Russia Works
Around Clock
On Science
. By THOMAS P. WHITNEY
AP Ferelfa Newt, Analyst f
How has Russia accomplished
so much in science? It is a ques
tion many Americans are asking.
The answer is disarmingly sim
ple. They are working at it and
at top speed.
Nearly 250.000 Soviet scientists
toil day after day in some 3.0W
different Soviet institutions ere
- ating and developing projects
which will increase their country's
scientific might.
The Soviet government supports
with a lavish hand this ever grow
ing corps of scientific researchers
and generously provides equip
ment, laboratories, observatories,
libraries and whatever else they
need for their work. It gives tel
enet and science education an
AAA priority claim on govern
ment expenditures.
This the quantity of men and j
money devoted to science Is onei
of Die reasons for the Soviet sci-:
entific strength demonstrated so;
vividly in the launching of the
first artificial satellite. But it's
not the only reason.
Taleat. Ability
, Another is quality the talent
and ability of Soviet scientists.
A famous example is Peter Ka
. pitza, who once taueht at Cam
bridge University in England and
then returned to his native land
to win the wide recognition
throughout' the world for his re
search on magnetic fields, low
temperature physics and other
aspects of basic science.
Another is Nikolai Semyonov
Moscow professor of physical
chemistry, who won a 1958 Nobel
prize for his studies of the con
duct of molecules when they blow
up in chain reactions or combine
smoothly.
Kapitza and Semonov are Just
two among hundreds of brilliant
leading Soviet scientists who set
the tone for all scientific work in
the country and who are de
scendants of a strong Russian sci
entific tradition exemplified in
other times by such geniuses as
the physicist Dmitri Mendcleyev,
discoverer of the table of atomic
weights, and Ivan Pavlov, the
physiologist who revealed the me
chanism of conditioned reflexes in
living beings.
Beyond the quality and quantity
of Soviet scientific work another
source of its strength lies in its
organization and the ability to
use the organization to get things
done.
Literally hundreds of labora
tories and research groups can
be pressed into a project which
in this country would be called a
crash program. . n . such crucial
fields as atomic development and
missiles, the totalitarian organ!
zation of the Soviet state has paid
off.
On such a project as Sputnik
or the H-bomb, the Kremlin can
and does direct the implementa
tion of crash programs for-the at
tainment of quick results.
In contrast, although the United
States used this technique on the
famous Manhattan Project during
World War II, it has not used it
in peacetime.
, Much of the national energy of
the U.S.S.R. is being devoted to
the crash development of Soviet
science as a whole. It is this, rath
er than any single Russian dis
covery or development which
makes Soviet science a most se
rious competitor of American sci'
ence.
But totalitarian state organiza
tion and centralized scientific or
ganization also have a negative
side. When Joseph Stalin tried to
impose the rule of T. D. Lysenkd
and his concept of inheritance of
acquired characteristics on Soviet
biology he set back biological
work for years. Communist party
rule over Soviet science on more
than this one occasion has. held
back scientific development. Even
today all the social sciences in
cluding economics are insignifi
cant because they Impinge on
Leninist dogma.
Directlag Werk
Coordinating and directing the
work of about 1,200 different large
scientific institutes of the U.S.S.R.
and the research organizations of
hundreds of different higher edu
cational institutions and economic
organizations scattered through
out the country is the Academy
of Sciences in Moscow. The Acad
emy was founded in 1724 by Peter
the Great
The government-s upported
Academy is headed by the out
standing organic chemist Alexan
der Nesmeyanov, former head of
Moscow University. It possesses
some eight different branches,
each supreme in its own field. It
has some 14 junior academies in
the republics of the Soviet Union.
The academy is not the only
powerful and well-heeled organi
zation fn the science business in
the U.S.S.R.
In the town of Dubna north of
Moscow there is the Joint Nuclear
Research Institute for Basic Study
of the Atom. This institution was
founded with the deliberate pur
pose of attracting into scientific
work in the U.S.S.R. brilliant for
eign scientists ts well as those of
the Soviet Union.
It has the world's largest atom
smashing machine a proton syn
chrophasotron of 10 billion elec.ro
volts capacity which is 40 per
cent more powerful than the larg
est such basic research machine
in the United States.
Heading up Soviet work on
peaceful uses of atomic energy is
-a special administration headed
bv Vasilv S. Emelyanov, who in
1936 visited the United States to
see American progress in this
field.
The Medium Machinery Minis
try is a cover designation for the
Soviet atomic weapons production
authority which is now run by
E. P. S'evsky. a little known ex
pert on nuclear energy.
' Statesman, Salem, Ore.. Mon., Oct. 21. '57 (Sec I3
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