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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 8, 1875)
wjaaMistElrjgIESMM:w is Uir Jl' JupomiTioN. . Bow,a, Fsatbe&,Gbows. Inthe skin of a bill where' a new feather is to grow, there is a littb pit, and at the bottom of this an eleva .tionor pyramid; extending up one side of this pyraaid is a groove or furrow, deepest at the (lbase,and gradually growing shallower until it disap)ars, near the top; from this fnrrow a great Yiany smaller grooTes extend around1 to' Aithe otar side of the. pyramid, and these also decreasVin depth and at last disappear just as they ire about to, meet on the side opposite the largafurrow. -The.whola. pyramid is cov ered withskin, and the surface is made on the saihe j scans,' or .flattened cells - that are made overthe ret of the surface of the body, but, instead of filling off when they are pushed out by the new.ones Jbelow them, they become united or weded to each other, so as to form a horn coat ova the surface of the pyramid, with ridges on its liwer or inner surface correspond- 'ing to the grooves 'on' the pyramid; and as new cells grow at tie base, this coat or cast of the surface is puehd upward till it breaks at its thinnest part wfieh, is of course, the smooth part without rides' opposite the large furrow; and then as it is lashed onward and flattened, it assumes the Arm of a feather, the ridge formed in the main furrow being the shaft, while the casts of tie side grooves form the separate barbs of tig vane. When all of the vane has been forme and pushed forward, the pyramid looses its groives and becomes smooth, and the wall now forued on its surface, being of the 'same thicknesi in all parts, does not cbreak, but remains tubar, and forms the quill, which is attaobed to wbt is left of the pyra mid. A finger-nail or ahair is formed from the same kind of scales h the same, way, the process differing only inthoBe features which give to each organ its spcial character. Feath ers, scales, hair, claws, al are made alike from the dead, flattened cells irowded to the suface by the process of growth, Economic Consumption of Smoke. The op- eration, at Qlasgow, o a patent relf-stoking smokeless furnace, is bus spoken uf in the Glasgow Herald: It meds the case more thor oughly than any inventbn of a similar kind that has hitherto come aider notice, and is as simple in construction asit is efficient in oper ation. The coal is placecin a hopper, over the front part of the furnace, nto which it drops in small quantities through a couple of aper tures. It is not necessary to open the front door of the furnace, excepts see how the fire is getting on, for by a simple mechanical re adjustment, the man in chage of the furnace may regulate the Quantity ahost to an ounce. As it is added to from aboWthe coal sinks down and slides slowly until reaches the bars from the bottom of 'the furnce. These bars are acted upon by plungers, wtich carry them forward together, with their lifer, of coal on top, and then,' an eccentrlobeinr applied, every third bar in the series is broughfcack to receive a fresh supply. In this svstemaio and contin uous way the furnace is fed witi coal) which passes right through in slow and easy stages, ' the same quantity of fuel being atall 'times in exactly the same state. Combustiu is, there fore, perfect. Dutiable 'Soap Bubbles. To otoin soap bubbles that will show the changing colors of the rainbow the directions are ai follows: Take half a pint'of water that has ben boiled and become cold, and put into it n quater of an ounce, of Caetilo Boap, cut up fine. Put this in a pint bottle, and set it in hot wter in a saucepan, on the fire ; there let it renain an hour or so, now and then give it a god shak ing till the soap is disolved. Let the find stand quiet for the impurities and coloring ratter of the soap to settle; then pour off the find and add to it three or four ounces of glyceric, and your soap-bubble solution is ready. In an or dinary way you jmay, blow the bubbles easy with a tobbaco pipe, but if you wish to tttain scientific perfection, you had better empoy a glass pipe. By adding a larger quantiy of glycerine you may make these bubbles so stong that you can play battledore with, them. Making Animal Haib. A method of treaing animal hair for the use of the hatter, wlich has been kept secret for a long time, is row found to consist in the application of a Bolnttn of the nitrate of mercury, for the purpose if preventing the putrefaction of the fibre. THs substance, however, is very deleterious, it s said, both to the health of the workmen art to the implements of the trade, and rccentl, carbolic acid or creosote has been used to grea advantage as a substitute. This has the prop erty not onlv of preserving the animal matter. but of causing the hairs to contract, thus ren dering them more apt to felt. The subsequent treatment of the fibre is according to the process usually pursued in this Industry, and the car bolio acid may be added to the oleaginous or astringent elements used by nat manuiacturers. Bow to Sharpen Steel Dbixls. It is not generally known that steel can be made so hard that it will pierce any known substance but a diamond. Many jewelers and lapidaries, have great trouble in getting the points of their drills' hard enough to pierce an amethyst. For the benefit of miners and others using drills that require a hard point we recommend the following manner of manipulation. The drills should be held, if small, by hot pinchers or tongs, while tempering. First heat the tool to a white heat and then press it into a stick of sealing wax, leave it but a second there, and then. stick it into the wax in another place. This operation is rapidly repeated until the graver is too cool to enter the wax. In turn ing 01 drilling the tool is moistened with oil of turpentine. Casttno Ingots. Mr. Leffler, of Sheffield, iron merchant, has patented some improve ments in moulding for casting ingot. The novelty of these improvements consists in forming a central mould, and in suriounding it with moulds in such a manner that each side of the central mould shall form a side or end of one or more of the surrounding moulds by means of hollow iron pieces or iron plate lin ings, fitted closely into holes or appertures made in the lower parts of the Bides of the central mould and covering the surrounding mould with a stopper, having a hole for the escape of air and gatses,- and in forming the moulds by preference open at the bottom, and placing tbera, during the process of catting, upon bottom plate. A Lono Continued Fibe. The longest blast of a charcoal furnace yet announced is that of the Shelby Iron company's furnace, at Bhelby, Alabama. It has now been working continu ously for three years and seven months, and hat made an average of 100 tons per week since it Utw in. The greater part of the pro duction has been an excellent iron for. car wheel purposes, and it quality ranks it among our very best American front. The ores used c are Umo&itee, yielding, when roasted, about 53 to M per cent, in the furnace, The consump tion of charcoal has been 130 bushels (of 18 - .) per ton of pig iron produce. The lining of the furnace is of fire brick, made at the works from cly found in the neighborhood. It ja taid that a rile ballet cannot penetrate thirty sheets of paper. HiBDENrNO STEEL.-lhstead of ""hardening steel bv Dlunoinfe it into cold1 water and after ward lowering the temper, which is thus made too nign, uapiain uarson recommenas me use of water which is warm enough to produce just the desired hardness. The'temperature of the water will depend not only on the temper de sired but also op the size of the article, and is easily ascertained by trial. For the springs in the needle gun' he used water about 13U de grees F.; for some kinds of Bte'el boiling water is preferable. The effect of cooling in hot water on soft steel containing 0.2 0.1 per cent, carbon is'to increase its tenacity and elasticity wi bout much change of hardneis. Your Own Mason. Small holes in white walls can be easily repaired without sending for the mason. Equal parts of plaster of Paris and white sard such as is used in most fami lies for scouring purposes mixed with water to a paste applied immediately, and smoothed with a knife or a flat piece of wood, will make the broken place as good as new. The mixture hardens very quickly, so it is best to prepare but a small quantity at a time. What Coal Loses bt Beino Made Into Coke. From an exchange we learn that Con nelsville coal, which may be taken as the stan dard of coking coals, weighs 80 pounds to the bushel. When properly coked, 100 bushels of ooal yield 125 bushels of coke, weighing 40 pounds to the bushel; that is, 8,000 pounds of coal produce 5,000 pounds of coke, or, in other words, the coal gains 25 per cent, in bulk and loses 35 per cent, in weight. Qood HBAL1"H- Imaginative Medicine. Charms, amulets, talismans and phylacteries all belong to the litt of articles which produce imaginative cures; seeing that the persons who trnst to them believe in some good obtainable from them, in purse or in person, in health or in welfare; and if the good does come, more assuredly the imagination is the channel through which it approaches. Two or three yeats ago, at a town in Worcestershire, after the inquest on the body of a man drowned in the Severn, a woman applied to the chief con stable for permission to draw the band of her son, a boy eight or nine years of age, nine times across the dead man's throat, in order to bring about the removal of awen from the boy's neok. In another instance, in the same county, this was actually done, with fatal re sults; for the man had died of typhoid fever, which was in this way communicated to several living persons. A ring made of the hinge of a coffin, and a rusty old sword hung by the bed side, ate (in some districts) charms against the cramp; headache is removed by the halter that has hung a criminal, and also by a snuff made from moss that has grown on a human skull in a graveyard. A dead man's hand, and especially the hand of a man who had been cut down while hanging, dispels tumors. Warts may be removed by rubbing them with, a bit of stolen beef; the chips of a gallows, worn in a little bag round the neck, will cure the ague; a stone with a hole in it, suspended at the bed's head, will prevent nightmare. Many verses are known, which if repeated aloud, arecredited with curing cramp, burns, and other bodily troubles. When you have the whooping-cough, apply for a remedy to the first person you meet with riding on a piebald horse a cere mony that Dr. Lettsom, the physician, was fated more than onoe to become acquainted with.;lH the Tear Round How Foob Eyes abe Made. I have, during the past two months, seen lace veils drawn tight over the face in church, both morning and evening. I have seen ladies teaching in Sunday-school and in sewing-schools, where the expression of face has so much to do with claiming and retaining the scholars' attention, with the inevitable veil covering like a mask both -faces and expression. Ladies were seen at the evening receptions at the Metronnlltan museum of art, looking at pictures and porce lain tnrnnnn ld,A VAila nli,nl. In nA m. .. 2 ... CMawuu .hvv W.B, nuttiM .M UUU Ul fcTU 111- gtances were beaded. I myself saw a lady at the Astor library procure the seventh volume of Froude's History of England, which she proceeded to lead through a dotted lace veil. And last, but not least, I am told by a friend who attends the art school at the National Academy of Design, that young ladies go there and draw from plaster casts for hours at a time witbaut lifting their black lace veils. Cor. New York Evenlnq Post. A Woed About the Lungs. In nearly all cases the natural capacity and area of the chest are sufficient for all the uses of resniratinn. But the capacity of the chest mav be diminished fey the habit of stooping, or by the abominable practice of tight-lacing. The false grace of the rasp lorm iu woman is almost alwavs earned t the expense of the lungs. The tight belt iou me armour aoove it latally compress the ar-cells, and forbid all easy union of the oxy So of the air with the currents of thn blond. Tie lungs cannot well spare one square inch of iu bjj w wuira mey naturally rtii. uonsump tioi is the sequel of corsets. The war of bydene upon tight waists must be positive and uncasing, for fashion is in nothing more de sirrctive to human life than in this. The lungs aro uso lnjurea Dy oeing over-worked, strained, or uae to ao more man any reasonable esti mated their powers would allow. Walking as an Exebcise. There is no exer cise e fine as walking, if one knows how to take t. When a .disease in one part of the body becomes incurable, the physician will sometines attack some other part with the design if diverting the sickness from its strong bold, to a man who uses his head till his brain is weary needs to tire his legs. One complaiis that he cannot walk. It is because he does' not observe the rules. Walk easily. Take tine and do not hurry yourself into ex haustion. By walking a short distance at first, and gradually increasing it, one soon is able to walk eigh. or ten miles without fatigue, and with good -esults to health. " At the end of a mile," saytn old pedestrian, " walking is de lightful, ion wouldn't ride if you could." The road tohealth is too narrow for wheels. Dtspifsia. "Dyspepsia is the demon of America," stys the Philadelphia Bulletin. " Making bare to get rich, America has neg lected her ttonsch; she hag forgotten to learn how to enjoy, her riches, and her generations of sallow, .nervous, unstrung men and women will not be reconstructed in the sturdineas of their forefather! until men and women reach a point where the; can take time to dine." To Stop Now Bleexwo. Two small arte ries branching t.p from the main artries on each tide of the neck, and passing over the outside of the jawbone, supply the face with blood. If the neM bleeds from the'right nos tril, for instance, past the finger along the edge of the right jaw till the beating of the artery is felt. Press hard upon it for five minutes, and MV U1CTO4B; Will A Box wits a3kak. A family named Mc Kee, recently arrived at Lot Angeles, have a boy of fifteen, who weight 200 pounds, and sport a heavy beard and moustache. ' HorTlcJLT JRI. i" i t .Vtn -; - - ' or . Seasonableinty.fio, 3. From the Faciflo Kuril Press.) Nobody who possesses a home is suti'sfied without a few climbers, to twine around the pillars of a verandah or porch, to cover trellises and conceal unsightly Corners and offices. We are often asktd what are the;, best, and we always answer "roses." Honeysuckles and jessamines, the old familiar forms which, intrin sically beautiful, are. so precious from associa tion. To have a posy for every day in the year, one need ov.lv to make a judicious selec tion of climbers. This'is a good time to plant them. Let us select with a view to the close' ness and cleanness of 'verdure, as well as flow ers. First of all, therefore, we must choose the Lady Banks and Cherokee rose. Suppose we have a bay window of the usuat size. We will plant a Lamargue, 'and on either side a white and buff Banksia, putting the buff on the side nearest the door or corner of the bouse. As near the latter as we can have it and cultivate well, we will plant a Wistena. On another side of the door, or near the next window, we will plant Plumbago Capensis, and with it the Trapoleum, which is annual in habit, and reauires freauent renewals: or the Persian Jessamine. We will keep our honeysuckles tor tne rear 01 me nouse, ana on tne lattices we will have a profusion of them, the ever green and ever-flowing, the blessed old scarlet and orange trumpets,, though its foliage is so homely and a great bush of Cleanthurs or lob ster's claw. With our honeysuckle, sweet clemales. some perrennial peas. Sulanum uas- minordes, and the rich 'foliaged 'Japan honey suckle, we can cover up a multitude of archi tectural sins. Our investment made, in about two years we may look out for a dividend. Lamargue, the banksias and wisteria have kept an even pace roof-ward, and hang around our cornices in a soft lovingness which expresses all that the precious word home should mean. The large, full1 Lamargue roses are cups of flower cream, the little daisy-like banksiasfoam over like froth. The purple clusters of lilao bloom are flower erapes, made to feed the finest sense. " The pale buff of the colored banksia gives relief to the purple lines, and one sees how great an impertinence the presence of any other plant would be in this company. So with the blending of tones with plumbago and trapoleum. Keep other things at a dis tance. Tne tringed, delicate growth of trapo leum makes a setting for the plumbago. Clematis requires del.cate treatment. The new. larao flowered kinds, require protection. and should never be exposed to a " norther." Tho heavy ones ought 'to trail over a screen of uneroir.ee rose. Any one who likes to play at geometria gaf dening can find amusement in planting banksU roses in the form Of a star, putting a strong root at the points, and a very rich red climbing rose in the center. When, they begin to run, fasten them to stakes, and keep them quite near the ground, preserving the form intended by clipping unmanagable shoots. In the sea son of bloom you will get a mass, of flowers which seem' like a heap of snow with a live coal in, its heart. Cleanthus should have1 a pillar or a whole window to itself. One bignonia or trumpet creeper should be in every collection, though it is rather cool for it around the bay. It is a rampant grower and full b'oomer in the winter. J. C. Cabb, Beautiful Horticultural Importations. From Faciflo Hani Press. The horticultural missionaries, who manifest their zeal in the sood cause, bv entreatintr thn heathens of California to plant trees, should be informed that troe-plantine in this, as in most other parts of the United States, has been al most a mania for the last ten years. Conse quently all such appeals are like sendincr flan nel shirts to the babies of Africa. No stimulus is needed in this matter, and i' any advice is to be offered for directing this trAA.nlfintlnc mrwAmAtif tl mnot .nm. nm it.n -- f-- -- ., -.. . .vk.,, .v ...waw i.wu.1? liuui UU highest and best informed sources to be of any "'""i iwmmuoui lun a uiga degree 01 taste and practical judgment are, and have been employed in this great work. In California, especially, the progressiveness indicated in this direction is remarkable. From information derived from our exchanges , and from inquiries and facts communioated by correspondents, we are impressed with the con viction, that not only are trees being planted in abundance, but that there is a sufficiency of taste and judgmont employed in the matter, ThA Klftf A TTnivorGltv ta becninn y,..aa ...Z.L Un .- w.....'.j .9 U(JIUJ JJUbO mill iud popular taste in this direction, and is doing iuui:ii iu uuu w mo neuuu ui inamorata in its timber, fruit and ornamental possessions, and pnrtltnlicta art mnnWaiinr Anmn,1nV.i.i x Hr.w..uw aw UJHUIIlDItU M VUAUlUDUUtlUlD 111 terest in this subject, and are spending their """'.' iu mus iwpruving me property owned by them; while people of more limited means are steadily improving and beautifying their possessions in cities and villages as well as in iua luuutry. ine recent importations referred to are twentV-fnnr VAI-iAHoa nf mania fim Tnnn whi(h WA hntl tho enilatanttnn avamtt.L . ------- -- . v K.t.twtWW IV tADUllUIUU Hit 4 1 A AB AflflAllHnA. M ft Y Fit- SIS f t us uuuuuiuiiui ui At. j. Arumouu in mis city. 1 be trees were accompanied with beauti fully colored plates descriptive of the foliage nf all ihtk varfAtlAd TIa-At.lA. ... ..i by the Japanese, the coloring as well as other jytuta votug uuuo ujr uuuu. a leoi oi every one of the 24 varieties is given, it form and color being represented in all their minntia. The VAriAtfoa of inMntta Air1TfnA Viam to ... able, many of the leaves being extremely unique iu luiiu nuu vuivr. The importation consists of six trees of each varietv: all orafta n.nt nil in ATilli.n(i,nniiiAn for nlantinc. TIiav unt v,aa . nuia. man wno recently visited Japan, and observing U- " ....... .. UTIV tW CUIIC' mooo una iu tun milage mere, res9ivea 10 try them in California. A large portion of them were engaged before the box was open, and on learning the names of the parties who obtained them, we were satisfied that they bad fallen into good hands. The growth of this interesting familv of manlAfi will tui watfticl hfIiI, r.nnA deal of interest by horticulturists generally, as -en j muBo wuu were loriuuaie enougo to procure them. Names or Plants Enolish vs. Latin. My friend asks, "What is this pretty flower?" "Oalastnt aturta." "What a long name!" "I cannot shorten it." "But why have a Latin name? Better call it Blue Smiler in plain English." "Then you like inch namet at Shamrock, Blue-bells, Eglantine and Culow keys?" "Certainly, every one can understand them." "You can recognize the plants?" Easily." "Well, I can show you in point endless discussion a to what they are. On the other hand, I defy yon to produce two per sona who disagree a to what it meant by Eucharl Amaxonica. Paradoxical as it may seem, Latin i. in such matters, more intelligi ble even to an Englishman than English." Cor, Journal of Horticulture, Curious TrKM. Jnxt beyrnd the Darbonne or Caloasieu, river, in the PAtish of Cajeaaieu, is a whlteHJak'triie, ah'ilht Iwb and a half feet in'diamefer. .Ttier are no branches for 25 or 3(),fi;et,np. -About ljijr,iJQ ,feet ,up,.a pine I limb, pr top part of a. piue tree, -aiz or, eight I lncnes in ennnmer, una iz or iu leetiong, runB at Iright angles through the center 'bf thai tree, sticking put. about the same, distance ,on either side. It' tapers a'liule to ooe end, where there are' two or threu knots",' giving it the appearance pf a tree top, Tho pak, .where it passes througb, is grown closely around it. The pine is rich in turpentine' and will nt decayY There is' no fork on hollow' iu the bakj but it has the ap pearance as if a hole,had been ninde and the pine stuck' through, after which the oak closed on it1 by growth. 'The question is, how did the pino get through the oak, 'or the oak round the pine? Iu Mallet woods there iaauother white oak, of considerable eize, that divides into two prongs about one a halffeet from Jthe ground, which after running up like a pair of bowlegs, aboutjfifteen feet, .unite in one round compact stem'. The prongs are about one and a half feet in 'diameter; and where they unite above, the tree; ,1a larger than either of, them, bat Bmaller,than both together. A man can walk between' the two prongs, and the tree stands on a land boundary line. Forked trees are very oommon; but the question here is, .how did the two prongs unite so perfectly into one stem above ? Opelouias , 2t,'Journaf. Tbos. A. Gabkt's Nobskbiks, at Los Angeles, must form one of the interesting business fea tures of Southern California, The Mutual Aid alludes to Mr. Oarey as- follows: As a semi tropical nurseryman, Mr. Garey occupies the most prominent position of any man on the Pacifio cosst. Curing the, past nine years he has bnllt nto n business that now reaches crross sales of $76,000 per annum. During the past two years nts sales nave been so large mat ne has been compelled to purchase ttees to supply his trade, as the quantities raised by him' were entirely Inadequate to the demand. Especially was this the case as regards the different varie ties of Northern fruits. Finding that the semi- tropical fruit tree trade was growing beyond his reach, Mr, Oarey and other nurserymen, iu June, 1873, incorporated the "Co-operative Nursery and Fruit Company of Los Angeles County," with a capital stock'of 250,000. This stock was all taken and at a premium before. a dollar had been paid in. The oompany has bought 283 acres of land within and adjoining tne oity limits, luu sores of wmon will be planted out to, standard tour-year-old orange trees, as an orchard, in the spring of 1875, and theBanie ground will also be covered with nursery be tween tne orchard trees, tne plants for which (750,000) are now growing in beds, and aver age one toot in night.. Mr, uarey is a largo stockholder in this company, and is also a di rector and the president of the company. In January, lB(,,-rio will turn ,over his entire semi-tropical nursery business to tne company and tako 'charge of its affairs. i" .. i" i The Sacramento Beet Sugar Company. The'Board of Directors are II. G. Smith, Phil lip Scheld, 'Samuel Lavenson, W. E. Brown, and, Julius Wetrlar. The officers are: President and Treasurer,Juluis Wetrlar; Secretary, A. J. Wetz lar. The lopa(i6p of the works is two miles from Sacramentojat the intersection of J 'street and the levee. Thef land 'owned by the company com prises about 700 acres, added to which is Coo acres of leased land, making a total ol land oper ated by the company 1,300 acres. The capacity of the works is 80 ton per.day, (24 hours); the yield of Beets, per acre, average 12 tons; the varieties of Beets grown are the White, Sicilian and Imperial. The percentage of saccharine matter averages 12 per cent, and of first quality Sugar, 5j per cent. The capital invested fs $300,000. The cost of machinery was $140,000, that of buildings $40,000, and that of teams, tools, etc., $20,000, making a total of $200,000. The buildings consist of a frame factory 100 by 45 feet; a frame Sugar storehouse 30 by 40 feet; a frame Superintendent's dwelling 20 by 3s feet, 2 stories; a frame boading )iouse 35 by 45 leet; eight frame dwellings 24 by 30 feet; one frame Chinese quarters 50 by 30 feet; a blacksmith shop 30 by 20 feet; three frame granaries, the first 85 by 30 feet, the second 20 by 40 feet, and the third 10 by 13 feet; three large frame cattle stables 100 by 40 feet each; one large frame tool and implement storchouse-shed 20 by 30 feet; and four large frame stables, the fust 60 by 30, second 30 by 40, third 35 by 20, and the fourth 60 by 25 feet." They raised their own seed this year, at a saving ol $4,500. They formerly Im ported 10,000 pounds. The cash business for 1873 equalled $190,000, and that for 1874, $300,000. Of the land operated, 385 acres are located in Davisvillc, Yolo County, Cal. The number of white men employed is 150, and that of Chinese, 500. The company owns its own barrel machinery. The works were in opera tion in 1873 for five months, and in 1874 for nine months. The machinery consists of five steam engines: No, I 30-horsepower, square beam, and drives eight pumps; water, vacuum and feed pumps for boilers, gas pumps for carbonic acid gas, and hot water pumps. No. 2 K-horse-power, drives liect washing machine, elevators and Beet cutters. No, 3 8-horsepower, drives the centrifugal machines, Sugar grinders and the Sugar packing machines. No, 4 5-horsepower, and works the washing machines, elevators and drawing machines. The water is obtained from wells, and the fuel used is wood, of which from II to 12 cords every 24 hours are consumed. So carefully has these works been managed, that but one small accident has occurredin two years. These engine works require alt the steam that can be generated in three tubular boilers, 48 feet in diameter, A diffusion battery is used to ex tract juice in this establishment. The process of manufacture is as follows: The Beets are taken out of the ground by a two-lined fork, the heads or green part of the Beet is then chopped off with a large cleaver knife, the Beets are loaded on a wagon, transferred to the cars, hauled to the Beet factory storehouse, thrown into a washer, and at the same time assorted (that is, bad or damaged Beets thrown out), passed from there by an an endless belt with cups to the chopper, chopped into ribbon strips and dumped into the batteries, where steam is inserted; the juice is then forced by water and steam into the bot tom of the battery and carried through pipes into a steam drum, forced thence through lime and bone coal into the fillerers, returned from there purified into the copp'er boiler, boiled down to a crystalization point, drawn out from there into tanks, allowed to cool and stand, and then introduced into the centrifugals, from which they come ou( as pure Sugar, leaving a refuse which is again boiled down arjd worked over. The Sugar is then taken to the crusher room, either trround or crushed, boxed or barrelled: is then loaded on cart and sent to a ready market. Journal of Commerce. Danoeb in CiiAVrioNK. A girl in South Carolina, while playing with an empty cham pagne bottle, fell down, bioke the bottle, aud cut her throat with the glas. As n gun it dan gerous without lock, stock or barrel, so is a champagne 'bottle dangerous, whether it it loadtd or not PLAUvrABV Diktaucm. au Armstrong gun throws shot at the rate of 400 yards a second, at it initial discharge. If it should continue on at this rate it would take it 13 year to reaoh the tun. The rat of motion at which the earth travel in poe would take our planet to the tun in 125 day. r Y-v - rt"'u ? ' ' The Christmas Pudding. B "JZAmriTTX AMD JIUNNOT." If you wish to make a'paddtng in which every on da- - light. ,- - -r- r Of a dozen new-laid eggs rou must Uke the yolki and ' White,: 1 . , . M 0! Beat thrm wll up In a bisln till the thoroughly com bine. And shred and chop some suet ptrtlcnluly fine. Take a pound of well stoned rslslns and a pound ot currents dried, A pound ot powdered sugar and a .pound ot peel be side; Stir them alt well up together with a pound ot wheaten flour, And let thorn stand tnd settle for a quarter of aa hour. Then tie the pudding In a cloth, and pot It In the pot. Borne people like the water cold, tnd some prefer It hot: But though I don't know whioh of these two methods I should praise, , I know it ought to boll an hour for every- pound It weighs. Ohl if I were Queen of France, or, better still, Pope of Rome, I'd have a Christmas podding avoir day I dined at home: And h for other puddings, whatever they might be, Why, those who flke the nasty things should eat them all for me. Untkbmkntkd Wine. This artiole is coming quite extensively into use tor churoh purposes and when mixed with water it also forms a very refreshing summer drink. In order to prepare it the grapes should be allowed to thoroughly ripen. They are then pioked and the stems and all green and rotten grapes re moved. The grapes are then crushed and pressed in the mual manner. The juioe may be put directly into bottles, or it may be first concentrated somewhat by boiling, and then bottled; in either case the bottles are put into hot water and brought to the boiling point, where they are maintained for half an hour. At the end of this time remove them from the fire and cork them tightly, while still hot, wiring in the corks. Then replace them and continue the boiling another hour. Glass lbot tles are better for this purpose than tin cans, though the latter may be used. An analysis of a specimen prepared in New Jersey gave the following result: alcohol, none;sugar and ex tract, 23.00; BBh, .40; water, 76.60; total 100.00. This hud probably been, concentrated some what before bottling. The, flavor was fine. Some acid tartarate of potassium had crystal lized out. ' , Home Made Candy. Use a new tin basin; put into it four tablespoons of water, one pound of coffee sugar, one tcaspoonful of good cream tartar; boil, stlrlug constantly to avoid burning. After it begins to have a sappy ap pearance try it often by dropplng'a little in cold water and if done it will at oncebecomo brittle Butter an earthen dish and pour tho hot candy into it, that it may cool just enough'to handle. Flavdr to taste with oil of peppermint, winter green, sassafras or lemon. Two drops of oil will flavor" it ttrong. For variety, divide into three or four parts and flavor HifTrimhtl hv -touching one kind of oil to eaoh. Work in the hands nt once; the more it is pulled the whiter it will get. How I Madb My Catsup. I selected fair ripe tomatoes, out out all .blemishes, also the burd parts,about the stem end, then slice them into a porcelain kettle, filling it' full; added a red pepper nnd put the kettle over a glow fire to stew gradually stirring to prevent burning. When reduced to half tho original quantity I strain the whole through a common wire sieve. To five pounds of tho pulp I added one and one. half pounds of sugar, one pint of cider vinegar, one tablespoonful of cloves, one of allspice, two of cinnamon, one of salt. I put the mixture buck over the fire and boiled until the thickness suited. "When mine was tested tho only fault found was that it was too good to last. Scotch Biiotii. Put a teacupful of pearl barley into 4 quarts of cold water and let it boil; add 2 pounds of scrag of mutton or thin flank of beef, 2 ouions, 2 turnips, 2 carrots out in dice, and 1 carrot grated; boil slowly for three hours; add salt and pepper to taste be fore removing from tho fire. To Sweeten Salt Pobk. Out as many slices as will be required for breakfast the even ing previous, and soak till morning in sweet milk and water; then rinse till the water is clear, and fry. The pork will be found very near as good as fresh, Qebuan Toast. To one egg, beaten well, add one cup sweet milk or cream, season with a little salt and pepper. Cut in slices stale bread, and dip in the milk to moisten, and fry in butter on griddle. This we think is an ex tra nice dish for breakfast. Nice Fiikncu Cake. Two cups of sugar, one half cup of butter, four eggs, one cup of milk, three cups of flour, one teaspoonful of soda, and two teaspoonsful of cream of tartar. This mukes two loaves. To Disouise Castor Oil. Hub up two drops of oil of cinnamon with an ounce of glycerine and add an ounce of castor oil. Children will take it as a luxury, and ask for more. Accidental Disoovkmes in Hcienck And. dent has bad much to do with chemical discov eries more perhaps in former times than now, when researches are undertaken with some def inite end in view; but how many of the discov eries whli.li have led to the meat brilliant and important results, may not be called acciden tal? We may question if Davy expected to find potassium when aotlng on potassa with a vol taio battery, although, having already observed tne uecomposuion 01 other metallic oxides be may bavo had an inkling of the fact. Hansen did not expect to flud two new metals when ex amining the residue from the Durckheim wa ters. Crooks, when looking for selenium, ac cidentally found thallium. Perkins, when he found that auniline, when Rcted on by chro mic acid, gave a fine color, eoold scarcely have expected the enormous manufacture of tbos analogous dyes which is carried on oi the prea ent day, DirrxsENCE or Temi-eratdreh or Citt and CoaNTBX. The temperature in the city i high er than in the country, where in general it is comer, especially during clear nights, when the difference may amount to 13s Pahr. Then the extreme temperature for beat is higher in the city, while that for cold is lower in the country; but in the average differences between beet and cold the country surpasses the city, whioh i more moderate. The Amebican Electiical Bociett, An as sociation to be known under the above name, was recently organized at Obieago, Illinois. The object are an interchange of knowledge, professional improvement of member, the ad vancement of electrical and telegraphle ci enci and the establishment ot a central point of reference. Geoeral Anton Stager, of Chi cago, wat elected president, and Mr. O. H. HaaklD, of Milwaukee, vice president.