'WILLAMETTE FARMER.
A New Method of Staining Wood.
The following process ot ranking course wood 'century and n half without special uttentlon,
look like poliahed'mnhogany, is recommended nnJ " wft? not ?n,n 'uo introduction of frlc
. J.V. i u. n.j. niZ..).. -i. -. ' tfon matches, that n demand for It sprang tut
inWIederholda Tradt i Circular: The coarse , ,n lndU9trla, wftJ.. lt , inAfJ 9lT,
wood is first coated with a colored size, which -hen inventors were for many years active in
is prepared by thoroughly mixing up, in a devising means to obtain flre or combustion,
warm solution, of one part of commercial gtue , w'"0"4 ,he UM ' ,,bo "nt. na Htel' 'J"1.1
. , . i . . . phosphorus was not thought of. For a period
in six parts of water, a aufflcient quantity of 0, flft yeMgi llie mogt determined efforts were
the commercial mahogany brown, 'which is, in i made'to get rid of the old tinder box, and the
reality, an iron oxide, and in color, stands be- I number of contrivances adopted was very
tween so-called 1 English red and oxide of iron. - .g.
This is best effected by adding in excess, ftieid, suggested the "oxymurloto matches."
sufficient quantity of the dry color with the These wore inflamed by thrusting a splint of
warm solution of glue, and thoroughly mixing wd dlppea in sulphur, and covered with the
i. D. .- -...... J . v.i, ntn .nnlf,. mixture, into a bottle containing asbestos, sat
the mass, by means of a brush, until a uniform ' urate(l Ue at.w when this form of match
paste is obtained, in which no more dry red first came upon tho market, they Bold as high
particles are seen. ns two dollars the box, each containing fifty
A trial coat is then laid upon npicco of wood, matches. The rapid combustion of chlorate
If it is desired to give n light niahopauy color 0f potash and sulphido of nutiniouy when made
to the object, it is only necessary to add lees, luto a paste and dried, and subjected to trie
and for a darker color more, of the brown body don, suggested the Inciter match. These forms
color. When the coat is dry, it may be tested , 0f matches, together with many others rnnnu.
by rubbing with the fingers, whether the color factured prior to 1834, were all disagreeable
easily separates or not. In the former case. ' nn(j dangerous, and thev were also too expen
more glne must bo added until the dry trliil she for common nso. About 1831, the happy
coat no longer perceptibly rubs off with the idea was suggested by au English chemist, that
hands. Having ascertained in 'this way the I phosphorus might bo safely substituted for the
right condition of the size color, with respect sulphide of antimony in the construction of
to tint and strength, it la then warmed slightly, .nintehos, and soon afterwards it was ascor
and worked through a hair siove by meano of . talued that a phosphorus parte, in which tho
a brush. After this, it is rubbed upon the , antimony was omitted altogether, afforded tho
wood surface with tho brush, which has been cheapest aud best matoh. It was found that a
carefully washed. It is not necessary to keep pimple Bplliit of soft wood, first dipped iu
the color warm during the painting. Should melted sulphur, and then iu panto made of
It become thick by gelatinizing, it may be laid phosphorus and glue, with a little fine sand
on the wood with the brush, aud dries moro Hud red ochre, supplied tho most convenient,
rapidly than when the color is too thin. It tho Ichenp, and Mfe match that could possibly be
wood is porous and absorbs much color, n sec devised. This is tho match which has held
ond coat may be laid on the first when dry, i its place up to the present time, and is in coin
which will be sufficient in all cases. On dry i mon domestic use in nil parts of the civilized
ing, tho size color appears dull and unsightly, ' world. To prevent this match from igniting
but the following coat changes immediately I spontaneously, or by bundling, n film of gels,
tho appearance of the surface. This coat is J tine covers tho phosphorous paste upon tho
spirit varnish. For its production, three pnrts cml, aud it Is only when this is disrupted by
of spirits of wine of 903 nro added in excess friction, that the phoiphorns is renched and
to ono part of red ncarold resin in one vessel, ignited.
and in nnother 10 parts of shellac, with 10 ' Tho Dutch chemist, llrandt, who laboriously
parts of spirits of wine of 800. Uy repeated drew forth phosphorus iu minnto quautity,
agitation for three or four dnys, the spirit dls- and bv a tedious procoss. from liquid excre
solves the resin completely. The shollno solu- munt, little thought thnt his chemieal novelty
tion is then poured carefully from the sedl- would in after time bo manufactured by bun
ment, or, better still, filtered through a fine 'dreds of tons, nnd bo uot ouly found In every
cloth, when it may be observed thnt a slight, household, but made the kindling-spark of nil
milky turbidity, is no detriment to its use. hearths in every civilized conutry. One of tho
The resin solution is best filtered into the largest manufacturers of phosphorus In Eu
shellac solution by pourlug through n funnel rope has- stated that the wholo stock of the
loosely packed with wadding. articla iu the chemical establishment where bo
When filtered, tho solutions of both resins I was trained, consisted of n little stick two
nro mixed bv aritntlug the vessel, nnd letting . iniOimi lone, lie has lived to see it nulled bv
tho varnish stand a few days. Tho acaroid
resin colors tho shellac, and imparts to it nt i
the same time the degree of sujipleness usually
obtained by tho addition of ' enetian turpen
tine, or linseed oil. If the varnish is to bo
employed as a coat, ho upper layers nro
poured off at onco from the vessel. Ono or
two coats suffice, as n rule, to give tho object
au exceedingly pleasing effect. Tho coats dry
very quickly, and oare must be taken not to
apply tho Becond coat till the first is completely
dry.
Sepauatiox or win Mwiccnr Tnnwiosn-
run TtJBKs. When thermometers are over'
therinnnietsrs are ovar- .
turned or shaken by aocident, it frequently
happens that a portion of tho mercury in tho
instrument is separated from the main colnniu
... . i i ..z i. -- - .u t, t.
generally easy to unite this rtlon of the mer-1 tUngerous; as, through inattention, fearful ex
enry with thntin the bulb by holding tho ther-1 pIm-m t the retort sometimes occur.
;,r... -i,iiv twn nr th. inMno ihv i It was at one time feared thnt tho demand
the thermometer .may be fastened to ft piece of ,
...'" ... i ....i - -.nt. iS. i..,i
w thau ion "ud uoUoo raphll?. T" y
cam the de ached particle of mercury is so
small that its weight is not sufficient to over-1
come tho sdhesibn to the side of the glass tubo;
the following plan of procedure is then recom-
mended: Tho instrument is inclined at an
nnolHnf twentv to forty decree, so that tho .
bulb stands higher tbnn tho tube, nnd a blow
with a rlat piece of wood is given In the di
rection of the thermometer stem. The mercury
In tho stem is thus jerked forward, and, united
"T. . .". .. .. . . '
with tjio detacueil portion, nils me enure iuoe,
If the thermometer be now slowly and cnu
tinuslv bronoht into such a position that the '
mercury begins to How back toward the bulb, on tho geological conditions affecting this
tho united column may generally be returned to i scheme, which has latterly met with much no
its proper place. In tho place where the hep-, ceptauco across the Channel. Tho contents of
aration has occurred a small air bubble is gen- the paper may be very brielly epitomized. Mr.
erally found, but by following the above direc-' Trehtwlch gave sufficient reasons for supposing
tions this difficulty may be almost alwayi over-1 that the dense, impenneablo statnm, kuowu as
como. iour. of Applltd Chtmhtry. the Londou clay, extends in n continuous
. trough, from 300 or 400 feet or more iu thick.
Tut Fatmt Sai-wi Ulastiso Powder. ' nes from the coast of Essex tothatof ndgliun;
Thefollowiug description is given by n con- and from theexperiencogained in the ronstnic
iuo luiw.iuH m ... r, j , i tion of tho Tower of btibway, be saw no difll-
temporary of the manner in which a patent ( cllltVi Jn ft K00i0gicl point ot view, iu tho cou
safety blasting powder is now manufactured in struction of a tunnel between these two points,
South Australia. Operations nro carried on at I save in the extreme dlstnuca between them
Alberten iu a weather-board building, roofed eighty milts. Where tbo coatts approach
with galvnuizvd irou. The length of the whole i more closely tho Londou cla was absent, aud
is but 23 feet with n width of 14, and a height , the tertiary nnd secondary formations thuro ex
of 10 feet, and it has ono btuall window and a sting weru too permeablu for tuutiel work. On
door ou the western side. The first operation the other hand, theso rocks were uuderlald by
of a heries of experiments tried to test tho t ill-, pulieiolc strata, through which, in Mr. Frost
ency and safety of this powder was performed wlch s opinion, it would bo quite posslblo to
by the worthy mnuagtr pounding for n oon- drive a tuuuel, so far as safety from tho influx
siderable time some ot tbo powder on an axe- of sea' water was concerned. But, llko tho ills
handle with an ordinary hammer, without pro. t itu-e in tho former case, hero tho great depth,
ducing the slightest effect. Next, its character.) more than one thousand feet nt Harwich aud
as proof against friction, was demonstrated by Calais, wsb tho formidable difficulty. Ho was,
tho same appliances, nud with an equally Balls- however, satisfied that on geological grounds
factory result. Its Miperioiity as a non-explo- alone, the work was. in one case perfectly
sive article was next determined by n number I practicable, and in one or two others, possibly
of vessels being filled and ignited, when a con I so; but there remained considerations besides
siderable time elap:-ed before the powder was . tlioie of u geological nature, and whether or
COUSUmeu, nuu iur uuiue uieu urn. vwt- noi luey aiuuiiieu ut hu invuniuiu n uiuiiuu
mon mustard tin, 6 in. by 3tn., and contain, was questionable. Iron.
ing 2 lbs. of the compound, was first used, the ,
ascertained time before its .content were en- The Dktkctiun or Hiood Si-oto. Sounen
tirely consumed being about half a mluute. cheln states that tungoLite of soda, Htronly
Next an irou pipe, 1G in, by in. with ii . acidulated with noetic or phosphorio uoid,
lbs. of powder, wai found to occupy one miu-! throws down albuminoid matters from ery
ute ami eiuht seconds in burning, the orifice ' dilute ttolutious. These preoipttntes, insoluble
being smaller. Another pipe, 0 in. by x and ' in a large excess of water, dinolve in alkalies,
containing half, a pound of powder, took especially if hot. It defibrlnated blood is treat-twenty-five
seconds In exhaustion. ed with this salt, a red-brown precipitate is
formed, which liecomes clotty on boiling. All
CucAsm.0 OiaaswABE xn to Labobatobt. ' the coloring matter is precipitated. To detect
Dr. Walz thus describes his method of clean-' blood sjots by this means on clothing, the sus
ing glassware used for chemical purposes: The pected port pn Is cut off: and after having been
vebel to be cleaned infilled, or, if large, rinsed l treated by distilled water, the filtered olution
with a moderately dilute solution of potassium i is precipitated with the above re-agent. The
permanganate, the contact of the liquid being precipitate, washed and treated with ammonia,
prolonged till a film of hydrated manganic ' takes a reddish-grey color. If phosphono acid
oxide has been deposiud) the solution is then be present, it must be carefully waibtd away
poured away, and tho class vessel rinsed with I before treating the precipitate with ammonia.
strong hydrochloric acid. Chlorine is then .r,,.. fTi. ...i
formed, but not enough to cause inconvenience; i Vabikoamu Corns riiwn.-Cotton thread
and aeting in the nascent state on the organic may be dyed iu two or three col or. by oonrlnR
matters, it speedily converts thm into substi- tome parts with ILiilntiX
"ceM m BC,U"T"1""- J iumcieutly tight when the skeiu. are Intro-
Flax. A Pennsylvania farmer writea that . duced into the dye bath, the protected parts
he raises twenty-four bushels to the acre. In remain white; and by protecting the dybd por
Illinois, the crop U not quite so good as wheat, 'tion. and unwrapping the white portion,
the yield ranging from seven to sixteen bush- another color may be applied. ScienJitc Amtn
els. can.
M
j The history of the introduction ol phosphorus
corresponds with that of mnny othr most im.
i.
portant (incuts. It remained (or more than n
his own machinery, iu n cord uncounted miles
onu, nnd dispatched by the ton together, for
use in both hemispheres. The chemist still
Uvea in London who first produced phosphorus
for use by tho friction match manufacturers at
$2,500 per pound. Now demand aud competi
tion havo reduoed tho price so low that n liugle
Sound can bo bought in this city for about one
ollar. The article is not made in this country,
but wo can see no reason why it may not be,
as wo havo the necessary materials, bones and
i:.x."'M"rcr"u ,.: --r.:ri ;."". i.r;
coal iu abundance. J. no production ot puos
I'"" Vw",u" ' "'"lu """ ""J1
-"i"" " , i.. nu w '" ...
enulros u laruo cousuuiptii
100 pounds of coal are rt quired to socuro oue
j,0,Vu' 0,'n, t,eml"
"l Bucu. M
ITlie labor, also. Is
pound of tho elemout, und the intensity of the
rapiuiy destroy apparatus,
not only disagreeable, but
rery i
P" W-uo rooKs in ims oouniry ami eisuw iierc,
has set at nil rest appreheuslous of this nature
.. r.., - .
o luvo;,hospUorus enough nuietly resting in
! Sontd Carolina rock be.ls. to meet the
lmands of tho world for thousands of c-mtit
. ? 1 " 0" V" niIoni couctrtilnB n
ull supply, at cheap rates of tho iudijpensablo
'friction matches, during his own lifetime at
nsi. .mm uuur. p., hj
Tub Asulo-Fbkncu Toxsjx. At n meeting
of tho British Society of Civil Engineers, Mr.
Joseph l'restwicb, veteran goologitt, whoso
namo has been Ioiil' couueoted with i!eoi:nottl.
cal research iu the London basin, read n paper
Friction Matches.
-r j The Corrosion ! Boilers. -, r, ,
Dr. J. SKi4dmr,-U. .-., oomiuuuicates to
Van Nos'traiid's Engbiccripg tfyailtie a papnr
pointing out the probable cause ol the destwc
tlon of boiler tubes, aud describing experiments
which show lb deterioration or pitted condi
tion of tboso portions of. the generator whioh
are immersed iu the water to be due to tbo ac
tion of oleato of copper. Tho presence of this
substance is accounted for bv the df composi
tion ot the olente oil used lu lubricating the pis
ton into oleic acid nud glycerine, a sufficient
frlctional heat being raised to thus net upon
tho thin film of oil between tho surfaces. In
the condenser the brass tubeo are exposed to
tho powerful comminuting Impact of steam at
a high temperature and pressure, and this snb
stauce is thus finely divided and placed under
the most favorable circumstances for union
with tho tree oleic ncid which the steam brings
with it. Oleato of copper is thou formed in the
coudeuser. aud appears in bright green, greasy
masses, which are rarrjed from condenser to
boiler. A quantity of this substance, settling
upououoof the iron boiler tubes nnd adhering
thereto, causes both a deposition of copper and
absorption of iron. Being insoluble, its actlou
is confined to tho Burfaco of contact, hence the
small holes characteristic ot this kind of injury,
Copper, howover, it Is found, will adhere only
to perfectly Binooth iron, nnd since boiler tubes
nro nevor in this condition, each deposit is
quickly removed and a fresh iron snrtuco oon
tluually exposed. Sldeu's apparatus, men
tioned iu the report of tho engineer ot the navy,
ns n preventative of this difficulty, consists in
a long iron box fitted with a steam-tight cover
and placed bctwttfn condenser aud boilers. The
box is divided into compartments by dia
phragms of felting, pervious to water, and
the compartments themselves aro filled with
coko. In referring to tho placing of alkalies In
this filter, Dr. Kidder rematks thnt soda is of
questionable advantage, nud that llmo is theo
retically the best, nud thon when only used lu
connection with a frcsli water boiler. At Heck
er'a mills, tho condensed water, after leaving
tbo filter, is treated with ntmospherio air foroed
through it from below. Tho resulting water
is perfectly free from taste or odor, and quite
palatable. It seems posslblo that tho hlthorto
insuperable difficulties iu tho way of freeing
condensed water on shipboard from n ccrtalu
unpleasant empyreiimntio odor may bo over
come by similar treatment.
An apparatus for determining tho inflamma
bility of petroleum oils intended for illumina
tion has been contrived by M. Oramor. It con
sists of ii metallic cylindrical vessel closed with
a movable covor, in tho center of which is n
hole. Through this hole projects n wick, which
is inserted iu a tuba soldered to tho bottom.
Another bole in tho cover allows of a thermom
eter being fitted into tho apparatus, which
when used In about two-thirds filled with tho
ull to bo tested; tho wick is then lighted, and
as soon as any iullauimnblo vapor is evolved, a
slight puff takes place, which extinguishes the
light, when tho' temperature marked by the
thermometer is noted. The results nro said to
bo very accurate, nud tho test can bo made iu
a shorter timo than lu tho ordluary way with a
water bath.
Domestic Ecoflopy
Oatmeal.
Wo proposo to dovoto n short artlclo to oat
meal and its uses. Fejhaps this niay bo the
moro suitable, as tho present price ot brend
stuffs is so very high thnt mnny who cannot
easily afford to purchase whenton broad in tho
quantity nud of tho quality which they hare
lieen accustomed to use, may bo glad to bear of
a Bubitanoo at onco good and comparatively
cheap, by which it may bo partially replaced.
To a very great number of people the valuo of
oatmeal is little known; although tho prejudice
ngaiust it, long cntorUincd, as nti artlclo of food
rather fit for tho lower animals than for human
beings, lias of Into, in sotno measure, given
place to a raorejnst opinion, especially amongst
tho educated classes, who nro capablo of appre
ciating the valuo of tho favorable verdict of
chemists nnd physiologists. It is now well
known thnt no other kind of grain la so nutri
tiotis as oats; nnd tho facility with whioh it Is
grown on soils not rich enough, and in situa
tions not warm enough for wheat, recommends
it very strongly, us fitted to yield a very consi.
derablo part of our food supply. Oatmeal is a
principal article of food ot the poasantry of
Scotland, and until nearly tho und of Inst cen
tury amongst tboso of the north of England.
In more ancient times oats formed tbo prin
cipal ooro crop of most ptrts of England; but
as agriculture improved and tho cultivation ex
tended, wheaten bread wns naturally preferred
by those who could ufford it; the uso of oat
meal became mure nud more limited to the
poorer classes; and on this very account was
as much ns posslblo avoided by thostt who, iu
respuat of wualth, bjrtb, or profession, made
pretensions of superiority. Another circiim
btaucv which greatly tended to restrict tho use
of oatmeal where It was formerly general, waa
the convenience with which wheaten bread
could bo procured from the bakor's shop, a
matter ot especial impoitancu when almost nil
tho members of a family were umplojed lu
manufactories. Tho revived popularity of oat
cake has reountly led to tho exjiosuro of different
kinds of it for sale in bakers' aud other shops,
particularly in Scotland.
Tho iraiu of oats intended for human food is
generally prepared by tx lug ground Into menl;
althongh It Is also used iu tho form of 'jrimlt;
that Is, ol grain denuded ol its liusk, aud
merely broken into fragments, oatmeal Is of
two kindl both oommun in nil shops in which
It is Hold fine meal, nud coarse or round meal.
For various purposes some, prefer tho onu and
some the other. There is no difference In quality,
but merely in tho degree In whioh tho gTain has
betiu triturated iu tho mill.
Oatmeal is principally used in two ways, tor
the making of porridge and of oat-cakes. Por
ridge is a principal article of food of the Scot
tish peasantry, generally ucoouijiauled with
milk, when milk can Ui obtuined; although
when milk is scarce butter Is sometimes used,
sometimes sugar, aud sometimes treacle lieer.
For most peopl, iu asouud condition of health,
there is no more wholesome artlclo of food than
porridge and milk, none that contains u large r
proportion both of llesh forming and heat-producing
substances; whilit to almost all who
have ever been accustomed to Its use, it is ex
tremely palatable. Generally speaking, there
Is no better article of food forthu nursery, none
more likely to maintain u healthy condition of
the ktomach, or to give vigor to the frame; al
though there are exceptional cases, both among
the young and among adults, in which the use
oi purnuge is uuhuimuiq, pruuuujuu puiuiui
distension of the stomach and indigestion.
Whilst the caprices of children ought not to be
heeded in such a matter, the actual couditlous
ol their constitution ought to be carefully ob
served and regarded. Porridge It in gouerul
mule by simply tailing oatmeal In water, stir
.. " I.. i. t. .1.1 .I--: -...i-.j-.i
ring all the.whil to prevent singeing, and to
sicuro the tbdronjiaintxture of the meal and
waterf iutcf a.homogtnejiiis mns without knots.
Tho quality of porridgo very much depends ou
the nmomit or boiling i whioh -it ieoolvts. It
cannot bo too thoroughly heated. Impetfectly
boiled oatmeal porridgo is ft vory coarse article
of food; nnd, unfortunately, much of tho por
ridge used is of this character; nud tho porridge
prepared for tho nnrvery 14 often no belter,
through tho carelessness ot the servants who
wish to get through their work with ns little
trouble, ns possible. It is not nearly so diges
tible, and therefore not so nutritious as porridge
really well mode. A common mistake in tho
making of porridgo must also hero bo noticed,
ns tending much to tho deterioration of its
quality, the adding ot menl by degrees whilst
tho boiling gpes ou, until tho proper thickness
is acquired; tho result being that part ot the
meal is imperfectly boiled. Tho cook ought to
know tho proper proportions of moal and
water knowledge uot very difficult to acquire
aud mix them at onco, so thnt nil tho meal may
bo ennnllv well boiled. But it is to bo ob
served that tho water must bo boiling before
the meal is put In, which is not to bo Intro
duced In n mast, but, as it were, strained
through the fingers, handful by handful, ns
quickly as possible.
Whey is sometimes used, inslcad of water,
for tho making ot oatmux! porridge, and affords
n very sgreeablo variety to those in tho habit of
using porridgo every day. Milk porridgo is
another variety esteemed ns nn especial luxury
by the Scottish peasantry, nnd is certainly both
a very agreeable nnd n very nutritious article ot
food.
Whether flno oatmeal or coarse oatmeal should
bo used, for tho making of porridgo is merely a
matter of taMo
Tho iu 'st hastily ptepired and Imperfectly
boiled porridge is very superior to brose, yet
broso is n form iu which oatmeal has long been
verv generally used, nt least in Scotland, and is
stilt ued by many of the agricultural laborers.
It Is mado by merely pouring lulling wnter
upon oatmeal and stirring it akmt. The result
Is a coarse, pasty mass, with numerous kuots
imbedded in it. of oatmeal almost raw; n verv
cosrsn kind of food, on which, however, with
tho addition of milk, uiauy farm lalxircra tuaiuly
subsist, often using it as their ouly article of
diet three times n day.
Oatmeal Ih mado luto bread bv being merely
mixed with water, kneaded, and rolled out, by
n wooden roller, Into thin cakes, which nro
baked on an iron plate (ScoU'uv, a ijlnllt), sus
pended over a tiro. Sometime oat-cakes nro
mado with hot water and sometimes with cold
water; but those mado with hot water uro
tougher than thoso made with cold wnter; which,
it otherwise well mado, are preferable. Much,
however, depends on tho Kneading, nud tho
que t Ion: "Is she n good baker?" moaning n
good baker ot oatmeal used to bo it common
ono before tho engagement ot a domestlo ser
vant in some parts of Scotland.
Oat-cako cm hardly be mado too thin; tho
thinnest oat-caho is almost certainly tho best.
Oat-cako soon loses its agreeable character by
imbibing wnter from the atmosphere; but if
placed before tho tiro till dried, mid cooled, it
become almost as good its when newly made.
With butlnr, or with cheese, it Is it most agree
ablo nrticlo of food. I'ood .nunuif.
Wasiistasii IIamins andCaiunkt Htaniw. In
fitting on the marble top, tint pottion at front
should uot bo kept any broader than is neces
sary for strength, ns it is disngroenbln for tie
parties using tho wash-stand to havo to lean
forward loo far. Iu arranging tho husin on
the stool, tho plumber ought, thereforo, to see
that nt most the stool only projects about nufr
half inch beyond tbo outer top edgo of the
basin or cabinet hUnd. Iu sotting vixbluut
stands and basins, the plumber generally uses
putty, or a mlxturo of putty nud whlto lend;
uud to mnko tbo putty ad hero, tin bottom of
tho basin is well rubbed with it softened plooe
of tallow, or a tallow caudle, or tho bottom of
tho basin may bo boated and then rubbed over
with tho tallow, Jiiiiiucfurtriiiuf llulUltr,
How to Kkki' IIuttku Cool,, (tot n large
flour pot, plug up tho holu with it sound cork
ami aval it. Now put it quarter-brick ur other
square, heavy body in the bottom, to servo as
it support for a siroiul, but smaller pot, which
must be plugged up iu tho sauio manner. Place
it dish under tho outer pot, and eovor with any
cover you please, provided It bo not metallic.
Now till tho spucn iH'tweim tho Inner uud outer
pot with water. Tho butter will keep us firm
as a rock, as cool as a cucumber.
Clkas'sinu Lack. Point, or any kind of fine
lace, may bo cleansed easily by soaking it ill it
preparation of snpolliio and warm water. If
this is not procurable, ammonia may ho used
with almost oqual t ffeet. Lot it soak till tit to
rinso'iu piiro warm water; then lay it ou tho
Ironing-board over clean linen, and iron lightly
on tho wrong side with it uool iron. Afterward
pin the laco on tho liueii-oovurtd Ismrd, Insert
ing a plu iu every open loop to keep tho pattern
clear.
A Ooop Taiilk Kauck. Take ono gallon ot
tomatoes, wash nnd simmer in threo quarts ot
water until nearlv doue; Mriu through a
sieve; add two tablespoon! ills ot each of thoso
spices, ginger, mace, bUck pepper, iilbplouaud
salt, uud one oicayouuo pejiper; noil d
one (mart: nour iu one-half pint best v
to
and then pass through a hair sinvo. Bottle in
half. pint bottles; cork and seal securely, and
keep In u cool puco.
To Polish Tins, First rub jour tins with n
dry cloth; then take dry flour nud rub it on
with jour hands; afterwards, take nn old nowa
paper nud rub the flour off, and tho tliw will
nhlno ns well ns If halt au hour had Iwen spent
nibbing them with brick dust or powder, which
spoils tho hands,
Fou Blkacuino Mi'si.in, One pound of chlo
ride of llmo to forty yard of musllu; soak tbo
muslin in soft water over night, melt the limn
In a pot of'water; then put tho muslin ill for
hult uu hour; Iheiirimu throo.tlmon; soak in
soft wnter over night; then hang out to dry.
Fuunitciik Oil. Mil half a pint of olive oil
with ono mnd of soft soap. Boll them well,
and apply tho mixture to your oiled furniture
with u piece of dry cotton wool. Polish with a
soft, dry flannel.
To Clean Mjiulic. To cluunso marble stain
ed with irou rust, apply lemou-juloe to it with
a clean rag aud wash with warm water II
soiled with dirt, wash it with Map and Paris
white.
Floou Oil-Cloths. Havo tho dust wiped
from them often; but uso soap and sorobbing.
brush seldom, as they wear off thu paint. Use
no hot wator.
Monstku Enoi.sk IIklts. Wo had the pleas
ure, a few days kince, of examining a monster
engine-belt. It was 41 inches wide, 8'J7 feet
long, ami weighed 'AWMJ pouuds, Jt Is diQlcull
to draw ant comparison that will giro a person
who has never seen one of these belts un ade
quate iileu of their magnitude. This belt was
made for the Toledo Elevator compauy, It
took oue of our heaviest New York four-wheeled
trucks and a stout team of bays to transport it
I to the place of shipment. CW und Iron Hte,
Poilt-THY Yv10
Capons. For Roaring Chicken,''
l ! A ' M
From tht fsttfie fcnrsl Tress.) '
In a recent issue of tho Pakss. wa promised
to give our readers a nicro detailed account ot
this nroeeas whtnh tha most advanced of nonl.
"try men havo adopted. Tho considerations
wtitcn nave Induced them to adopt it are pre
cisely tho satuo that should insure its gonoral
use. '
Tho ndvantages claimed for it are, that
capons will cover a larger brood of ohickens
than hens; they will adopt a promiscuous
group ot different ages and parentage, they aro
less rcstivo when In repoe, nnd better protec
tion In time ot dnuger; they nro less pnrtlnl in
distributing food among tho chicks, aud rarely
trample upon or throw them nbout by violent
scratching. They exhibit moro judgment in
taking homo nud housing their broods; thoir
timo is less valuable than that ot the hens, and
that they manifest more real attachment to the
young lu their charge than Is bestowed upon
them oy their mothers.
Our readers will bo less ready to admit this
last claim than any other in the list. Wo con
fess that we were n little incredulous In regard
to other points as well as this, ami it was to
satisfy theso doubts that wo mado an especial
visit to ouo ot tho most noted poultry yards in
tho State; and, judging from ohcorvnllon nnd
reliable tostlmony, wo aro prepared to eudorse
this, with other claims for tho capon for rear
ing chickens. Tho broods fed In cinr presenco
were kindly as well as judiciously cared for by
their mail guardians.
Some of the points mentioned nbovo may
Itosslbly seem trivial in tho estimation of many,
nit wo npprohond that tho failure to mnko
poultry keeping pay is attributable in rt gront
degree to tho neglect of these and other points
wliichgoto form a thorough system, without
whioh tho department will never bo satisfactory
in any respect.
Tho procoss for training oapons for raising
ohickens is short nnd simple Ono or two
days Iveforo tho sitting period ends, the fowl is
put into n box, tho top of which Is so low that
(to cannot stand up in it, thus being kept in a
brooding position. The timo required varies
from 12 to 30 hours. Tho Ikjx is so constructed
iu its circumference as well ns in hight, that
ho cannot shift about, or oveu nxauiluo tho
chicks as they nro placed under him. They
should not be given to him until they nro
thoroughly dry. Begin by glviug him ono or
two only, taking pains to place thorn under
him properly. Tho front of tho box being
barred, so the chlaka can go out nnd In, tho
capon will, within n very tow hours, maulfost
an anxiety for their welfare when they go out,
and the first clucking for their return may bo
taken ns evldenoo thnt tho little foundlings aro
duly adopted, and others may now bo added,
nutting iu a few at n time until tho wholo unm
ix r I supplied. Fifteen chicks is a moderaet
number for ft capon to tnko lu charge. This
brood, as wo stated above, may bo made up
from different settings aud ages. The brood
with their gnnrdinn may now bo llberntod, or
placed In an ordinary coop; nnd there will bo
list cause for nuxiety on the part ot tho owner
than If thoro wero ono or moro hens nt tho head
ot the family.
Probably it prominent cause for this sensible
practico receiving bo lltthi attention In this
country, nrlses from tho fnct thnt tho enoiilr.ing
process is so little understood hero It tho
nbseiu'o of this practico is to bo attributed to
our high sense ot propriety, It 'may bo truly
said that we havo not shown n corresponding
delloooy iu regard to any other ot our stock
departments; and wo nro certainly sacrificing
to this prejudice the ndvantages which nro
derived from Its practico oil cattle, nwine, etc,
namely; delicacy of flavor iu tho moat, nud
groat economy in fattening. Wo nro either far
behind, or greatly iu advance of our neighbors,
iu this matter; for, among soversl foreign na
tions, nearly nil the itnsles, nmong fowls, nro
capouized, tho proportion left for breeding
Curposss being no larger than thnt among
orsts, onltlo and hwIiip.
Mr. Mcchl on Poultry.
This eminent English agriculturist 1ms tho
following to say about Kiultryl No ono item
on a farm pays so well ns a good stock of poul
try properly managed. With them everything
is turned to account; not it kernel, wild seed
or insect, escapes their scrutinizing eyes.
Their industrious claws nro over nt work, un
covering, ready for appropriation, every hid
den but oonsiuuablo siitistiitico. Fowls must
havo free access to chalk or llmo to form thu
shells of their eggs, ami grit or gravel to grind
tho food iu their gizzards. They luxuriate on
gruss or clover, which nro a necemlty for them.
In winter they llko mangolds or sttodeM. They
must bavo access to plenty of pure water. Tho
quality ot tho eggs depends upon tho quality
of tho food. They, like ourselves, like shado
in summer, and warm, sheltered corners Iu
winter. They must havo access to shelter lu
wet weather, Fowls will not tio long lit ultliy
on tbo sumo ground or yards tho earth gets
tainted; then fore, to prevent disease, llmo nnd
salt your yards and their usual pasture onco a
year, say In autumn, when tha ruins ill wash
It well lu and sweeten the surface.
Broods of chickens never do bettor with us
than ou thu grassy brows of patches abutting
upon tingrowing cropi, either of com or pulse,
into which they run ilther for Insects or for
shelter. The roofs ot the coops should bo
water-tight, and tho ooop should otteii bo re
moved, having only tho natural ground for thu
floor. Tho ground soon gets tainted unless you
remove tho coop.
Yon can hardly mnko some people good
mauugersol poultry it they lack observation nnd
Judgement. Thesu uro especially uecvssnry lu
tho breeding of poultry. Your male birds
should lw often changed, say nt least once in
two years, aud they should bo jiiiiiigand vigor
ous. Breeding in ami In will not do any moro
thsn It will with animals.
I consider winged (jamo, poultry and birds
the farmer's friends. My poultry have aocosa
nt nil times to my fields. Fowls aro very use
ful in cleaning off Hies. I have often been
amused ut sueing thu mmt mid quick inmiuor
of their taking (lies from revising bullocks und
sheep, much to their comfort
MollTAU AMI 1'KSTI.K roll PoUNlUNd SlIKLLi.
To keep poultry iu thrift, and furnish ma
terial fur egg-shells, lime lu houhi form is very
necessary. uvsier-Huuis aim cium-sueus uro
much used, To pound these, a log of wood
mnv be ftliuhtlv hollowed at ono end, and sur
rounded with a piece of tiu, an opening belug
ji-ft to admit tho handle of the pestlo, which is
like a wooden mallet, the striking end being
armed with small bolts driven luto thu wood so
as to leave the heads exposed. A ring to pre
vent splitting will bo nn Improvement. J'uuf
fry World,
Ciirr.sK Factobv Wantkii. From Franklin,
Sacramento county, a corresiondent writea
that dairymen iu hi section desire that some
one should start u cheese fuctory there, for
which purpose liberal inducements would be
offered. The milk ot from five to eight hue
dred cows could be obtained for the factory.
I as in the neighborhood mentioned many pet
sous make a specialty of dairying.
t7