WILLAMETTE FARMER.
The Plane.
This instrument, when well made, and kept
'In order, surpasses, in accuracy of performance,
nil other hand tools. Originally famished with
only one iron, the plane now has usually two,
-the undermost for cutting the shaving, the up
permost for breaking it in Bach a manner ai to
prevent it acting as a lever in lifting or tearing
-up fibres, in front of the cutting iron. In Eng
and the stock or body of the plane is generally
made of bsech; but on the continent apple and
pear are frequently substituted with happy re
sults. Through the stock is a vertical aper
ture, of which the lower portion acts as a guide
to the outting edge, and forms together with
this latter the mouth of the plane. This effect--ually
regulates the depth to which the cutting
iron can penetrate, but it would not be suffi
cient to prevent it from following the inequali
ties of the surface to which it might be applied.
This would utterly unfit the plane for
-the purpose for which it is intended;
(hence, this tendency is overcome by
giving considerable Knsth to the stock,
which causes a plane in operating on a
rough piece of wood, to remove successive
shavings from the more prominent parts until
a enrfaco level with the deepest original de
pression is attained. The flatness attainable
with a plane is greatly dependent on the skill of
the workman He must always try to plane
" hollow " rather than round, for if a plane be
sufficiently long in the stock, it is impossible for
him to give any appreciable concavity to a sur
face of moderate size. For this reason rough
ing out planes, or "jack planes," are made as
long in stock as possible, without raakiug them
too heavy and inconvenient, the usual size be
ing from fourteen to eighteen inches long.
Planes used for ' truing," or " trying planes,"
a,i they are incorrectly called, are used to cor
rect the inequalities left by the former, and
are usually from twenty-two to twenty-four
inches in length, or even twenty-eight to tbirtv
inches, in which case they go by the name of
41 jointers," and are principally used for making
long joints. The smoothing plane, which is em
ployed to give the finishing strokes to a sur
face which has already been flattened, is gen
erally about eight inches long.
In grinding the edge of the cutting iron care
should be taken to use a true faced grindstone,
-and a "good flat oilstone. The front iron having
once been sharpened will require no further
Attention, as it lies against the cutting iron in
uoh a position as to protect its edge effectually
fiom ever getting blunted. The cutting iron
should be ground to a flat cutting edge at an
angle of about 25 on the stone, and then fin
ished on the oilstone in such a manner bb to
t'oim a fresh " facet," or bevel, making a more
obtuse angle with the line of the iron, say about
10 more, so that the total inclination edge will
be about 35s. In replacing the second iron on
the first, the kind of work for which it is to be
used must be borne in mind. If the second
iron is brought very close to the edge of the
cutting iron, the shaving is broken up more
effectually, the work is neater and less liable to
tear up; but the labor expended will be greater.
As a rule, for roughing out, the edges may be
somewhat distant, say about 1-16 in. apart; but
for finishing, the top iron edge and the cutting
iron edge should be almost on the same level.
The " bed " of the plane iron is made at dif
ferent angles, to suit different kinds of work;
the four angles most in use are known an com
mon pitch, which denotes that the back of the
iron reposes on its bed at an angle of 45 from
itlio sole, and this inclination is usually em
ployed for all surface or bench planes for soft
wood. " York pitch " indicates an angle of
GO" and is more adapted to use with mahogany
md other hard stringy woods. Middle pitch
or C5, and half pitch or 00, are employed
with moulding planes, the former being for soft
woods and the latter the harder kinds. In the
course of time, the mouth of the plane gets en
larged, and out of truth. This may be to some
extent avoided by keeping the sole greased
by rubbing over with of piece of bacon rind;
but sooner or later the mouth must be ren
dered smaller, which can be done by letting in
a piece of box-wood in front of the cutting iron.
Some planes, especially those used by cabinet
makers, have the sole made either entirely or
in great part of brass or iron. With a mouth
so fine as it is possible to make these, and by
reversing the position of the cutting iron, so as
to give it a pitch of about GO", the use of the
top iron is not needed at all.
Danqeb or Peoteacted Sleep. But here, as
in bo many other cases, the evil of deficiency
has its connterpart in the evil of excess. Sleep
protracted beyond the need of repair, and en
croaohing habitually upon the hours of waking
action, impairs more or less the functions of the
brain, and with them all the vital powers. This
observation is as old as the days of Hippoorates
and Arete us, who severally and strongly com
ment upon it. The sleep of infancy, however,
and that of old age, do not come under this
category of excess. These are natural condi
tions, appertaining to the respective periods of
life, and to be dealt with as such. In illness,
moreover, all ordinary rule and measure of
sleep must be put aside. Distinguishing it
from coma, there are very few cases in which
it is not an unequivocal good; and even in
comatose state the brain, we believe, gains
more from reposa than from any artificial at
tempts to rouse it into action, Edinburgh He
view. " Wbebe did the ore in the iron mountains
come from ?" We may as well ask where did
, the turpentine, rosin and tar in the pine tree
come from ? Can the chemist detect it in the
soil from which the tree draws its food, or in
the air that surrounds it? The duty of the
finite mind is to study effects, not primal causes.
You may estimate the tons of iron ores in the
iron mountains, or tons of coal in the coal
basins, or amount of ores in the lead, copper
and sdno fields, and may fuse these in the fu
ture and tell the status of the coming popula
tions ; you may estimate the number of barrels
of tar and gallons of turpentine in the pine flora
of a State yet, the origin of the slippery atoms
of the iron and turpentine refuse to be located-
A Ladt Leottbeb on CnEMtsTar. Scotland
has produced something of an anomaly in the
person of a lady leoturer on chemistry. Miss
Charlotte Napier lately gave a lecture on
chemistry, in connection with the Blackfriais
Useful Information Society of Aberdeen. There
was quite a fall attendance, and the lecture
was illustrated by a variety of experiments,
pronounced of a highly interesting and in
structive character, was listened, to with the
closest attention, and an entbusiastio vote of
thanks was voted to the lectarer at the close.
Miss Napier is quite a young lady, a native of
Aberdeen. She studied chemistry at Edin
burgh, under the direction of Mr. Falconer
King, with the view of assisting her father aa an
agricultural chemist,
POTTTBT AKD PoBCtXADf It WSS BOppOSed,
few vears ainoe, that the ancient kne noth
ing of covering earthenware with a vitreous
glaze, but recent discoveries have shown the
contrary. Egyptian researches have thrown
considerable light .upon the subject of glass.
Sir O. Wilkinson, Winokebnann, Lyard, sad
oibsr astkoritie have proved that glass sad
srtkMVkrs wars made 3,500 years ago.
Pacific Mail Steamship Co.
New York to San Francisco, via Panama.
r RATES OF PASSAGE. '
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I ffiBBMBpBsEBPsBcPBjsWjSEE' IQJSliiBBitKBKBE&KlFiFrBt t v Jg-9
a
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Y3rgThe Rates include the transit of the Isthmus of Panama via Panama Railroad. Also, Bed
ding, Board and all necessaries for the voyage. An experienced Surgeon is on each ship, and no charge is made foi
medicines or medical attendance.
Steamers leave New York every Saturday at 12 o'clock, Noon,
A.nd Make the Trip to San Francisco in Three Weeks.
This Route offers Special Inducements to EMIGRANTS, who will avoid the delays,
discomfort and expense of the tedions trip overland hi rail.
THE STEAMEKS OF THIS LINE 00NNE0T AT NEW Y0BK WITH ALL THE TRANS-ATLANTIO LINES FROM EUROPE
Also at the Isthmus of Panama with Steamers of the
Hamburg American Packet Company, from Hamburg and Havre,
The Royal Mail Steam Packet Company, from Southampton,
The West India and Pacific Steamship Company, from Liverpool,
And the General Trans-Atlantic Company, from St. Nazaire.
All information regarding Through Rates of Passage, can be obtained from the Agents of the above Lines at any,
port iu Europe, from whom Through Passage Tickets can be purchased.
THE OFFICE OF TIIE PACIFIC JIAIL STEAMSITIP COMPANY, IN NEW YORK, IS ON THE AVHAKF,
:pie:r 42 nortec river, foot of ca.:n".a:l street.
t
mBbhbBbMWstskujsB v.i tiiirn9HBv9sBBBsB 1 1 va3sUbWVbPbT NDki
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BBiWsnln 1 1 nTsWr
R. J. Trumbull, Dealer in and Grower of
SEEDS mt&i&&5)!mQ&&, FLOWERS.
Shrubs,
Vegetables,
TREES,
-lv---v s
WQsmmmmm
IIBBibS
Published Quarterly. January Number Just
lued, and contains over 100 Pauks,500 Enckavings,
descriptions of more thin 500 of our best Flowers
and Vegetables, with Directions for Culture, Colorbp
Platr, etc. The most useful and elegint work o
the kind in the world. Only 5 cents for the yea.
Published In English and German.
Address, JAMES VICK, Rochester, N. V.
XcXfC0$
BULBS,
Ktu.,
For tlui G--A.IIDEN, ITA-IIM, and MANSION,
4SJT Saneome Street, San Francisco. 7"Dea rlptIveCataVgueson application.
$& '
ISBSSBSSSSlSBSSSSBSSSSSSSSSSSrBBSSSSSSSSSSsHi' '
anaossa Street,
'FLOWER G
Voa. 327, 2 a4 881
AX IBAltOtBCO.
IT1IK NEW IMPROVED
HOME SHUTTLE
Sewing Machine.
FlrHOE, - - S43.00.
WE ALSO SELL
The Homfi Sewing Machine.
These machines us a shuttle, straight needle,
and make the Lock Stitch.
They are surpassed by none.
TAry art tt ttmphit and UgUttUnmnlng m
chintl in (At world.
Bend (or circulars.
Mme. Demorest Reliable Patterns.
SEND FOR A CATALOGUE.
Boyal Charts, iJ.50.
E. W. HAWKS, Agent, 17 New Montgomery
Street (Qrand Hotel BaUding), Baa Iranetaca.
I will send 12 Flowering Plants for One Dollar
yourcnoice rrom too sorts, by HAIL OB EXPBE88.
MY ILLUSTRATED CATALOOUE,
ileKriteithcuitur,of Plaits A Seeds,
In eurtomtra frett ithn. lte. Addict,
ITCH, 646 Warns St., Bostea, Mess.
WI. E. VOWD
(IN PRESS.)
Manual of Jurisprudence and Co-Operation
OF THE
Patrons of Husbandry.
By A. D. SMEDLET, Master of Iowa Stats Orange.
Published by Geo. M. JONES,
Office or PATItON'S HELPER, Des Moines, Iowa.
200 pares, bound In cloth.
By mall, postago prepaid f 1.25 per copy.
By express or freight, In packages of five
or mora 1 1.00 per copy.
CONTENTS.
INTRODUCTION.
The Origin of tho Ordor. Its ObJectBi To Educate,
Elevato and Strengthen the Farmers as a class.
PART I-JUR1SPRUDENOE.
I Tho Orange. II Oranfro Room. Ill Quallfl.
rations of Candidates. IV Applications for Member,
ship. V Balloting for Candidates. VI- Rights and
Duties of Members. VII Qualifications and Duties
of Deputies. VIII Qualifications and Duties of Mas
ters. IX Qualifications and Duties of Secretaries.
X Charges. XI Trials. XII-Appeals. XIII With,
rirawals and Demits. XIV Consolidations. XV The
Degrees of the Order Symbolized. XVI Pomona
Granges.
PART II-CO-OI'ERATION,
I Co operation In Oeneral Business. II Co-operative
Insurance. Ill Co-operative Banking.
APPENDIX.
Forms for : Certificate of Membership Petition of
Membership Commission of Deputies Anuual Report
ofDoputlcH on Business Visiting Card Withdrawal
Card Demit Card-Certificate ot Election Certificate
to bo used at Representative Election. Constitution of
Pomona Oranges. Forms for: Petition for Member
shipCertificate of Election Certificate of Organisa
tionPetition for Charter By-Laws of Orangers'Bank
in California. Constitution and By-Laws of Co-Opera-tlve
Council. Articles of Association, Farmers' Mutual
Fire Insurance Company. Certificate of Insurance.
Deputies and Misters are earnestly requested to call
the attention of their respective Oranges to this book,
to the end, thst by Its geucrsl uso each officer and each
member of our Order may better understand bis rights
and duties, and the Order everywhere may thereby be
strengthened and built up, and enabled to perfcrm Its
whole work and attain unto penect success.
Address, DEWEY A CO.,
Paclno Rural Press Office, S. F,
,20 FINE VERBENA8 FOR $1.
Any of I he folio lmr named plants tent by mill.
positive iuM, lit utiiiiiiatli Any ttmowruior
25 cpula. nr flilMii tur SI. Kourdfr reLC-linl for
lets than AmiU Km In Its, Utruiituin; (tfcmblr
Zonak, S(tiiHl tun ljj, lii-wmlm, Caniuiloua,
Pink. OiU'Uretisi, JUliM Planl, Atcratiim
Atniiliou, A ill ruhilit . 0leii Caiinm, Chr mu
tlsCiimni II nit i'lil.. CupUta. Knjuturtums.
HitM.s, lunu., HiIloiM.KH, nvttjo t.itrurn,
Lit-. tU, MaUi n.l i. Pili ii.huiiUv, R.uU J'HimU.
&oUrum('jiil uinttii,( huiUu Oiiu ibuUlA
ler. iJalai.i. I fimln. IMil tunl WrUu tt.r 21
cent Mt Ululr;iH'l I'alnloaut of Kr Hints
bwu ior in.i. ami any two patKiu or luu ue
Be4i aot ou niflut ot in 1 1 nu. AMri
O. A. BKtbEtt CO.. me, Pa,
Heald1S(
'BUSINESS COLLEGE
SANi2NClSCfjj
The Mining and Scientific Press.
KsTAiiuineu in 8a Foancisoo, 18C0.
Is the lesdlng mining Journal In America, and enjoys
a large circulation among the more Intelligent open,
tors and workers In the gold fields of the world.
As a sctontlflc and mechanical representative of the
Pacific Coast, It la decidedly popular and a standard
Journal with the most thrifty Industrial people of the
Pacific Htatea and Territories. Its authority is of the
highest order, and Its usefulness In Its special sphere
unrivalled. '
Every public library, mining engineer, metallurgist,
mining operator and Intelligent mechanic and manafao
urer will find profit by Us reading.
Subscription, I! a year, in advance. Sample copies
post psld, 10 cents. As an
ADVERTISING
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er Journal for all kinds of mining and hydraulic ma- .
chlnery and other mechanical work, building materials
new manufactures and Inventions, Our rates art very
reasonable compared with those of other artt nlsss
Journals. DZWEY at 00., Publishers.
m Banaome street. Ban Francisco.