. to 4:30 p. m. The Peoples Warehouse and The Pacific Power & Light Co. extend a cordial invitation to all. UNIONISM ED ....HOUSE-KEEPING.... ROOMS In Suites of 2 Rooms Each Steam Heat Electric Lights Gas and Gas Range Hot and Cold Water Bath Good Ventilation Plenty ol Daylight INCLUDED IN SUITE LOCATED !N Oregonian Building Enquire at East Oregorvian Office -