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About Willamette farmer. (Salem, Or.) 1869-1887 | View Entire Issue (April 18, 1874)
.WILLtAME-TTE; , , FARMER i UsEfllL IffpOpON. A Day's Work. The amount of work thnt it dud can do In a day has been the subject of no little Investiga tion and discussion. Some writers on physiol ogy have unquestionably sol the average too high, while others havo erred in the opposite direction. Among the estimates given by the best authorities, however, there is no very marked discrepancy, nnd the question may now be considered as quite accurately answered. In comparing different kinds of muscular labor, it is necessary to fix upon some conven ient imff to which they may all bo referrod. The force required to raiso one pound one foot, or a "foot-pound," ns It Is concisely expressed, is the "unit of work" commonly employed in England and this country. In Frsnce, the lift ing of one kilogramme (about 2.2 pounds) to tho bight of ono metre (39.37 inches) is taken ns the unit. This "kilogrammetro," as it is called, is equivalent to7.21t foot-pounds. Tho "foot-ton, which is often mentioned in con nection with estimates of this kind, is the force lifting a ton of 2,210 pounds one foot, or one pound 2,2-10 feet, which is, of course, virtually the same thing. Now, it a person unfamiliar with these calcu lations were asked how many foot-tons ho con sidered a fair day's work for nn Able-bodied man, he would not, probably, guoss very wide of the mark. It has been stated in books as hi oh ns 1.000 foot-tons, but this is nt least twice too much, COO foot-tons bciog in reality n dally "stint" which very few laborers could kup np from week to week, four nunareu toot-tons is ft hard day's work, nnd 300 an average day's work for a strong mau in good health. Dr. Farkes, who has given much attention to this subject, says that tho hardest day's work of twelve hours that ha has personally known a man to do, was in the case of a workman, in n copper-rolling mill, who stated that ho occa sionally raised a weight of 00 pounds to u night of 18 inches 12,000 limes n day. Arsum ing this to bo correct, tho work done would be equivalent to 723 foot-tonn. The same man's ordinary day's work, which he considered ex tremely hard, was raising a weight of 121 pounds 1G inches 0,000 or 0,000 times iu a day. Taking tho largor number, this would bo 412.8 foot-tons. Coulomb reckons a day's work at pile-driving ns 312 foot-tons; Lain nude finds it, in another case, to bo 352 foot-tons. Tho work done by porters was calculated by the former authority, in a variety of Instances, to bo from 303 to 331 foot-tons. Dr. l'nrkcs has known nn Indian coolie to travel 30 miles, with nn ascent of C,000 feet, in throo days, carrying ft load of 80 pouuds; which would be nt tho rnto of COO foot-tons a dtv. The work done In walking is greater than tunny persons would suppose, llcv. Mr.llnngh. ton, to whoie elabornto investigations in iiulmnl mechanics we havo more thnu ouco referred in the Journal, has shown that walking on u level surface is equivalent to raising om-twentieth Sart of the weight of tho body through the istauco walked. In going up-hill a man, of course, raises his whole weight through tho bight ascended. If n man weighs 1C0 pounds with his clothes, the work done in walking n Ion el mile is 17 .07 foot-touB; for 10 such miles, 170.7 foot-tons; for 20 miles, 333.4 foot-tons. One ciu readily calculato what tho labor would bo for a man of different weight or for one carry ing a given load. It will lie seon thnt a wnlk of 20 miles on a levol rond is n good day's work, and there are comparatively few persons who can keen up such a " tramp'' for many days in succession. For a soldlor. carrying 00 pounds. n day's march of from 10 to 12 miles is fair nvernpo wore, being irom w.o to nvi iooi-ious, oveu if the ground is level. In these estimntes it is nssumed that tho work is dono in tho easiest mnnner for tho per son concerned, especially as regards the time tnken for it. If tho time is shortened beyond certnin limits, the work becomes more exhnust ing. on nccouut of the greater strain on tho heart nnd lungs. Iu a boat-race, rowing nt tho rate of n znilo in seven minutes, tho work done in that time is between 18 and 19 foot-tons. This is apparently not n great exertion, bnt it is very severe for the time, from its effect on the circulatory system. This reference to the strain upon heart nnd lungs 'reminds us to say, that iu these remarks upon muscular labor, wo bnvo dealt solely with "external work," as it is termed, lu distinction from "internal work," or that dono by the muscles concerned in respiration, circulation, digestion, and other vital processes Wo havo before given some facts and figures in regard to the work done by tho human heart. The sum total of the mechanical labor performed within the body averages, according to careful esti mates, about 2t0 foot-tons every 21 hours. To this part of the work accomplished by the won derful machinery of our human organism, nud nlso to the sources whence its motive power is derived tho fuel that feeds Its furnaces nnd keeps up the steam iu its boilers we Bhnll recur nt some futuro time. Boston Journal of Chemistry. To Dissolve Glue. It Is said thnt if one part of sugar is dissolved in three parts of water, and digested with one-fourth part of calcio hydrate, the resulting liquid will readily dissolve glue warm, and the solution will re main fluid on cooling, without having lost auy of its adhesive properties. Pnecmatio Gall Bblls. A French inventor has lately brought out u novelty in bells for houses. A benes ot small leaden tubes pro ceed from the kitchen to each room, one to the bluing-room, one to the drawing-room, undone to each bed-room. Attached to these tubes in each room are a few feet of India-rubber tub ing, suited in color to the paper ot the room. To the end of the tube n syringe is fixed air tight, nud tula hangs tlmllar to an ordinary bell-rope. In the kilcheu is n case containing the bell, which serves for all the rooms, the dis tinction beiug effected by tickets with I be names of their respective rooms printed on them, held down by springs. They work in this manner: the India-rubber syringe Is pressed, and the air by this means Is forced through the tube into a corresponding India-rubber syringe or ball in the case iu tho kitchen. This, of course, expands, and forces up a small rod,whioh moves a oog-wheel aud rings the bell, and at the same time sets free the spring which retains the ticket of the room in which the bell is rung; this starts up into a square in the glass door, and at onoe indicates in a simple manner the room. These ingen ious belfs act as effectively as electric bells, which they resemble exceedingly in sound, without their trouble and expense, and not get ting out of order like our wire belli and cranks. Iron Age. New Use roB Ixrusosui, Silica. Infusorial silica has been strongly recommended for sur rounding ice, ale, and beer cellars, fire-proof safes, steam boilers, and powder magazines. A firm iu Germany have recently made a enea of experiments on a large scale, and they aasert that the use of this earth has reduced the melt ing ot ice in a oellar during the summer from 23,500 to 10,000 pounds. This materia) is not inflammable, and is not in the least affected by the hottest fire, and it presents the entrance of rats and mice. Stitntific American Hollow Walls. . It is well known that walls of extra thick ness, made of brick, are very npt to be weak and fall to decay in n comparatively short space of time. This fact may be accounted for nt once, when one remembers that mortar requires the free action of the atmosphere, without which it will not harden. It is true that the brick will absorb the moisture, but tho lime nnd sand will become disintegrated, nnd crumble nwny without effecting the purpose required, nnmely, that of forming n binding joint. Walla three feet thick have been tnkon down nfter twenty yenrs' standing, and found to be little more thau rubbish nt tho eoro. Such brickwork is sure to be wenk; for tho damn in cased in it will work ruin most effectually, both inwardly nnd outwardly. In tho constrnctlou ot fortlflcntlons, this ex istence of damp at tho core of the wnll is nvoided by using water-Unit cement, iustend of quicklime, ns the former will indurate under the very influence thnt proves nn insuperable obstacle to the hardening of tho latter. Besides. the courses of brick masonry in fortifications nre raised so slowly that it gives nmplotime for tho Betting of each courso before the succeeding one excludes it from the nctiou of the atmos phere. To eivo nn opportunity to ordinary- walls of dwellings, etc., to receive tho full benefit of the air ou the mortar, n method of hollow-walling hns been introduced in building, nud this is accomplished either by a novel article of brick or block, cast with nn elongated aperture with in itself, or it is brought about by so using ordinary bricks ns to ltnve n hollow spaco vary ing from two to four inches In tho rearing of the wall The great difficulty to be encountered iu the formation of hollow walls is fouud in tho fact that there must be binders, or bricks laid cross wise, nt every fourth or fifth courso. Such bricks serve as ducts to convey moisture from outside to inside. And, ns there must necessa rily bo a great number of these, it is very evi dent that tho transit of damp is not wholly prevented by tho system of hollow walling. It Is to avoid this mischievous intervention of tho binders that ft patent mode ot hollow-walling has been introduced in the West, by a builder of much experience, at San Jose-, California. Ills plan is to substitute for brick binders, lath laid diagonally; reversing the slope every sec ond course, or alternately. Tbaie ties are simply lathi such ns nre used in pi (storing. Tboy nre four feet long, nud nre cut three times, ho ns to give four tics of ft foot In length to each lath. Hut for twelve-inch w nils it is proposed to make tho lath ties six teen inches. They nro scattered nloug every fourth or fifth course, throughout tho wall; aud spaced about ten inches apart on tho wall. This Is certainly n very ccouomlo way of treating this matter, nnd tho binding principle must surely bo preserved by it. But in the ovent of fire, how Inevitably would tho devour ing elemont soizo upon tho very vitals of Its prey, nnd, iu tho destruction of these laths, most effectually disintegrate the wall. However, tho plan is nevertheless a good one, aud the substitution of hoop-iron would fuard against the fearful eventuality alluded to n tho use of laths. As to any sanitary benefit being derived from the use ot hollow walls, their efficiency is doubtful; Indeed, one may incline to tho opin ion thnt these same iutervnls or spaces iu walls aru dark chambers for the generation of poi sonous gases, wmcu nro npt to nud antutrauce through the porous brick into tho dwolliug apartments and bed-chambers of houses, su perinduced by tho attraotivo atmosphere there. To be sure, this objection might be obviated by ventilating aperturos. But these, again, admit the external cold, nud permit the escape of the internnl heat. American Homestead. Fire-Proof Construction. As a precaution which may be used in lessen ing the tendency to catch fire iu buildings which are not in their nature actually non-lu flammable, or intended to bo so, it is very de sirable, whenever timbers nre exposed, to covor them with a coating ot common whitewash, which nets doubly ns n preservative, both by excluding air from tho timber, nud from its non-conducting power. This will, of course, be of no uso when a tiro has once been kindled and got to a head; but, iu case of fire, seconds of delay iu kludliug it or communicating it nro of vital importance, lu many ft workshop or factory, if the floor nud roof timbers were kept well whitewashed, the risk would be much di minished. Special precaution should betaken about the floors nud Art places: there is fre quently great carelessness iu trimmiug joists aud filing ground for skirting, etc. It would be very desirable nlwnys to skirt chimney brensts in cement or plaster, nnd to fill in the plnoe under thu hearthstone with cemvut con crete. Ceilings, agnin, should bo formed with much stronger laths nud better nailed; nud if about 2 iu. of rough mortar, the coarser tho better, were laid over thu laths between the joists, it would be found very difficult to sot fire to them they would resist for n consider able time even a fierce fire underneath. Agaiu, all rooms should have it good bight, otherwise the coustaut operation of gns-llghts is to pre pare the timber of tho ceilings for combustion on the most rapid scale, if the opportunity be once given. As regards all stoves, great atten tion should be paid to their being so urrunged as to avoid all risk arising from the bent ot the stove ittelf, its flue-pipe, or its ash-pan; no stove Vthould be considered enfe, the flue-pipe of which cannot bo heated to redness with per fect kafety to the buildiug. But in all ordinary buildings the most important point to ntteud to is the stidrcaBe; it should be, if circumstances will admit, closed nt top or bottom, cut off from tbs passage leading into the rooms, nnd in the couttructiou of it, it is very desirable to luththe soffits with extra strong laths, aud fill in from the upper side with concrete, so that nil the spnee at the baok of the riser and under the tread shall bo a solid mass of non-iuflummable material. Such a stuircaso would probably stand and bear the weight of persons ascending aud descending under circumstances where nn iron or stone staircase would be destroyed or useless. Buildtr, COLOBING ilATIBULS UT WHICH GlMil ABC Imitated The basis of these imitations is a soft white lead glass of highly refracting power. called strass. For imitating topas, glass of antimony, 37 parts, und purple of Cassius, 1 part is added to 810 parts ot strass, or 1 part of crocus martls to 100 of strass. For ruby, the above is fused for 30 hours, or oxide of maugau ese is used. For emerald, add 250 parts of strass, 2 of verdigris and half a part of crocus marlis. For sapphire, add 1 part of oxide of cobalt. In all cams a careful fusing in furuacu or blow-pipe is required ot the substauce be fore hand, well powdered and mixed; but above all, a considerable degree of experience, ob tained by continued practice. Jianuucfurtr and Builder. Tnittl is probably nothing better and cleaner than black lead aud tallow a a lubricant for friction whetl or brakes. San Bernardino County. San Bernardino is cut off from the sen by a I small Intervening slip of Los Angeles county; I population, 9,000. Tho San Bernardino rouge I of mountains divides the county into two parts, 1 differing from each other in topography, ell - mate nud nature of soil. The eastern part lies within tho Great Basin, or valley of the Col- orado, and mav be said to be worthless, agricul- tnrally. Tho western part extonds from the Snu llernnrdino rauge to tho Los Angeles line, Karja.",SV"tnjar'' ,UnV I.-....U ...ilVJ V. h.(.U ASI-...I.IM.UV The western mope oi tuo oonmy eomni ns nn nren oil nopun 2,000 square miles, ncnrly all of which is highly ertite. The San Bernard no is divided from tho San Gabriel range by the Calon i pass, nnd from tho San Gorgoiiio pass, fiach of these passes opens on the Hesert. Lns of the fenu Bernnrdluo rnugo tho vast area of country ex- teudug to the Colorado is a barren waste, n great part utiiuhabltod, and almost uuluhab!- nble. Tho laudscapo is diversified, indeed. , presenting the most varied seenio contrasts. In the country nre pent monu tains, vast for-, cats, exteusivo tnble-lnnds, benntl ul nud fertile . valleys, teeming with semi-tropical productions. . m .. - . . ... dreary alkali flats, sparkling streams, or, rather, :S5" e&El ""KM,1? .?".? '" crt. The bleak, bare nud waterltss desert is' offset by the most fertile, blooming and bnuti-' fnl valley In California; the frigid vegetable nud ( the orange-tree grow side by side. The pro ductions of both the semi-tropical and tem perate regions of thoiarth are indigenous to this soil; tho precious as well ns lho useful , nictnls nbuuud throughout the vast mountain amphitheater, which almost encloses our far- SJS Se,C,e.l ff dri,,g, he winters inernuusunsuiiiu reign on nim niui.g tuo etigo of thodtsert. II fa n rtMlllifFi tili.inti.lliti I.. most surprising natural contrasts. ian Ihrnnr ... .. w..... . ..V....U...UH ,(. . . .... oino utMWian A DKsTnncTiVK E.N01SK op Wail Tho ri-on! trial ot the Tnylor battery gnu, upon whioh the Colt company, ot Hnrtford, has, for sonio mouths, been engaged, shows it to be the most formidable weapon of war that has yet bet n invented. Its barrels nre twenty-four iu num ber, nud nre arranged in two concentric circles. Iney nre also regulated ho ns flre, covering n horizontal lino to radiate their of twenty. two feet, nt n distance of five hundred vnrd s The ile or bv t u 1,11.. gun fires with great rapidity, by fusilai! volley, at the pleasure ot tho operator, while ine cartridges are led into tuo uarrcl iroiu suit able charging cases, which nre introduced into the interior of tho breech cylinders. The re sults at tho late trial were astonishing. Iu fir iug a single bnrrol.nt ft distance of flvo hundred yards, bullets wero ropentcdly seut into mi eight-inch bnll's-eje. In firing tho fusilade, ttie twenty-lour unlis wero dlstrltmted on n horizontal surface, twenty-two feet long, nt iv n I'll I Kill 111 i imim, hiiii iuu mu-rpuwcrii'riNui'Kii ui ciiarguig , columns lu the face of n fire, can bo seen by the. fact that every second sweeps over twenty ftet iu leugth, and mows men i down nt thu rate of n regiment n minute. Tho Inventor of this rrinnfknhlu weapon ! is Colouil James F. Taj lor, of Knox vllle, Teun. His Invention was conceived lu 1870, nnd patented iu July, 1871, nud it hns slnco been improved until its present extnmo I ..I 1 .1 ... 1 j , I f of the gun is to be rapidly pushed and nctho ....1 ...... . n- ......i!...i .. T,l 'r'"" " r' "7 "" r. .. 'U"B ,ut Tr.w,..., .. . ..... -n Ihilldimj .Wiei rtcontly remarked upon this subject: "If n chain about ono foot long, formed of n fow large links, Is suspended to thchuiallcnd of an anvil, it will destroy, wo Ulstnncoot n loot npnrt, nutt nnng by the bat-1 '"""" ,',"'' , , , terv. the sauio results wero ncoouipllshed. The Those who keep flno poultry, nud ileslro to rapidity of tho firo wns remnrknlle, being nt , note the effect of varied cross tigs of breeds tho rate of soveu hundred balls per minute. "'"'V'1 ""J" k,T " lM,u',-wok. I" which Tho terrible effectiveness of this weapon iu , '" M"1 Me wltoroJ by nuiubor. This is r.?.'! Xr.P..S1;' " .I'P. V..Ih ........(,,.. .. ........ M...U..W, , ,uo ..u..uu.u. the hammer nre extended to tho chnln, which, flltJMvlxu f list in srrif lifitlt tisiltsjfllira ikiii eaiiii.1 n nsorns mem. w tuout prouncli.g nny sound. Ibis is worth trying by any ono who has a luacuhmiiuorAconpcrsmimior it uugiiuor. nlllj number of tho drops of solder, nnd like We presume it Is intended to suggost that the wi-u ,M0 thickness of the copper wire, cnu be smith should be induced to use Ihu chniu. nnd Vlirlwl llt ,,ertHUru to suit the hUu of tho ohioken not the neighbor: but with refcronco to this up- or fowi IV'mi llM.. iruiouger will furnish it set plication to tho Uuk of nn nuvll, wo may lei 0, nIlnii,,r.,ilen'of tho roqulslte'slio nt ntrifllng our oonttiniwranr hat, were u cha n suspended C0Hl j lu(iy nM tnn, ' ,,,,, two ,jrops of n that wny, thu labor of the mi-ohnulo won Id , HO,dor ,u ' 0, tho uccldentnl defnelug or loss be pninfully iucrensed. for he hammer would ,)f 0 j, llo uot llml wy lul,lkor incommodes fall hinyilyAUd flat, without that sprlug or re- ,iu. birds in tho least, nor does It chafo or in bouud that the notivo vibration gives to tho . (Mtuer8 or color of tho legs of Brnh hnmmer. nud the brawny itrm of the ninth Jraiis or 0oohliiH."b would bo called upon to lift n dead weight , overy lime ne struck tue trou, instead ul lutv ing only to catch up tho rebounding tool nud direct its next blow. For our part, wo think there is a very musical sound In thu anvil, nud certainly can not recommend tho uso of thu chain. Iron Mowjtr, I'DWiomo Canui.es. Undor this namo. Field ' .fc fin.. tb urt.t V.nollth chandlnn. 1mm I... troducid caudles containing iu their nubstaiico some of those gum-re sins nnd balsams, cano cially benzoin nud stornx, which from tlmo im memorial have proved useful iu chroulo bron chitis, aud allied maladies. Whuu burnt, thu oanillnatii.ld . Iir !,.. rriml.iwllnii nf 1i..i. ,lr..,.u n plenslng fragrance, nnd at thu same timu give n good light. Candles are not much nse.V In this country, but we should not bo surprised if some enterprising Yankee adopted thu idea to the medicatiou of kerosene; which mav thus bo compelled to make partial amends for the slaughter it hns caused. The nrotnntic'odor slone would be an improvement of the unfrit grant combustibles. tour. of Chem, New FnoTo-PuocEss. A recent improve ment, announced by Mr. Bnrgess, a photo graphic artist, of I'eckhain, England, consists in sensitizing gelatin by uiuuui of bromide of Silver. The mixturu is applied warm to the glass plate, and the picture may be bo taken with the plate either wet or dry. The time of exposure is the same as for the ordinary wet collodion plaUs. The itlkallue-pyro developer is used, the picture making its appearance rap idly, with auy requirtd degree of intensity. The new process promises to enmpeto sharply with the ordinary collodion prooess. II. ..!.. ... t u ...... IV U .. ....... 11 ...... gles composed of tannlo aoid and infusion of roses. An excellent cement, it Is said, may be made Irom rice nonr. it is only necessary to mix the rice flour intimately with cold water aud UMntlr .inniA. It nv.r A ftl-M uti.,. tt imiIIId fire, wheu It readily ' forms a delicate and durable cement. When made of the consistency of plaster, clsy mod- I....V...J.;-.. ..T A....(.t .,l..w.1-ui,.p. ijrjng outsiuo prices, rine has been successful y used for rendering ' when Is thu best lime to ship? This quostion nstnngent lufusions bright. One part of glyc. U otteu askeel. Wo answer, nny timo nftercool rina to nine of infuslou of rosea is said to lie , W(,atber commences. But If sent for thu holl sufficient. Mixtures of infusion of roses and jays, have them h. re at least three days beforo sulphate of quiiiia. in which a precipitate of Thanksgiving, Christmas, or New Year's, tnunate of quiula is produced, may bo rendered Ktop the largest turkeys for New Year's, transparent by a similar addition, as alio gar- els, busts, bat reliefs, etc., way be formed I "" j""'. 8J " V" wumu" corn, from it. Th." fondness for variety shown by fowls is ' as significant of real needs as we hvc fouud it Tue combustion of one pound of coal in one to bu in ourselves. In purveying for them, a mlnnte is productive of a force equal to the judioioua variety, selected from the three gen work of three hundred horses during the same eral divisions rot uyttubUs, uruln andunlruil time. food is at all seasons absolutely necessary. PoJlthy Ya"d. Ideas in Chicken Raising. 1 A plan which many of our renders hnve I lloubtleii tried to advantage, Is thnt of raising .. .,, , ,, , " ', ,,. . BeT0Ml ,,un,llM of cMekMM with ono hen, thus 'allowing the other hens their liberty; nnd, as it ' U claimod, hastening tho return of la) ing. Wo cnunot do belter than give the whole system. . as detailed by n correspondent of the Now York nn tiuiui mbuM. nfs plan Is to set six or soven hens upon 100 ,SRS,'nd while the setting is going uwu,,tu&Vcoopns follows: Make tho sides ncconliuR to diagram, ono yard loug at base nnd , fpct foRh. nbM lho u board on, which ,honM l Snojnrd ill length; put on tho roof ( ,ongMcd nn.f grooved stuff; unil on tho slats j f t, ,, room nt the top for a bonrd Hght or nine Inches wide, to bo Attached by , ,,,, nUl, to 80tve , ,,, am, ' , ,jnK0 , As 800U ., tho m blgfn to h ,& vNlt tue nogls frequently nud remove th(, ,0'0M belu that they may not "cap " eggs i.,..,. ... ' .:.i,.. 'i,., ,, .,..,,.i ,?,i t u lUo eUAvM m tho , motherly hen in lho coop described, with A Chicken Boarding Uouso. ' erorel'riilankett ,. tkattmi. .,,.. Wl... r,lilovu n. :it.aUK0 - . " ' ' I A.l li.t.m .,. ... .!. l t, llllliu HI' WU.,. I The advantage claimed for tho plan nre. briefly: The other five hens, nfter a fow days ccipttllMUClit, will l.egtll laying. lllOClilOKeus, belue nil with one lion, there will be no fight ing among the dluVront broods. The one lieu nnd 100 chickens will consume less food than six hens with the samebrood. The back board of tho ooop prevonts the hen from trampling her chickens, ns she would do if tho roof was ""em,1K '" u" K'"""1'- "" inrgc a unmoor oi cnieaeiiN logcinur uimuuiiu n uik uegrep ui I temperature, aud they keep circulating In nud 'ro "'lf'ueath the hen, nnd nre fully ns com. fort able ns they would bo with a number of hens. For tho first week feed with Indian meal wet with water; ntternnrd use cracked corn. Oho nu abundance of puro fresh wntor. After the chickens nro n few dnyn old let thoin run abroad with tho hen when tho weather Is pleas ant, fastening them ill tho coop nt night, The writer referred to concludes by saving th it ho has had n number of years' experience with this method, nnd commend it to nil who wish to Poultry Marker. Ut net from the nccoun -book, which ovy ponltrv-rniser has. or should have; but, for eon- . Venleuoo tho refereuo list, aud tho ncoouuts ThtuWco for marking poultry whlcl ll wo Illustrate, ban been used for some time by nn Ungllsh breeder, Mr. William Havillo, wllli en tire satisfaction. Hu says; "It oau bo put on or taken off with the greatest ease by using two pairs of ordinary rouud-polntod wiru pliers, It is Hindu by lotting fall ono or mure drops of '! l-y e'ting fall one or mure d nir-Uou milder on to it ploco or hIouusIi w,r(,. The solder is then stamped with . .. . copper n iiuin 1)er ,, wt,llUH of ale, nud it corresponding number eutered iu thu poultry.book. Tho sir... Preparing Poultry for Market. A Now York firm of commission uiorohnuts giu lho following directions for preparing poultry for market: Secure plump, wull-faltid birds, lilotsl mem iu inn mroni. ncaui ,:n.""K.h l? nm,t." "10 f,,,ftll."' "u J Mty' 1'ICK iiotli leaiiiers mm pin-ieaiiiers nil on nicu. ly, taking great earu not to bruisu or break thu skin lu nny wny, it unci or two lit lliu nu should accidentally get bruised or hau thu skin broken, sell, or use nt homo, ns they will hurt thu sale of thu whole lot. Lmvu nil of tUU entrails III, Bllll liendS 1111(1 K-el Oil. Alter ll'"y a, d")"';,1,,'1 ""!' , ,' 00' 1','!,cu' wh.ru they will dry nnd gttktiffbeforupmikliig. l'ack In taixus ot b.ttrols. In ulq.i, clean ryu straw; If Jhls cantrol bo obtained, dry oat straw may bu used. He Hiiro and puck solid, so they will not bruise iu transit, l'nck with breast down. Poultry prepared III this wny always find n rtndy market, whiln poor, hnlt-dnssed, swenty, (caused by packing while warm), nud bruised lots, will not sell nt nny tlmo. Many farmers nuiko n practice of feeding their half-starved fowls all they will eat just be fore killing, nud scud them to market with full crops, in order to gut Ihu price of poultry for corn. In this they mako n grunt mistake; the crop being swollen to nn unusual size, turns black nfter being packed n while, nnd uot only shows clearly the dishonest intentions of thu pucker, but injures the sale of thu fowls u great deal more thnu Is gained in weight. Ft ud meal only for nt least two days before killing. Heinember that it is the appearance of goods that sells them. Nice, large, fat, plump, white turkiya, ducks, chicken or geese, nlwnys a.' ... . A VAttixn Diet rou Fowut. Thero are no animals more omnivorous thau fowls; fish, flush, birds and grain, being devoured by them with equal relish. We say equal, though they commonly pounce upon meat with greater -lty than upon grain, this Is generally be causelt affords a rarity, and n flock kept for a wie ftl"oit entirolyon auitnal food, will show I l.iiAiti tii ii linul iia o Qood HBVTH Reading to the Sick. Florenco Nightengalo gives the following judi cious advice on this subject: With regard to rending aloud in n siok room, my experience is that when the siok nre too ill to read them solvts, they cnu seldom bear to be rend to. Children, eye-palients, and nneducntod persons nro exceptions, or where there is nuy mechani cal diflloulty iu reading. People who like to bo read to, have generally not much the matter with them; while iu fevers, or where thero is nwoh irritability of brain, tho offort of listen lug to reading aloud has often brought on do liriuni. I speak with great diftldenco, becauso thero is nu almost universal Impression that it is jirin.7 the siok to road nloud to them. But two things nre certain: (1.) If there is some matter which miuf bo rend to n sick person, do It slowly, l'ooplo ofteu think thnt the wny to get it over with lenst fntlguo to him is to get it over iu least time. They gabble; they plungo nud gallop through tho reading. There never was n greater mistake. Iloudiu, the coujurer, says thnt tho wny to make n story seem short is to tell it slowly. So it is with rending to the sick. I have ofteu heard a patient nny to such n mis taken reader, "Don't read it to me; lull it to me." Uucouciously he Is iiwaro thnt this will regulate tho plunging, tho rending with unequal paces, slurring over one part, instead of le iviug it out altogether, if it is unimportant, and mumbling another. If the reader lets his owu attention wander, nnd thou stop to rend up to himself, or finds ho hns rend the wrong bit, then it is nil over with tho poor patient's chance of not suffering. Very few people know how to read to ino hick; very lun nnd aloud as pleasnntl) even ns they speak. Iu rending, tboy slug, they hesitate, they stammer, tboy hurry, they uiuuiblo; when iu speaking they do nouo of these things. Heading aloud to the sick ought always O bo rather slow nud exceedingly distinct, but not mouthing rather monotonous, but not slngsoug rather loud, but uot noisy nnd, above nil, not too long, llo very sure ot what your patient oau bear. (2,) Tho extraordinary habit of rending to one's self In a siok room, nud rending nloud to thu patient nny bits which may amuse him, or moru often tho render, Is unaccountably thoughtloss, What i(o you think tho patient is thinking of during tho gaps of unu-rortding f Do )ou think that he ntuuson himself upon whnt you havo rend for precisely thu tlmo it pleases you to go on reading to yourself, nud thnt his attention is rondy tor something else nt precisely the tlmo it pleusuH you to begin road lug again? Whether the person thus rend to Ui sick or well, whether ho be dbiug nothing or doing something vise while being thus read to, thu solf-nbsorptiou nnd want of observation of tho person w hu does It Is equally dlfllciilt to understand, although very often thu rendie is too amiable to nay how much It disturbs him, Carbonic Acid Not a Poison. Dr. Vnn derWejtlo has publish d a pnpor containing hoiuu very oxtremo views on this subject. Ho says: For some time tho opinion has become prevalent, nmoiig many chemists, thnt most oases of poisoning usually ascribed to vnrlioiila noid nro duo to carlionlo oxldo, tho product of imported combustion of eoat. It Is argued, 1st. That If oarbouio acid wero a pol sou wo would continually be Inhaling a poisoned atmosphere, ns good nir always normally contains oiiu-teiitli of ono pur cent, of this sub stance, and may coutaln much moru without being injurious to lho Hjstoui. 2d. That tho rnilse of thu unpleasant effect of nir iu a close room, lifter having boonbrcathtsl by many per sons present iu tho same, is duo to other ex halations perspiration, flavors, etc., of tho different constitutions, nud not to tho carbonic noid. 3d. 'flint puru cnrboula ncld only intoxi cates, nnd In this way makes tho persons insen sible; while, when they nro inndn to broatho Iiii ru air afterward no unpleasant effects roiiialu. th. That denth iu those cases of committing sulcldu by means of n furnace of burning char coal lu n cIoku bmbrooiu is caused by tho car- bouiu oxide produced ny ino imported combus tion of tho cliiircoal by thu Insufficient amount of oxygon iu thu mom, nnd not by the carbonic noid oarbouio oxido being acknowledged ns n virulent poison, of whluh thu pruaencu lu thu nir iu it quantity of less than onu-tlttlutli of ono pur cuut, causes a surlenof nlurmliig symp toms. As n companion to this change of opinion oouieH the announcement of M. P, Bert, who has fouud that when puru oijgen Is Inhaled under n pressure of (our atmospheres, or more, it be comes a most virulent kihoii; while common air breathed under it prt-ssuro of twenty atmos pheres kills, not so much by thu mechanical effoct of nu incrcitau of pressure, to which an animal soon aroommodatisltstlf, but to tho con centration of tho oxygen present ill Ihu air to u bulk so small thnt twenty tliiuut its much comes In contact with thu surfaco of thu pul monary cuds, us is ihu custi iu ino normal con dition. Iu revluwing Dr. Van dor Weydc's paper, Professor Wiirt, editor (if our valued ex change, thu lliull'jht Journal, Indorses the posi tion itdvaiicul nud ndds thnt in his own casu, speaking as. i chemist, no "clmngoof opinion" has occurred on the point of thu non-toilcal nature of c.iibonlo acid; ns ho is nut nblo to re member thu tlmo when huwas willing to admit it to be it puimiu, In the truo srnsuof thnt term Cleansing Garments b) Heat. A gariiitut can bu freed from odors by ex posing it Ui heat for a fuw honrs. Thus, body and bed-clothing, aud indeed ull v. shires, muy be rendered fresh and clean. It is only tho odors, and not what remains nfter they ars ex pelled, that makes thu fouluess in a garment. Auy substtuco deprived of them cannot bu con sidered filthy or dirty lu the truu stusu. Ground Is not offensive, nor wood, nor the metals, nor uny texture In ill puru native statu. It is decomposition that causes the mischief it rotten carcass, decajtsl vegetation It is tho essence of these that we bear about in our fllthyjiiinuenU, in our rooms, our bed-clothing, etc. The exhalations aud excrementitlous mat- . tor of thu body come uuder thu same head, made worse by decomposition, which readily lakes place. Soap nud water will remove those moru effectually wheu heated. Jlont alone dry heat will remove tho odors, which aru thus suut off in n volatile state. It requires ouly what thu texture will bear to do the work, satisfactorily , Thus bed-clotbliig may be used, aud body garments worn longer, ly ventilating with heated nir. The skuuk's odor may bu re moved effectually by exposing for an hour or two to heat. Why, in viow of this, may uot a room be fit ted expressly fur this purpose, or some other room temporarily employed? A few hours' ex posure will, lugcnoral, be sufficient. Clothe thrown off at night may thus bu treated; bed clothes au hour or two duriug the day. The sun iu Its mid-summer fervor, when the air Is dry, Is a good renovator, but the heat Is not strong enough to do it entirely satisfactorily. Garments will bear a tuuoh stronger Jheat, Vowitry Uemlkmun,