2
WILLAMETTE FARMER.
TrJE SrEEf pOLD.
Long-Wooled Sheep.
Too littlo attention is givon to tlio mor
its of long-woolod shoop. Thoy produco
not only oioollont mutton, but very hoavy
flooccs of a quality of wool that is in
prominont domain!. A correspondent in
tho .WcJilyan Farmer writes as follows:
I seo by your paper Mint tUo long-wool-od
mutton shcop havo not boon roprojont
od of lato by uny of your correspondents,
and now, whon that kind of mutton is
beginning to bo npproclatod, and worth
moro in market than boof, I do not sou
why thoy should not bo brought more
prominently boforo tho public, Thoy will
lay on moro moat for food consumed than u
hog or a bullock, producing thoir flooco
in addition; why, thoroforo, aro thoy not
moro profltablo?
Tho Cotswolds havo been vory popular
in England for inuro thnn half a contury
to my knowledge, and tho (Jotswohl rnm
sales hfivu avorugad from S0 to S7f por
animal for every year since 18110 to tho
present Umo, showing plainly Mint suoh
mutton is appreciated there, and tho brood
a popular one, The Lincoln uro of a
similar charactoraud itisalmoHt impossible
to say which breed deserves tho nscondnn
oy; both havo strong supportors. I am
fully satisllcd that they hnvo dorivod benollt
from each other, ami whoro tho silvery,
curly wool of cither has been a prominent
foaturo, tho Hock has always been suporior,
for undor this curly wool you aro sure of
finding quality of mutton with utituoss to
lay it on; you ulso invariably II ml sym
mntrv under such a covering, This fact
bus boon much overlooked; tho most
prominent breeder of Cotswolds in Glou
cestershire, Knglnnd, discovered this so
crel and bred for it, and I know in two
instances roHortod to superior Lincoln
owes to obtain it, and found rams from
them rreated tho desired improvement
sought for, whilo still retaining tho char
acter of the C'otswold from tho ram.
Homo clour faces and bare poll were pro
duced, while the weight of carcass wits
prosorved.
TIioho c died Loieoslnrs in Canada, are
moro like Liucolim; tho majority of them
havo the clean wliitci face, long ears, and
more curly wool of that breed. Tho orig
inal Leiccstcrs of I laltuu ell had tho blue
fauoH, short oarx, with thick-set wool,
straight and lino in llcece, ami there is not
it illicit in existence to my knowledge.
Many of tho character crop out in the
Canada Hooks, but they uro not patronized,
because tho curly coated ones aro found to
bo moro hardy and profitable, and those
who adhero closely to this class in breed
ing are most successful. My opinion is
that original Leicester will become extinct,
nud the character of Colsnold mid Liucolns
maintained as the tutdo for good mutton
increases, Jloth of these breeds aro bo
coming very popular in Canada and in
tins country, and w ill ultimately bo bred
with as much earn hero as in J'.nglund,
where the long-woolcd sheep has always
been considered the poor man's friend,
whilst tho epicure allied the Southdown
mutton moro highly; but a good leg of
fotswold or Lincoln is siitliuiuntly palata
ble, ami brings tho highest price for its
incut.
Wool-Growing n Success.
Wo uro asked why wool growers do not
fail as other men sometimes do. Wo an
swer simply because the growth of the
wool, and the increuM) is as perpetual us
the tiiiio in which thev live. It mutters
not how dark the night is, the wool con
tinues to grow, ami it matters not how
the wind blows or how it muv storm, ges
tation is inner longer than I fill days. The
lambs will average one half females, ami
often twins, and llioy breed the next year,
milking a double compound a perpetual
growth mid no loss, liver; thing that
does not go into market goes buck to en
rich the pasture; and though tho laud
lord may be sick it docs not stop the
growth of the lambs,
Not so with other business. The me.
eliauie or the man who works for salary
has nothing to grow while he sleeps;
when his labor ceases his income stops,
mid his expenses are perpetual. It is true
there are perpetual expenses attending tint
sheep ami gout business; but under the
most unfavorable circumstances, where
they can live on the commons without
feeding, the meat of the wethers will pay
nil expenses without drawing on tho wool
or increase of the owes. Hence it is like
a perpetual stream llowiug into a basin,
it is only a question of time about tilling
it to overflowing. The drawback seems to
be that men do not relish living aw ay from
thickly populated settlements mid towns,
depriving themselves of society for the
sake of money. This objection can be
obviated. In all now countries there aro
villages constantly springing up near
which good sheep range can be hud, where
the owner can visit his docks daily, ami
also give his family the bencllt of schools
and society. Facti niul Figurt.
Avti-itiiHN Wool l'uoiu'criov. During
the past tliroo years, (lie great increase
iu the importation of wool, as well us the
improvements made iu the manufacture of
shoddy, have hud a tendency to lender I
unprofitable the raising of a line grade of
wool ut home. List j ear 'J0,000,000
pounds of shoddy were used by American
manufacturers, much of it being worked
into the lluest grade of woolen cloth.
Thii is to bo deprecated, not only from
the discouragement it aids indisviiiiuut
log lit wool production, but from the ten
donoyitwill inevitably lmve of lowering
tho standurd of Americau made woolen
goods, which for some time back bus
boon steadily being elevated, till, us iu
some other brauobea of American indus
try, tho American reached a piano where
it can successfully compete with foreign
manufacture. Iu 1871 the importation of
foreign wools was 50,000,000 moro than in
1870 and in 1872 tho incrcaso was 70,000,
000 pounds moro. It is to bo hoped that
this and succeeding years will show a
chango in tho tendency.
TljE Djihy
Deep and Shallow Setting of Milk.
Mr. D. N. Farrnnd, of Tvlorristown,
writes to tho Vermont Farmer that intend
ing to adopt tho deep pans or pails for his
whole dairy, ho engaged n supply which
reached him when in so great a hurry in
having thnt only ono-hnlf of tho pails wcro
sot, consequently tho milk of every othor
day had to bo put in tho old-fashioned
pans. His wifo suggested that tho cream
bo kept soparata to sco which produced
the most butter. Tho cream in tho pans
mai'o tho most buttor tho tlrst thrco days,
whon tho following thrco experiments
worn mndo:
Weighed tho milk, sot ono day in pails,
tho noxt day in puns, and so on for six
days; then churned, and woighed tho but
tor. In tho second trial there was ono
moro mominu's than niulit's milking: in
tho third, one moro night's than morning's
milk. Tho depth of tho milk in tho pails
iu tho first two trinls was from sevon to
ten inchos; in tho third from ton to twelve;
anil in tlio pens from two to two mid ono'
half. Tlio tomnoraturo of tho air wns cron
orally from CO' to 70"; that of tho water
from 1U to 00 ; when too air was aliovo
GO1 wo cooled tho milk set in pans before
sotting in tho milk room. Wo skimmed
the milk ns soon us it began to change,
which was in about forty-eight hours with
tho pails, mid thirty six with tho pain.
To mako a pound of buttor it took in
first trial: with pails, i!7 pounds of milk;
wun pans, ho pounds, iu tho second trial:
withtpuils, l!.r pounds, 111 ounces; with
pans, 21 iiounds, 10 ounces. In tho third
trial: witii pails, 27 pounds, lit ounces;
with pans, 2,1 pounds, 2 ounces. The
triuls wore made iu August, commencing
tho tenth.
Washing Milk Dishes.
I was somewhat exercised iu mind by
directions I lately read iu a furmor's paper
for washing dishes. The writer bids us
wash our milk-pans, etc., tlrst with boil
ing suds, then rinse them iu boiling water,
mid then "wipe them with a damp cloth."
Hho says iiho cannot jell tho reason, but
she Duds that if tin things me wiped with
a iierfeetly dry cloth "there is a stickiness
loft behind w hich soon becomes u sotiruos."
1 think I can loll her the reason. It is bo
cause the cheesy part of the milk has been
scalded on the tin, mid is only taken oil'
(mid but partially then, 1 am afraid) by
the cool damp wiping cloth. I think that
most good housekeepers prefer to wash
the milk-puns tlrst iu water below scald
ing heat. It is very common in good dai
ries to wash them 11 rut in cold water
(which does not remove the cream) then
iu hot suds (which does), then iu u clear
hot water rinso, wiping or setting them ill
the hot Klin. .Siuco reading tho u tiulo re
fercd to I have tried it many ti.net), and
have never found thnt the cleanest mid
driest of wiping cloths left uny stickiness
behind; but I never wash dishes iu scald
iug water. I seo people pile their dirty
dishes into the dish-pan and pour boiling
water over them, and I feel sure there
will be somo "stickiness left behind.',
Warm water, but below tho scalding heat,
is bent, unless your dishes aro soiled
principally by fat ami butter, livery
thing but grease scalds on instead of oil'.
Agriculturist.
I'Acniuv lltrrrmi. The butler now
undo iu factories uniformly brings a
higher price than the butter made by
farmers, mid simply because it is better
Why it is better is what ovorvbodv mak
ing butter should understand. Iu the
tlrst place, persons aro employed who aie
careful, industrious mid conscientious.
Secondly, everything is arranged for set
ting the milk properly, for keeping a giv
en temperature, for skimming milk at
exactly the right time, for churning under
best conditions, ami for working, salting,
packing and shipping the butter iu such a
war that the original elements will retain
all their tine qualities, lty doing these
things there can bo no bad, nor even second-class
butter, and every pound of it is
strictly "gilt-edge." As butter is usually
made, 'fully half is poor, even during the
mouths most favorable for unking it,
mid for want of proper subsequent man
agement, n considerable poitiou of the
best half becomes no better than the poor
est half. The loss to farmers generally
in making butter is so great that unlet."
thev adopt better methods it will bens
well to engage iu some other business,
X 1'. 'Ihlmne.
Wiivt is Sun or Horn u When a
wholes do deiler is questioned as to tho
proportion of really tine butter he receives
In his consignments, he replies "live ptr
cent." A linger proportion than this
comes to market us grease. Tlio grocer
will tell you that of all his stock good but
ter is the most dillloult to procure, and
costs hi::, more time mid trouble to select.
Wo know there is no good reason why
this ihould be. Here mid there, scattered
widely apart throughout the country, we
knovv'f irmers who make excellent butter.
which would be cl iscd ilrsl ouality iu the
in irkot, mill next door to those uro ucigli
liors who make trash tintlt for food. On
the counters of country stores may any
day be seen rolls of butter most widely
ditl'erent in color, lluvor and texture. One
farmer is careful and cleanly; his wife
keeps her dairy sweet, her p.uls and pans
perfectly luirojunother keeps a foul stable.
milks in mi unclean fashion, has rusty
feed and foul water for his cows, while his
w ife is eqiin'ly e.iroless in her duty. How
can the butter in these two cases be other
than widely different in quality mid
value? Miitichuetls lUoughnmn,
KiiKi'iuTUu, A correspondent nk ut to
publish "komouf tho lust cure" wo know uf
tor rheumatism. Wo dun'l know of any p
ciflo for thnt complaint, Ph)lcians em only
alleviate it but cttiuol drive it from the )
tern.
HofAE JND ffmn.
Roads and Road Making
Thcro aro bnt fow duties porformed by
iuwii ur municipal nuinuruics which aro
moro important than making and keeping
in ropair tho common highways. It is n
duty, wo nro sorry to say, sadly ncgloctod
in many sections of tho country; and in
somo localities the mattor of road making
is regarded us of no importanco whatovcr,
and tho working out of highway taxes, by
the residents of tho towns or districts, is
simply n farco nnd a fraud. Evory good
citizen should feci an intorcst in good
roads, as thoy contributo immensely to tho
comfort of travoling, and savo much in tlio
wear and tear of carriages. It is true, wo
must not expect in tho rural districts tuo
wcll-carcd-for, solid roads of suburban
towns around cities; but thcro is no ox
cuso for tho rocky, neglected paths which
aro often found, nnd over which it is of ton
positively dangorous to travol. If towns
would nttond to ono point connected with
their highways, that is, carefully roraovo,
onco in two wcoks, during tho Summor,
ovory stone which is brought to tho stir
faco by rains or drought, it would rondor
oven bad roads vory comfortable Tlicto
loose stones uro not only a causo of great
discomfort to travelers, but also of iutonso
anxiety. Thoy put in peril life and limb,
us horses nro cry liablo to stumblo in pass
ing over thorn, nnd carriages nro ofton
brokon. Try an experiment. Itido ovor
a neglected road in tho country of n mi'o
iu extent, if you havo tho courago; then
stop at a farm-liouso nnd givo tlio farmer
n couplo of dollars to pick out tho stones;
rido buck over tho pathway again, and no
tico how grout is tho chango, Upon your
return you can trot briskly along, with
a sonso of comfort nnd security; whereas
in passing ovor it previous to the removal
of tho loose stones, you prococdod slowly
mid in misery. This illustrates how
cheaply nnd expeditiously bad roads can
be improved. If ovory town in those sec
tions where Inuds nro full of small boul
ders would provide simply for tho romov
al of them from the pathway ns ofton ns
onco iu two weeks during warm wenthor,
the roads would bo moro comfortable thnu
if ten times tho cost was expended in
dumping on loads of sand, or plowing up
roadside soil and piling it on tho driveway.
Wo hope these hints will not bo lost upon
those who have our common highways in
charge. Journal o Applied ChemUtn.
Velocity and Motion.
It is of eminent importanco that farmors
should have a more perfect understanding
of tho strength of the m iterials of which
their implements nro made, and tho most
economical and effective velocity for tho
moving of different parts of complicated
machinery. Manufacturers of all kinds
of farm implements should understand
well tho laws of force ami motion; and
whether n given operation is performed,
for tho most part, by muscular one, or by
the momentum of it machine, us tho greut
etllciency of tho working parts of u mil
chine depends almost entirely on tho piop
er weight, or tho most economical velocity,
of those parts that porform tho operation
required. Wo illustrate our meaning:
When a givon operation is lobe performed
by machinery, if the work be light, it be
comes necessary to increase tho olooity in
order to economize time, mid to make n
judicious appropriation of tho force em
ployed. When tho work Is heavy nnd
tho ell'octivo force limited, the velocity
must be diminished. Were it porsou,
when turning it funning mill, to nttnch n
crank to the journal that holds tho wings
or fans, mid givo the various pnrts of the
mill tho necessary velocity, tho fatigue
would bo so great in a few minutes as to
causo complete exhaustion. Hut by em
ploying a sv stem of wheels, so Mint the
action of the muscles may be much slower
the labor may be continued for several
successive hours with but littlo fatigue.
This principle holds good in constructing
almost all kinds of hand mid horse imple
ments, There is it certain movement, or
velocity, of the various parts of almost
every implement or machine which will
render the working parts more effective
than they would be with a slower or quick
er motion, or with a higher and lower ve
locity.. (litKAHiMi llrmui.s ami Wauoss.
Creasing buggies mid vvngons is of more
importance than somo imagine. Manv n
wheel is ruined by oiling too plentifully.
A will-mudo wheel will endure constant
wear from ten to twenty years, if euro is
taken to use the right kind mid proper
amount of oil; but if this matter is not at
tended to, the wheel will be used up iu
live or six years, or it may be sooner.
Lird should never be used on it wagon,
for it will penetrate tho hub nnd work its
way around the tendons of the spokes mid
spoil the wheel. Castor oil is n good ma
terial for use on an iron axle; just oil
enough should bo applied to it spindle to
give it a light coating; this is better than
more, for tho surplus put on will work
out ut the ends and be forced by the
shoulders and nut into the hub around
outside of the boxes. To oil tho axletrce,
tlrst wipe tho spindles clean with n cloth
wet with turpentine, if it won't wipe with
out it. On it buggy or carriage, wipe and
clean oft' the back atid front ends of the
hubs, and then apply a ory small quan
tity of castor oil, or more especially
prepared lubricator near tho shoulder's
point.
Tnr.HK is u great knack iu husking corn,
and some men's hands mid strong, horn
like thumb nails are peculiarly adapted to
rapid work. The operation of breaking
oil the husked ear from the husks is very
trying to tho hands, mid the skin between
the thumbs and forefingers, if not unusually
tough and leathery becomes blistered and
sore. Mittens aro iuconveuiout; gloves
worse. I havo tried and thrown aside tho
"husking gloves," armeil with metal claws,
etc., mid have gone back to the simple old
fashioned husking niu made of hickory,
scraped smooth, with a leather thong to go
over two lingers, whilo tho pin is held
within the bauds, across the base of the
lingers. Ut,
frllSCELLEOlls.
Invention.
After tho increase in the value of labor, we
have as causes of invention first, tho progress
of civilization; second, tlio increase of trade and
commerce; and third, the spread of warfare.
And, strangely enough, each of these is also re
sponsible for the advancement of the very in
lltience upon which each has depended for its
own increase, bo marvellously interwoven are
the relations between invention and human
existence and progress. For instance, trade
and commerce languished until invention fur
nished them with facilities. These facilities
widened tho lines of trade and commerce, and
these again involved the necessity for added in
vention to k?ep pace with their requirements.
Again, conditions of warfaro stimulated the
Invention of now implements; and tho oxisleuco
of these begat a feeling of security which im
pelled towards conquest. Finally, invention,
while satisfying old desires, created now ones,
which again stimulated it to renewed effort,
and thus Improved Instruments and conditions
pushed forward civilization. Wo find, then,
that the causes and effects of invention have
been correlative, and mutually reactive, which
accounts, in a measure, for its remarkable
stiides during the period wo havo named. Wo
find, ulso, that invention, whilo directed In so
many thousand different ways, and bearing
upon so many thousand different results, has
really tended towards but threo grand conclu
sions to which its details havo only been sub
sidiary. These, have been tho advancement of
trudo and commerce, siguifying peace; tho im
proved facilities for destruction, signifying war;
and tho progress of civilization, signifying hu
man perfection. To these distinct and vital
purposes havo beon dovoted tho labors of Inven
tion, whether directed immediately towards
agriculture, mechanics, or the arts of design.
From gunpowder to tho clectrio telegraph and
tho scwing-machluo, ono portion of mankind
has invented to preserve itself, whilo another has
labored for its own destruction. Tho principles
of good and evil, of life nnd death, struggling
for ovtr, as In thu old Hindoo mythology, for
supremacy. To invention we owo our present
advunctd condition of being, and to tho same
element wo may charge all tlio ovils which havo
kept paco with it. Invention induces us to
cut down forests for ship timber, and to improve
our dwelling places; and tho loss of these for
ests changes tho climato of localities, and
renders them, to a certain extent, uninhabitable.
Invention has enabled us to livo in compact
and closely-constructed quarters; and this mode
of living breeds pestilence, poverty and fairiuo.
Invention improves, temporarily, our modes
and stylos of weariLg nppurcl, and this begets
extravagance, which. In turn, brings upon iu
b.inkruntcv. Invention has increased n thou
sand fold tho quantity and form of our food;
jet there aro moro starving ones to-day, and
food Is higher priced than it was flvo centuries
ago. mctssity is mo motner ot invention,
and the children of Invention aro still neces
sity. HuUdtr.
Combination in Machines.
It is surprising, says our ablo coteninorarv.
tho Artisan, whtu wo come to analvzo machine
arrangements to niui now much skill aud in
veutivo talent has been expondod in tho com
bination, or aggregation, of functions in ma
chines, without adding to thoir efficiency, or
oven cheapening their cost.
Tho combination of soveral functions in a
single machine presents to tho unskilled tho
highest grade of novelty, and ns nil know, the
distinction between novelty and utility is e-:-cetdingly
ditlicult to understand aud deflno.
A machine that will drill, turn, mill, and so
on, carries to tho mind an impression of great
utility, a kind of conviction thnt such a ma
chine will perform all these operations ut orco
and is equal to n drilling machine, a latho and
milling machine. Nor Is llil-t estimate by any
uuaiiscontlmd to tho unskilled, as is proved
by the great nutnbersof combination machines,
both for wood and iron work, thnt nro co itiuu
ally mndo and sold, especially iu England.
In this day of dividing labor and shop pro
cesses, ev erv thing points to a divlsionof machine
function; tho more n machine, can bo subdivi
ded the greater tho HVct that may bo produc
ed; aud tho present wants iu manufacturing
machines nnd tools, us before said, point to
"segregation" instead of "aggregation." In
stead of machines to turn, bore, aud mill, wo
netd mtichiiiis directed not only to rach ope-,
utiou separately, but these machines should
again Is) subdivided into classes bultul to
heavy, light or spec! il work. Combination in
uiucbims can havo but few objects; the sumo
frame may support two or more machines, but
nothing is savtd but tho material in tho fra
ming, and sometimes tloor-room; nearly al
ways these considerations uro more than bal
anced by a want of adaptation in tho machines;
that is, ono function in tho machine must be
adapted to another, instead of to tho work to
be performed.
As u rule, a combined machine givesomploy.
uu ut to but ouo attendant, and rcpresttits but
a single machine while operating; its other
functions biing idle while only one is active
Combination machines uro useful iu certain
aud exceptional esses If ouo man rati per
form all tho niaihmo opentionsiu asm ill shop,
er all tho Irrtgulir jobs in a largo shop
aud a combination uitchitio is so arranged us
to causo no loss of time iu chnugiug from ouo
operation to another, then such a machine
may bo used with advantage. Au illustration
of this is seen in tho universal milling ma
chines generally employed iu tho tool rooms of
our 1 irgo shops. Another, and perhaps, the
ino.t important obj.ct of combination in ma
chines is to avoid changing tools when several
ditlenut operations aro to bo performed on
one piece, and win n much time is saved aud
accuracy secured by a combination of tool
holding appliances, or a combination of splu
dies that may act siicotsstvely.
Ikciiustation or Uoilkks, Ac Of all the
approbis of industrial chemistry, this is per
haps the greatest, and numerous and no less
ingenious th iu unsuccessful have beeu tho ap
pliances to that end successively aunouueed,
tried, aud discarded. Among tho mors recent
are the resolvent fluid, patented by Mr Hat
ful! aud the sand-blast, both still upon their
trial. The incouvtuieuce aud positive danger
occasioned by iucrustatiou nro more evident
than the success ef either remedy. One of tlie
litest examples of these, as regards water
pipes, wo have from lioston, where,
according to tho AVir 1'orfc Timtt, tho local
tiro lusuiauro companies are now calling atten
tion to the couditiou of the water-pipes in that
city. It seems that the water supply is greatly
dimmished by tho iucrustatiou tormed ou the
lusiile ef the irou pipes by the. action of the
water, so that a 3-iucti pipe that his beeu laid
teu years become reduced to 2 inches, those of
t iuclusto 3, ard the Citicb mams reduced to
5 aud 4 inches. A pipe was recently taken up
iu Howard Strtet through which ou could not
ste, though water flowed slowly ; and a pipe of
3-iuch,bort was Uktu upiti Hoacou Strrt-t tilled
up solid with rust. Iu tbo suburbs criumt
pipes aro Used, but it is Mid that (hey aro
hardly strong enough to liar tbo pressure of
tbo Cochituat vtatt-r,
Fruit Without Flowers.
At a meeting of tho Academy of Natural Sci
ences, Philadelphia, Mr. Thomas Meeban pre
sented an apple, which was borne by a tree at
Klttanlng, in Pennsylvania, and which tree
never produced any flowers in the popular ac
ceptation ot the term; but always yielded an
abundance of fruit. This specimen furnished
a practical illustration of some morphological
truth which could not often be demonstrated
in the way this afforded the opportunity of do
ing. It was admitted that a fruit wsb a branch
with its accessory leaves transformed. The
apple fruit was made up of a series of whorls of
leaves comprising flvo each. Cutting au apple
through he found a series of fivo form
ed the carpels containing the seo Is. Soveral
series of whorls, very much retarded in devel
opment, probably formed the stamens, but this
could not bo so well seen In the applo fruit, as
they seemed to be almost absorbed in the co
rolla series. This was tbo noxt in order that
appeared In tho divided apple tho green curv
ed fibrous lino which we find in all apples mid
way botween tho "coro" and the "rind" is the
dividing line between tho series which forms
the corolla and tho outcrseries forms the calyx.
Iu this tree there aro no pistils, the series
which usually goes to make up this part of the
fruit structure being either very rudimentary
or entirely wanting. Henco there was no coro
to tho fruit. Thd result of this want of devel
opment was that tho usual calyx basin of tho
applo was in this caso occupied by a cavity
three-quarters of an inch ncross. Thero wore
uo poinls; but in placo Ave gland or rather bud
scalodiko processes, at regular distances, on
tho edgo of tho green fibrous outline before re
ferred to. Tbo outer whorl, which usually
forms tho calyx, was almost nsepnlous, as a
mero scarlous membrano marked the place
whero the calyx segments or sepals Bhould
havo appeared. It was so easy iu this speci
men to traco the dividing lino botweon the
outer orcalycino whorl and tho inner or corol
liuo whorl, which uniting aud becoming succu
lent, formed tho popular apple fruit, that it
was worthy of note in this connection. Uut
tho most interesting feature in this specimen
was what were probably, from their similarity
In appearance, cork cells, formed abundantly
on tho outsido of tho apple. It would seem
that with tho lack of development lu tho Innor
series of whorU necessary to tho porfoct fruit,
those which remained were liablo to toko on
somewhat tho character of hark structure.
Our American Horror of Cheapness.
Thero oxists in our poor human nntnro
nn absurd but almost universal tondonoy
to nppcor other than whnt wo nro. Tho
summer idlers nro nlroady boginning to
rotttru from thoir vncntions, nnd, whon
thoy nro slnppod on tho back by n friend
with kind inquiries ns to their hollidaye,
half of them begin to roply by nn explana
tion why thoy did not go to Newport or
Saratoga. Thoy may havo boon to somo
pleasanter and moro rntionnl placo, but,
boforo thoy will givo you its namo, thoy
will explain tho circumstances which in
duced thom to go thoro rather than to tho
moro fashionnblo resorts. A gentleman
iu tho diplomatic sorvico informs us that
out of ovory dozen Americans who visited
tho Legation in Paris, thrco-fourths, when
asked whoro thoy woro stopping, would
profneo tho informntion by giving tho rea
sons why thoy woro not at tho Grand
Hotel. No ouo ovor crosses tho ocean on
a stenmer of a chonp lino without specify
ing somo pnrticulnr nttrnotion which in
duced him to mako tho choice Wo havo
known mon who would novor show you a
silvor watch without tolling you howmncb.
thoy preferred it, nt tho samo prico, to a
go'd ono. A gontlomnn who cannot afford
to buy a solitniro diamond, will sny thnt a
iicnrl or nn omornld is much prettier. If
iio dines nt n client) honsoon Third nvenno.
ho will insist tho dinner is bettor than
DoJmonico's. In short, tho nvorngo
American uovor will ndmit that chenpnoss
has any attraction for him or costliness
nny terrors. A'. 1'. Tribune.
Tur phosphorosccuco of tho sen is duo to two
kindred causes, ouo beinc tho liuht rnillte.l b
certain living creatures which havo tho faculty
of becoming luminous a faculty incidental to
tho discharge of their vital functions; tho other
being the light given out of tho bodies of the
same creatures while undergoing tho process of
decomposition. Which of those txercisesthe
larger share iu illuminatiug the ocean is yet
uncertain, and tho point U not, perhaps, vory
that uuiouc thu former nro to bo fouml Dir.xs
distinct genera, subdivided, iu tho case of in-
uisoriu, into almost lutliiito species, Theso
threo genera aro tho uoilenhio fuiiuti.i ami
cayaneio fainilies)amoug zoophitts.certain mol-
iiisi-ti aim imiisurm. ui mo acaiepui) or sea
nettles, tho niammaria sclutilhius is tho most
remarkable. It is. when fullv- crown, un Inr.
gor tbau a pin's head, and j et it has a luster
which nnkes it almost as brillimt ns the
brightest star It is more especially an inbab-
nam ui inn impics, mm is a great contriitutor
to the glory which tho sea in thoso latitudes
has ovor the waters of colder zones,
StEXU AttlK Al'YIf lift! Tlinliin.An.a.1 .!,..
of coal in England is causing tho reagitation of
tho question of tbo use of steam as uu auxiliary
powtr in ships. A writer lu Iron sas: A ves
sel tor a long voj age should, be of the following
dimeusiousi-Leugth, 300 feet; breadlh, 40
fttt, depth of hold, 21 feet, with accomoda
tions for passengers, ofllctrs aud crew on deck,
and a pair of direct uctiug eugiurs placed in
iuuoiki 'iui iue vtssei, IHIOW inn main
deck, capable of working to about 150 hoise
power, with boilers to maiutain a steam pres
sure o' 00 pounds per square inch. The con
sumntion uf enul u-nntil 1m nlmut 7? ...... ..
dU.ni, and tho speed, with a folding screw-pro.
l-rui-i, nuuut mi kuois iu a caim. ju a sailing
vessel built from my desigu, the best day's
work was from 3JJ to 3C0 miles for nine days.
satis, when such r,snli4 im 1m M,tu.,.t .i
if a small auxiliary power were introduced as
above described, into a proper proportioned
veael, it would b the most economical and
tffectual carrier tor ocean naviguion
NkW MKTIinn nr Pnip.Div.i S..rt c.
The crude lye is evaporated in cast-in n boilers.
k t a ! In bait 1. .. ..- 1 1 - . i t . .
tlAltV III AAA UFA itaiititAjA.1 .-I. I. .
ummoma ftuudecompofciuouof larlxm. When
I ill J rtt ii ia .a -l.i it. . I. . .i i . . i. .
,.. ,.v,H, . ipalucu, me uem is raiim io rrd
Uf 84. mill thrt mtaa Iuaaihj ... ..t 1
meMrou coerU then fiiteJ upon the boiler.
fiv.. .uu w uMiiiuj turougu wmen en
ters au iron pipe. This is plunged into tho
mass, and air U fnr.l in TV.- ...,...., .u:.l
Plt?nM to the surfaco aud may be col-
lCt,l. XllA mnua la i.clo.1 4. ,!... . .1
-,. .io.i-u Huu, iiiut, iu nme
Hi .'', ,.he "olphur is perfectly oxidized.
When this is the case the blast is toppd. tbo
usual. M. UtSli.
1