"WILLAMETTE FARMER.
Qood H'V-TH
The Causes of Decay of Teeth.
It has been charged against onr brethren of
the dental specialty, Bays the Lancet, that they
are wofully at fault In regard to knowledge of
tho commonest of nil things carles of the
teeth. That they extract teeth with skill, and
stop them with eeu more skill, and in a nobly
conservative spirit, is admitted; but tho causes
of decay in the teeth have remained obscure.
Tho investigations of Leber and llottensteiu
into this subject bavo at least the charm of
pointing to definite conclusions. They admit,
of course, that thero are differences of teeth,
constitutional and connected with race, mak
ing teeth more or less resistant to the great in
fluences which determine decay. These are
not, according to these authors, internal and
vital so much as external and chemical. The
process of decay begins from tho surface, and
if it can bo controlled or arrested at tho sur
face, it is entirely controlled. The great causes
of caries are two, namely, r.cids and a certain
fungus found abundantly in tho moulh, Itp
tothrlx luccatis. This 1 liter agent is character
ized by certain microscopic, appearances and
by its reaction with iodine and acids, which
givo to tho elements of leplolhrlx a beautiful
violet tinge. Under tho microspore the fungus
Appears as a gray, finely-granular mass or
matrix, with filaments delicate and stiff, which
erect thoiusolvcs above the surface of this
Granular substance so as to resuible an uu
oven turf. Tho fungus attains its greatest
size in tho interstices of the teeth.
No ono can deny uow-a-days tho action of acids
on tne teeth, even weak acids, in dissolving the
salts of tho enamel and the detiue. All acids,
both mineral and vegetable, act promptly on
tne teem, various experiments as to tho ac
tion of acids on dental tissues are given, mak
ing tho enamol, naturally transparent, first
white, opaque and milky, and, in a more ad
vanced state, chalky, and then the dentiuo
more transparent mid softer, so ns to be cut
with a knife. Tho acids which may actually
cueci me ursi cnanges in ine production 01 ou
ties are such ah are taken with food, or in ine
elicincs, or such as aro formed In the month it
self tiy some Abnormality In our secretions,
which should be alkaline, or bv an nidi! f nrmnn-
tatiou of particles of food. But ucids alouo
will not account for nil tho phenomena of caries
in the teeth. They play a primary and princi
pal part, making the teolh porous nud soft. In
this state, the tissues having Jost their normal
consistency, luugl peuetruto both, thu canalicu
li of the enamel and of tho dentine, and by
their proliferation produce softening nud de
structive effect much moro rapidly than tho
action of acids alone is able to accomplish.
It is not pleasant to think that fungi exist in
the mouth of all but tho very cleanest of poo-
Slo. Bowditch, in examining forty persons of
liferent professions, and living different kinds
of life, found in almost all vegetable and ani
mal parasites. Tho parasites were numerous
in proportion to tho neglect of cleanline'H.
Tho means ordinarily employed to clean tho
teeth had no effect on tho parasites, while
Boapy water appeared to destroy them. If this
be a true version of the causes of caries the
action of acids, supplemented by tho action of
fungi then it follows that tho creat means of
preserving teeth is to preserve tho most scru
pulous cleanliness of tho month and teeth, nud
to givo to tho rinsing liquids a slightly alkaline
character, which is dono by tho adnilxturo of n
llttlo soap. This is not so pleasant a dentifrice
as some, but it Is effective aud scientific Acids
not only dissolvo tho salts of tho teeth, but
favor tne lncreaso ol tno fungi of tliu mouth.
No lncreaso of fungi and no action on tho den
tal issues occurs in solutions slightly alkaline.
ns of a weak solution of flo.il. Tbe good effects
of stopping teeth, in tho light of these experi
ments, are intelligible. Tho puuutratiou of
actus una mugi is pro emeu.
Color Blindness.
The derivation of the desicnntlon of an uf
fection of tho eves very commonly know n ns
Daltonism (color blindness) is, ns many of our
readers aro uouuiiess awure, iroui tno nnwo of
tho groat philosopher, the propounded of the
Atomic theory, who was attacked by it. Fro
perly speaking it is simply incapacity on the
part of certain people to judge of color, or moro
accurately, of certain colors. Dr. Faro has com
municated to the UougrehS at Jjyons tho result
of the researches, which, as ohiof physician of
the Boris nnd Lyons railway company, he has
uiadu on tho subject, tho object being to deter
mine what influence this disease or affection
may have on the general safety of travelers.
According to this repott, among HOG difftreut
individuals examined from 18l)i to 1808, thir
teen cases of red-color blindness nud ono of
green were fouud. Again, among 728 subjects
examined between lb" J aud 1873 ho testifies to
forty -two of color blindness moro or les devel
oped, lie further tstimates tho number of
people in Franco suffering from this malady at
ueurly a million, and gives, as the most com
mon cause of it, wounds, typhoid fov.'r, sy
philis, etc. Tbe danger of such a disease ex
isting, and possible in some in&tencts without
the knowledge of the subject or of bis employ
ers, is one which deserves attention, for al
though we cannot point ourselves to any in.
Atouces in which errors bin o been made through
it, nevertheless, Dr. I'm re, as we understand
him, is able to do so, and wo quite agreo with
him, when ho rays that the only effectual pre.
entivo of the dangers which may possibly accrue
from such a malady isa periodical optical inspec
tion of all men who hive to deal with colon il
signals, a mistake in tho use of which might
lead to such disastrous results We recommend
inquiry ou this subject to locomotive superin
tendents and trnfilo managers, 77i Fmjlnter.
Eativq wiius Sick. It is the custom among
n certain class of people, when a member of
the family falls sick, to begin at once to ask,
"Now what cau you tat'f" Every one has
beard of the old story of the man who always
ato eighteen apple dumplings when ho was sick
On one occasion wheu ho was engaged upon
the eighteenth, his llttlo sou said, "1'h, givo me
a piece." "No, no, my son, replied tbe
father, "go away; pa is sick." When a young
man has surfeited m season and out of season,
until exhausted nature gives way, and a fever
is coming on, tbe good mother is in trouble.
She anxiously iuqnires, "Now, John, what cau
yon eat? lou must eat something! People
can't live without food!" Then comes toast
and tea, etc. The stomach is exhausted, and
no more needs stimulating or food than a jaded
horse needs the whip. What is needed is rest.
Nine-tenths of the acute diseases might be pre
vented by a few days' starvation when tho first
indications appear. I don't menu complete
abstinence in every case, hut perhaps n piece
of coarse bread, with cold water for drink. If
such a policy were generally adopted, what ruin
would overtake the medical profession. How
many physicians would lack for patients.
Hearth ana Home.
In tbe bydropathto treatment, drinking cold
water immediately after rising, provided that
breakfast be not taken for at least half an hour,
is prescribed. The explanation given is that
the internal douche acts upon the stomach as
a tonic, in tbesamemannerMcoldapplications
externally, upon tbe skin.
Action of Tobacco Smoke.
According to Messrs. Vobl and Eulembcrg,
the amount of nicotine in snuff and tobacco
for chowing is so minute that nothing like
nicouno-poisoning can result irom their use.
The action of tobacco-smoke nnd tobacco-juice
is not duo to nicotine, for it contains none, but
to pyridine, picollne, colledine, and other liases,
forming a homologous series, which are pro
duced during the combustion of tbe tobacco.
The reason why stronger tobacco can be smoked
in n cigar than in a pipe is. that In the pipe a
large quantity of pyridine is formed, which is
vory volatilo and stupefying; while in a cigar
little pyridiuo nud much colledino nro formed.
The unpleasant symptoms experienced by per
sons just begiuniug to smoke, or who smoke to
excess, ns well ns tho poisonous effect of tobacco-juice,
are not due to nicotine, but to the
pyradluo and picoliuo bases; aud they have
probably been attributed to nicotine becauso
these bases, especially thoso having a high
boiling-point, greatly resemble nicotinoboth in
snietl and in physiological action, producing
contraction of the pupil, diflloult respiration,
convulsions aud death.
They do not act so quickly whou injected
under tbe skin as when taken into tho stomach,
and their action is less rapid than thnt of nico
tine. Other plants which are sometimes used
for smoking, though thev contain no nicotine.
such as dandelion, willow wood nud stramon
ium, yield mridiuo bases, whoso action are
very like those from tobacco, though rather
wcaKor. rure picoliuo Irom Boghead coal had
n similar action; and its vapor was poisonous,
probucing irritation of the respiratorv passa
ges, slight convulsions, nnd death. None of
these, except tho bases from willow wood, pro
duced contraction of the pupil. Tho authors
consider that tho effects urodticed br nniiim.
smoking are not duo to tbe nlknlotlls in tho
opium, but to tbe bases formed during its com
bustion; and that the differenco between it nud
tobacco is owing to different bases being formed
by their combustion. Arch. Pharm, anil Chan.
Bouax ron Colds. A writer in Tltc Medical
Jhcwra cites a number of oases in which borax
has proved n most effeotive remedy iu certain
forms of colds. IIo states that, in sudden
hoarseness or loss of volco iu public speakers
or singers, from colds, relief for nn hour or so,
ns by magic, may be often obtained by slowly
dissolving, and partially swallowing, n lump of
borax, tho siz of a garden pea, or nbout three
or four grains, held In tbe mouth for teu min
utes before speaking or slugiug. This produces
n profuse secrotion of svllvn, or "watering" of
the mouth nnd throat, probably restoring the
voice or touo to tho dritd vocal coids, just ns
wetting brings buck the missing notes to ntluto
when it Is too dry.
DopESTic EcofiopY
Washing Machines.
From the I'sclDc Hurst Press
Editors I'uhss: I wish to mnko somo sug
gestions, through your paper, to tho Inventors
of washing machlnoi. I have studio 1 wushiug
machines for several years, and hnve been iu
tho habit of buying ono occasionally only to
throw it nway not becauso tho machine would
not do good work, but beoiuse it is moro
trouble, or rather, harder work, to wash with
ouo than to nso tho common bonrd.
I do not think it much of a feat t u get up n
"washing machine," but am ouo who coutrms
a washer which can bo run by some other
power than that of a poor, sickly womau will
have dono somethiug worthy of notice.
What would wo think of it man who would
invent a threshing machine to 1k run by mini
power? Do you think ho would bo able to sell
many? As Artemas Ward would say, I rather
think not. There are mnny different motive
npplinuces which could bo attached to washers.
1 or instance, there might bo used a wlud-mill,
n small ouo-horse power, a water-wheel, etc.
Whero these are not convenient. n cimt. doo.
colt or even calf, on a light, upright powur
wnevi, ion icci in tunmoier, would produce
sufficient power to easily run a washing ma
chino uindo on the rotary plan, with rubbir
ubove. My word for it, thu person who in
vents n washing mnchiuo of this kiudwill ho
well paid for it.
Those who would opposotho plan hero advo
cated, ou tho ground of its being too costly,
should bear iu miud tho difference between the
price of a scytho and n mowing machine, or
between u paper of needles aud n sewing urn
chine, nud retiect whether this difference in tho
first cost deters usKrs from buying tho contri
vance which will do tho work with lonst labor.
I will guarantee that the cost of a good motor,
to bo attached to washing machlues, will not
bo moro out of proportion, compared with that
of the wash-board, than tho mowing machine
is to tho scythe, or the sowing machine is to
tho needles. Wo want n wushlno mud, In,,
which will uiuke n Chinaman say "no hkoo
John." I should like to hear from you nud
outers on this subject. Sou- Sam.
DivUvillo, Feb. IU, 1671.
Our correspondent bus hit tho unll on tho
head in argneing thnt the fault is not iu tho
wasblug niucbiucM but iu tho want of an ade
quate motor, One of tho great questions now
perplexing the minds of inventors is to pro
dues a household motor which shall bo capablo
of doing ordluury light work, cheap in first
cost ami running expenses, nnd not llublu to
got out of order, nor to serious accidents
1 here are a great many contrivunces propost d
for this purpose, and tbe nuuibtr of patents
annually taken out in this department of in
vention, show that thoughtful minds fully ap
preciate this, oue of the great ueo Is of the day .
Several low power motors are now before the
public, but none, so far us wo know, intended
for the purpose of driving washing machines.
There aro the Hyde water wheel, tho diminu
tive Baxter (one-quarter to one-sixteenth
horse-power), the Nicholson engino, and thu
numerous hot nir engines. Some ono has
lately patented a set of appliances by whieh
the waste power evolved iu using a rockiug
chair may be utilized to worn a churn and roek
tbe baby to sleep; but for a washing machine
motor, wo want something entirely stronger
nnd more serviceable a motor, not a toy.
When tbe main question of producing a good,
universal low power motor for domestic use
shall have been solved. "Soan Suds" will r.
ceive a satisfactory answer, and not, we fear,
till All AH L fc 1 Y) 1 n .-.
Cake Without Eggs.
" Housekeeper " kindly sends us two recipes
for making cake, to be used when isi'i are tint
to be bad or when they retail at seventy cents
a dozen which she recommends. The first is
known as
Mart's Tea Cask, One-half cup shortcnina.
two cups sugar, oue cup sour milk, oue ten
spoonful soda, two full cups Hour; season tic
eording to taste. The second recipe is tor
Jkllv Cask. Ono cup sugar, one of sweet
milk with a teaspoonful of soda stirred in, two
teasoonfuls cream tartar sifted in, one aud one
half cups flour, two tttblespoonfuU shortening;
bake thin and quickly.
Water can be nsed for either of these cakes
if Jmilk is not convenient.
HorTIClJLXJrE.
The Rose-Peachblow Potato A Few
Questions.
Editors Pbess ; Last year I procured
from O. N. Smith, of Berlin, Wiscousiu,
two pounds of his now seedling potato,
called the Eoso -Feachblow. They were
pi inted about tho 12th of March, aud iu this
county little or no rnln fell nfter that date.
The soil was now nnd sandy. Iu niuety days
I dng potatoes larger than a heu's egg, aud of
a flavor and delicacy surpassed by none.
.uv jic.u nits "kmi, uwing iu tun tiryness oi
tho season, but 1 saved about thirty pounds of
seed potatoes, intending to try them under, I
hope, more favorable circumstauces. Tho
plants produced no blossom, nud the young
potntocs hung in clusters directly nround the
parent tuber. I should liko to hear from any
of your readers who may have tried them on
this coast, aud I will report again tho coming
season to tho BuitAt, rnKss, my success with
lUCIU.
I wish to inquire tho proper time nnd man.
nor of planting okra seed, also egg plaut. I
have n suuuv exnosnro almost freo (mm front.
nooui ouu loci aoove the level ol Mnnternv luiv
aud insight of it. I am advistd to try the
raising of oranges nnd almonds. Do jou think
with proper cultivation they could be raised to
advantage without irrigation t
D. O. Inoiiauam.
Leafy Glen, Santa Cruz Co., Feb, 8th, 1874.
With regard to planting okra it may be
uuuu na eanjr ns possioie, BUU escspo ItlO 1AIP
frosts. Tbo plant grows about two nud a half
foot high. It may bo planted eithor iu hills or
rows; better the 1 itter. aud with width between
sufficient for proper cultivation.
Tbe egg plaut requires about tho sarno mode
of cultivation as the okra.
We see no reason w by orange or almonds
may not do well in tho locality you describe.
Tin; matter of irrigation depends something
uponthenatnroof the soil; good soil is needed,
and irrigation will be required unless there is
permanent moisture iu the soil within six or
eight feet of the surface. Somo irrigation will
almost surely bo needed for tho first and sec
ond year, uutil tbo trees bavo becomo well
established, and been able to send roots down
to natural moisture.
Will some others of our renders furnish us
tlirlr experieucu in cultivating tho llosu-Ptach
blow potato? Eds l'lifss.l
From tht H. F. 1'iiolfle JUral Frtti.
Upturned Trees, Tap-Roots, Etc.
From tliol'sclrlc ltural Vnu )
Enirsns 1'iikss: "As tho twig is bent, the
tree's Inclined," does not refer merely toils
external appearance
The French peoplo bavo taught tho world
that by holding tbo limbs down bv weights.
so as to check tho flow of sap, it would bring
the fruit treo into beariug soonor; the phj los-
upuy being luiu mo roots sympathised, mid
wire also checked in thoir growth, aud made
to throw out laterals; by a law of nature mere
fibers, which wero shown to bo the real nil
feeders: i. e. that these minute rootlets, with
their little, living, sucking mouths, absorb the
earthy Ingredients which go to make tho fruit,
Aud this is tho reason why trees with tbe tap
root removed will ho brought into earlier bear
ing. With this view of tho sublect. fruit is con
sidered ill tho light of uu oxensccnoe, nud does
not nppear on tho trie in a perfectly normal
condition, ns from thn seed iu n much longer
timo.
Nurserymen frequently hnvo trees beariug,
only ouo year obi, iu tbe nursery rows, A
gopher may have, nibbled at tho root, or n
string tied iu tho grafting, and not rotted or re
moved, may hnvo "eionfut" it. Any thing
which disturbs the free circulation of the sap,
ns the hot weather of our summers, summer
pruning, etc., will disturb the iiiiiililiiium, nud
ciUHd Jruit buds, which develop, uiidir favor
nblo circumstances, Into the choicest fruit.
Too mnny fruit buds tuny form; nud if the In o
takes a very vigorous growth ntttrwnrds, the
fruit blossoms or tho fruit may all drop nil.
It becomes au important consideration to the
fruit grower, to know how to grow fruit, and
also how to grow wood, nt his pltasuro.
Tho French, cspt cudly, graft their pears on
quince roots, whieh huvo by iiaturu, mi iiImiii.
dance, of fibrous routs, and bring their trees
almost iuiuit dl'ite ly into beariug. They do the
same w ith tho apple, by grafting on tint Para
diso stock; nud also with thu cherry, by work
ing it ou thu Morullo stock. Thoy also root
from tho Stncdard trio, thereby inducing root
lets. Tho Chinese understand this system of
dwarfing trets nud plants, which they do by
rimuviug them from pots or boxes, sous not to
disturb thu soil, nud prune thoir roots. This
they repent, till they finally produce thn most
beautiful looking shrulis, trees nud plants, with
their dclieato ami rich foiling.), so much nil.
mi rid.
Tho olnervent horticulturist is generally ublo
to tell the shape, sizs, nud constquent vnluoi.f
the s idling for grafting, before r moving it
from tho uiirs ry It becomes not only a mat
ter of curiosity t him, but of utility us well
to kuow how to make roots or nMtts, at his
pleasure. If ho plants out qiiiiuo tunings,
that ho may obtain root for pear grafting, his
experieucu li aches him, that if bu puts them
in di ep, he may expitt a vi ry largo qunutil) nf
small roots unlit for gr ifting; gome, perchance,
no larger than the hair ou his head, nnd not
sufficient to ensure tho life of thn cutting, and
cettiinly not capable of sending up much top
growth, if it livi'S. Hut if the cutting had l i n
put Iu tbo proper depth, say 4 inches in adolm
or other heavy soils, slid no dot per than neces
sary Hi uuy case, hu would bivuhad roots fur
grafting ono year from tho cutting, ami winch
would Late bueu Indicated by tbe growth of thu
top.
Now, wo ask, why are trees blown down?
And is tli re a irveutlvu?
We are ussured that the treo that takes dp
root iu Ihu soil will defy thu wi'uU, nud ratlu r
hteuk off than, up turn. This is particularly
the case with tliu tall-growing trets thut natu
rally go deep in tho ground, The Eucalyptus,
or gum tree, is oue of this kind, vorj pupular
here just now, the only objection to it king its
liability to blow down. But this is ihictly iu
heavy soils, that tho roots ean not penetrate,
or wberu the tap root has h.-en removed or
broken off Of course, thu lutti r evil can lie
remedied by great taro iu trans lautliig, and,
more cseeially, if tho trees nro transplanted
when quite small. But, iu can. of very heuvt
sub soils, this precaution will nut suffice. I
have iu mind a belt of ftllen trees, near Victo
ria, ou Vancouver's Island, whero the sulsoll
is a deep bed of tough tiny. Tho tap roots
could not penetrate this soil mom than n few
inches, or feet at most; and, although tbe
trees had grown quite large, from thoocom
moisture which they bad drunk iu through
their foliage, the roots had only crept along in
the surfaee soil, cramped, and in u ntt-work,
inclosing the earth as they upturned, while the
clayey tied was only a basu ou which tho whole
body of tho tree rested Trees resting ou a
rocky bed will also be influenced iu their shape,
aud be liable to blow over. In case of irrieiv
Hon, or whero tho ground holds moisture near
luosurtaoe, the root will not go deep, and this
is another of the causes for treos blowing over.
It you will cast your eye, Mr. Editor, from
your homo Iu Oakland, to tho highest hill in
the eastern part of thnt rising city, vou will seo
a very tall gum tree, on that very dry ground
where it is eighty feet down to well water.
That treo has gone down, also for moisture,
aud is securely imbedded In tbo land, ft is
true that tho foes cominc in nt the Golden
Onto, which climb up and creep nlong 'he
mountain ridges iu tho back ground, also feed
tbo foliage wllti moisture nud nutriment.
Lot us select nn oak from tho clusters near
by, hundreds of jears old, in soil so loose nnd
dry thnt tho plow may run close to tho tree's
liody. Throw rubbish ntiout tbe body, lunch
ing it so as to hold moisture near ine surinco.
nud iu two years tho plow will meet
with roofs ns largo ns your arm. I know
of uo better way to insure trees against tbo
wind, in heavy soils than to boro n holo with a
post auger, filling in below nud around the
roots with loose or gravelly soil, so as to induce
them downwards, where they may become
securely established. Thero is moro iu root
oo;y, (if I may bo Allowed to coin n word), in
connection with all tho products of tho earth,
than is generally dreamed of iu our philos
ophy. I. A. W.
Santa Clara, March I, 1874.
Notes of Travel.
Stanislaus County.
EniToin 1'iiksm: Conttutilug our journey
from Stockton, tho traveler soon reaches Far
mlngton, a small settlement somo seventeen
miles from Stockton, surrounded by a rich
farming country, nud sottl.il by thrifty hus
bandmen. From thence a few hours' ride
through Ix'autifnl meadows, over rolling and
verdant prairies, And past refreshing rivulets,
brings you to
Knight's Ferry,
Tbo region of the orange, tho lemon, the crane.
and tbo almond, nud nil delicious fruits. As
you approach this village, tho scenery becomes
moro ami moro ikmuuiiui. ill tne iiistanco tlio
snow-clad peaks of tbo Sierras rim in mnjes.
tic grandeur, while nearer nro the foot hills with
their verdant forests rising in diminutive com
parison to tho craggy iliffs of tho loftier moun
tains beyond.
In a unlet vallev. surrotined bv bills. ulilM,
from this point, continue to rise gradually to
ward tho niountftlns.aiid along tho banks of thn
Stanislaus, tbo people of Knight h Furry en
joy a country possessing nil tho nccossarli s,
comforts and luxuries wldoh this life need cov
et. Thn noiso of the pick may lie heard from
somo fiOO miners, who still coutiuue, in this
vicinity, tho search for tho uI ttorinu metnl.
w hi. h formerly so abounded hero. Quarries
of tho finest building stone Aro to ho found hero
Iu Aonndanco, aud water ower sutllclent to
drive all tho spindles of Lowell and Manches
ter combine d, This country posstssuH greater
natural laciiiues lor manuiaciories man any
wo hnvo heretofore met with iu California. It,
however, can only boast of ouo solitary iirist
mill, but that is a very suptrior one, and has
proved to lie a good Investment for Its owners.
Your correspond, lit hero had the pleasure of
beholding, for the first tlmo In Ids life, the
orange and lemon mature I uuu tho tret), and
thev look beautiful in.leml. Tho tirliii-inul
fruit-mis. rs and wino producers of Knight's
Ferry are the I'entlaud Brothers the first
settlers and millets in tilts vicinity, who located
here 'J " j ears ago Missrs. Solicit A- Krause,
.vi r. httinart, .Mr. vviutirs nnd Mr. Kohorls
These gentlemen hnvo experimented largely in
mo production oi nil Kinds oi irillis. raiinym
figs, several kinds of grapes, such as muscat,
black morocco, purple Damascus. Ilaino tuknv
and black Hamburg. The) nlsn raise somo
twenty other v arii tlos, but those above nun.
tinned ricelvo the chief attention. They also
raiso largo quantities of apricots, molarities,
peaches, upplts, point granales, pears, plums,
oranges, liinoiis, olives, and aro experimenting
with Ibo palm dale.
Cotton llourishi s mid j ields w ell hero Them
is also it large sin teh of em.'dry b r favorable
to tho growth of thn sugar Iset, well wuttml
by thu i'entlaud llros, ditch; a gigalitlo uti r
priso for which they dos.no coiuimndatioii.
This ditch is about six miles long, with uu
u virago of six fett in width hv three in dtplh.
It furnishes nil the water muled for irrigation
nnd mining purposes. 'I ho above named g.m.
Human have ull lit en successful In their expuri
moms, mid uru t xullnutnver thu rich nnd luiu
riant country which it has fallen to their lot to
si ttle. This may also hu e ill. .1
Tho Country of tlio Vine.
Yoiirtorrcspondent hail tho pleasure of visit,
nig thu Hid Mountain vineyard of Messrs.
hchcll A. Kraiisu, lo.tilul Iu thu foothills nn
Llttlo John's cretk. Thu main building is HO
by ID feet.nf concrete, two storus high, having
n cellar winch Is turmoil. il directly Into thu
hill, 1011 h et long, 8 feet high, and Hi foot wid.
At thu ml of this excavation it turns nt n right
angle nud prncei ds another Bit) feet, with thu
same dimensions This tunnel or cellsr ma)
hu .intend nt ellhir end, Mr, Stewart has
also a tuuui lied collar; but ou a much smaller
scale.
The annual prislutt of wine nt the It.d
Mountain vine) aril is about fiO.OIH) gallons, and
tiny huvo now on hand about hi), 1)00 g.illons.
Some 1,000 gallons of brandy aro also nro-
dm oil. About i!0 limn nro cmplnvid on the
av. r.igo. r inland llros produce from ttinu
to the thousand gallons y arly, and ship largo
quantities of fruit 1 1 rin Friuciscn. Uuiiiiis
nru prepnri d nud Until In re iu t minimus quan
tities h Hchi II A- Krnns.i mid thn l'eiilhuul
llros, .Messrs IMMii. llohcils aud Went. rs.
lake gr. at dc light iu their beautiful gardens,
orimini'nti.1 with various kinds of frullt, mid
the almond, whl h nourishes lln.ly lure
Messrs llorsely, Meenos, Cooper, Lime, Kap
lilcluau & Williams, Booth A; hons. Cook and
Carv, nro all i ttuiislvti ranchers hero, and,
with ouu accord, agr. oltint tlio iircseiit stasou
is iiioru promising ihnii any they have hen to
fore experienced. Upon inquiry, I find that
All the Finest Pastures
Of Stanl-laus county are situated around
rviilghl's 1 trrv. Vu slucertly hopu the good
and Industrious ptople ol this luxurious region
may long IIto to enjoy their blissful holms.
and tho luxurious fruits with which thev
abound. May they also continue to injoyund
derive profitable Information from the weekly
visits oi tno I'ACmi) ituiur, i-iikss, as iu years
agone i or thsy Jiavo staled to me that thoy
ultrihiito, In a largo measure, their success iu
their moro rtcuiit agricultural uxpttriuitut arid
pursuits to tho Instruction aim hints which
they havuguthend from time to time, from its
columns. Yours truly, 0, M. 1).
Kuighfs Jerry, l-wu B". IM71.
From tht S. F. J'ack ltural I'resH.
TjuNgrruiiiNo l'loTUHKs to (Imhs. Coat thu
glass with a varnish of balsam of fir In turpen
tine, then press the engraving on smootiiiy ami
evenly, being curt nil to remove an air ounuios.
Let it stand for 21 hours, then dampen the
back sufficiently to allow the paper to bu rubbed
off by thu forefinger, rubbing it till a mere film
is left ou the glass, then vuruish again. ac.
Irii.
PoiIlthy Yd.
Care of Young Turkeys.
(From the Ficinc IIciul Press
EniTons Iluiui, FnKHs: Will yon or Any of
jour correspondents pleaso inform mo through
he columns of your valtiabto paper, tho cause
of tho legs and feet of young turkeys, 10 days
old, swelling; n trouble which proves fatal in
two or thtee days; also, vvhnt remedy, nnd
what food is most sultahlo for them at that ago;
also what is good for gapes In poultry?
, . . J. D. E.
Los Angeles, Feb. 20.
'o could nimwer the question with regard
to the lameness of the jouug turkeys, moro in
tolligeullv, if wo know something of their trent
incut nnd diet. Young turkejs often becomo
Initio and die, from eating too much curd. Tlio
curd seems to weaken them. For a remedy in
such n casu givo them less curd aud moro meal
cooked in the form of hasty pudding. In tho
cam of our correspondent, wo would sny it
would bo safe to change tbo diet, somewhat, nt
nil events; nlso bo very careful of exposure,
nnd keep them out of wet grass, etc.
A ver.v good and safe feed for turkeys is
Indian meal, 'J parts; wheat bran, 1 part;
thoroughly cooked aud cooled. When fed, stir
In a little sour milk. Curd may bo fed ouco a
day to advantage and safely. Move tho coop
every night, nud cut up a few onion tops for
them, vory flue, every other day.
With regard to tho gapos in poultry, Mr.
Fallon of Oakland, who has fed poultry twenty
years savs: Great caro should be taken to keep
tho nest nud eggs clean in sitting. Sulphur
may bo sprinkled ou tho eggs to good Advan
tage. Mleroscopio (invisible) insects almost
always get on tho shells, and as soon as tbo
chicken thrusts lis bill Ihrpttgh tho shell, the
instots enter tbe nostrils, whero thev lav their
eggs, from which vrortns nro liatohed, and henoo
tho gapes.
This disease Is vory oommon. Both turkeys
and hons, nud in fact all doniosriu birds, aro
subject to it. The disease often proceeds from
uuwholt somo or impure food or water, It is
also epidemic, when It nuco uinkcs its appear
auco among fowls. It is most commonly
oaiuod by a worm which infests tbe windpipe,
perhaps always, but iu soma casus uo worm Is
visible to thu closest scrutiny of tbo naked
eye.
Thero aro icvtrnl modes of treatment, tho
one generally most successful is ns follows:
Tako a small quill feather, strip tho samo of its
feathers except a half an luoh nt its top; this
should be dipped In spirits of turpentine And
then forced down tho windpipe, and turned
onco or twice. The turpentine generally des
troys tho worm1!, end tlio coughing naturally
excited throws them out. After such treat
ment 'tho turkeys or chicks should ho cared
for moro closely for a few days and kept freo
from dampness and ohllly' winds, I'ditoiis
Fiiksh,
EniTons l'lihss; Ouoaf my neighbors bought
ouo dozen spring chickeus, lost September, ol
mixed common stock fed them a little wheat
iu tho morning, ami nbout noon scalded a
llttlo (.'round hurley, and idsjut tbrcu times a
week cut up two onions and mixed tho samo
with thu hurley. Charcoal from tlio stovo was
also pounded, nnd freely eaten by them, Iu
November they commenced laying, and ever
since, through all tho cold nud seven) weather,
ho has had ouo and A-half to three doen eggs
each week ( veek before last 45, nnd last wrek,
II eggs) from ten bens. They liavti nil wanted
to set, nnd up to tho present tlmo four or flvo
ilnvs wns ull thnt was necessary to break up tho
notion Call ) oil tell ns the best way to break
liens from selling? G, A. Fisiimi.
Quartz Mountain, March 1!.
Whero hens nro kept moro especially for tbo
lncreaso it is nlwayH bost to let them sot when
they desire, and givo their chicks to cajmm,
who will cam for them and bring them up just
as well as thu mother hen. If you riallydcslro
to break n hi li from suiting, of tho luituy ways
to do so wo would pref. r tin) following: liavti a
small coop uiadu with it lloor ral-e.l a few
liuhiri iihovo the ground, and made of laths
placid cross ways, with openings to givo li fret)
circulation of air from undornoalli, Flacolhu
coop iu a cool place, 'ihu dtsirti to set Is at
t. ml d with a high fuvur which should bo
ulluvlalid us iiiucli us possible, Ayouiig nnd
vigorous rooster might bo placed in tlio coop
with tbi in. Ducking nud standing hens lu
wulir, under hiicIi elruuiuslaiKts, is barbarous.
It Is a natural nud holiest deslro which should
hu tru tied considerately.
J Vow f.t .S' '. J'ltcljlc llural Frew,
Eiifroii I'ukhs: 'Ili.ro sums to bo a great
dial slid about poultry just now, so I thought
I would saj soiiii thing Ion, List year I com
iiitncud with about 'M hens of the toinmoii va
riety, and nun Light llrnlima rooster. I
raised four hundred thickens, and 1 havu now
about IIIKI hens, which for beauty and laying
I I null tit k cannot bu beat for miles around.
1 or food I usu cracki d corn so iked iu sour
milk, width I think is I'xci Hunt. 1 think us
Mr. Cutter sss, that sin ill pens uru good with
any brenl, for I havu tried il, I havu u trio of
Light Br.ilunas u ooinnd itud thus, nnd they
lay splendidly. 1 have seen nothing in rigutd
to grafting; nud would like to know when is
thu proptr lime It) graft utiple tries.
Tomaltm, Fubriiruy 10, 1U7I L 1' HrcMi'.
-;Viii the .S F. Fuilfie llural Vrtn. '
Natuiumzki) WrKiM.-Two hundridund four
lien nf our wiods havu hoi u introduced from
foreign (oiiutries, and clnelly from England.
Iu 1.I7 oiilj 1 :J7 foriigu weeds weru tuiumer
attd in onr catalogui s. Ill 1072 a book in
tilled "Now England IWrities" gave li list of 'J'J
plaids, wbioh Ihu author spoke of its bating
sprung up since thu English took jHisstssioii.
Among tin so thu pi intaiii, "white man's foot,"
Is mention, d, In 17fiB thu toad tltx, or butter
and itfgs, ulsti Ihuii known us the " Kailsted
wild, from thu iiamu ol thu guiillemau who
Introduced if into l'viiusylvaiiniu as a garden
Ituwur had overrun th pmtutes of that pro
viucii, nud had caused in my uualhtiiias by thu
farmtra against tho uiilutky introducer. Thu
couimoii chickwttil is said to bavo been first
sown in Booth Carolina us food for canary
birds, and tho pr.s.-uee of the Hootch thistle is
accounted for us due to thu ainur )itW of au
enthusiastic Highlander, who brought it hither
as uu emblem of the pugnacity of ids country
inuii. Another n cord says wo bavo tho thistle
through tbo carelessness of a clergyman who
brought hither u bid of thistlu down, nud, ou
changing it for feathers, spread it ami thu seeds
it contained broadcast ovtr tho country. 7'ri
hunt Why Auionoi, Cunrs lUrn.nNiKH Hitks.
Tlio tipirimtnts o( l'rufussor llinz, eif Bonn,
in regard to tbo tllocts of alcohol ou animals,
uru exceedingly interesting, iu-as-much as bu
seems to huvu discovered thu reasons why ul
cobolio stimuluutH weru so list fill in cases of
snake tmlsoulng. Ho found that when decom
posed blood wus iiitroduct d iuto thu veins of
Ibo living animal, all thu symptoms of putrid
fever weru shown, tho temperature increasing
uutil death ensued. Alcohol reduced tho hunt,
retarded thu putrid process, increasing tbe ao
lion of the heart This set ins to bo precisely
tho ifftcto! alcoholic stimulants, when admin
istered lu casu of rattlesuako polsouiug.