Modern War 'Demands
New
Ai 1
one in a
orces
Retaliation Must
Reds Staclc Cards
Be
inst
V
ft.4:
irmea
Swift
Certain
i it : i
Aga
the
West
By J. M. ROBERTS JR.
Associated Press News Analyst
YbU could feel the explosion coming. j
Ever since President Eisenhower announced his
budget, since the Defense Department announced its "new
look" at the application of atomic power to reduce military
manpower, since John Foster Dulles outlined the idea of
"massive retaliation," you could feel it growing, j
Lots of people are nervous lest
the administration's desire for
economy lead it into chance-taking
with national security.
President Eisenhower said he,
wasn't going to be a demagogue j
about it and
wasni going io
take chances.
-
out people wou-
dered if he
might not be
getting faulty
advice from
people who
wanted to
pleasehim
and Congress.
Adlai Stev
enson lit a
tmall flame of
criticism, and
the military
leaders, aided
by Vice Presi
J. M. lobar tt Jr.
dent Nixon and Dulles himself,
began explaining that the new
stress on capability for "instant"
and "massive' retaliation, with
its accompanying Army reduc
tion and holdown on the Navy,
was no Maginot Line concept
No "All or Nothing" Basis
It didn't mean, they said, that
American defense would be on
an "all or nothing" basis. It just
meant that, while the nation
would still be able to handle
brush fires like Korea, still con
duct limited warfare if it wished,
it would also be holding over
the heads of possible aggressors
the possibility of massive and
instant retaliation.
It was described as a powerful
policy for the very reason that
it would enable the United
States and her allies to choose
their own course as circum
stances might dictate, while
keemne the possible aggressors
uncertain.
men lasi flionaay, .Liesier
Parsniv Canada s foreicn sec
retary, asked a question. In ef
fect, it was, "How're you going
to have instant retaliation and
.11 . i- -L-.cm i 1:11 4.
ail inai siuu ana siui icumux m
consultation with your allies?"
Ridgway'S' Reservations
On the same day Army Chief
sf Staff Ridgway gave the im
pression before a Senate com
mittee that he had reservations
ibout cutting the Army and re
lying so heavily on the Strategic
Air Command.
Reporters began to question
Dulles at his press conference.
One statement, and the merits
of the military plan got all
mixed up in what promised to
be a political valve-popping. ;
The administration and the
Senate had just been through a
Treat hassle over a proposal to
limit the President's treaty
making authority. It "began with
the Bricker idea to amend the
constitution to give the states a
ay about what should become
he law of the land through in
ternational treaties. It had
burned itself out, but had left
Imbedded roots which promised
x flare up again at any time.
Dulles' Declaration
The statement by Dulles:
That the President, because of
he North Atlantic treaty and
-Jie emisphere Defense treaty
jvhich consider an attack on one
is an attack on alL has the au
hority to retaliate against at
tacks on . the cities of allied
1 countries just as he has the
lower to retaliate against an at
ack on New York or Chicago.
Next day Eisenhower fully en
lorsed the Dulles' statement.
ny president, he said, ought to
e impeached, or even hanged,
vho did not act immediately if
Jhe country were attacked.
The President had already
-tated, in connection with Indo
Jiina, that America wasn't
;oing to be led ito war except
hrough constitutional processes,
everthless, Dulles was stating
i fact as things go in this mod
ern world.
When Pearl Harbor brought
he time for war, the President
lidn't have to wait on Congress,
rhe rmy and the Navy went
nto action, and then Congress
leclared war. It never did de
dare war after President Tru-
nan's midnight intervention in
Sorea but a war was fought just
ie same.
Instant Action
Any president can give the
Trord and the Army. 'Navy and
Air Force will go into action. .
They are not. however, facts
Trhich Congress has ever been
Tilling to admit formally nor
rill they be admitted now. Con
tress still considers itself the
jupreme authority on two things
war and appropriations. Now
theories "connected with both
iave set the cauldron bubbling.
m
I
Refugees
War's Heritage
.They need freedom from fear
t,9n fr.
CY14 UiWlfc
4nm wst t
This comment by jHenriette
Lund, consultant of the National
Lutheran Council' welfare di
vision, summed up findings of
an eight-member team which
spent two months ; interviewing
refugees in Germany! and Aus
tria.' The survey was part of a Lu
theran program to back greatly
expanded resettlement in this
country under the 1953 Refugee
Relief Act. Other churches also
are stepping up 5 resettlement
projects for the yearj
The Rev. Frederick M. Otto, of
Fremont, Ohio, one of the inter-j
view team which this week
brought back "dossiers" on hun-j
areas oi iamiues mat want
come to the united states, saiar
the ; refugees are 1 "psychologii
cally still in flight." j !
"The church's deepest obligaf
tion is to help them; to the end
of their flight and to find rest in
a spiritual sense," he said. j
Another team member, Rev.
Harry Wolf, executive secretary
of Lutheran charities in Detroit,
Mich., said that the lot of refu-
gees is particularly hopeless in!
Austria, where camps are
crowded and jobs: scarce. 1
"They want to go where there
would, at least, be some hope for
their children," he said. j
Planes
Revolutionary Design
Buttressing Secretary of Dt
iense Wilsons. reliance on new
weapons in the "hew look" for
the armed forces,! the Navy an.
nounced testing of two new
planes of revolutionary new de
sign, which take off vertically
from standing stalls on their
tails, level off in the air, I then
back down for tail-first land
ings, k l j
Both Lockheed and Consoli
dated Vultee are: making these
"vertical takeoff": fighters, pow
ered by turbo-prop engines driv
ing contra-rotating propellers.!
The Navy said these planes
will be able to spurt upstairs
fast for interception at high alti
tudes, level off and fight at high
speeds or, if necessary, hover
stationary in the air like a heli
copter. ; l : I
In addition to the Navy, tfce
Air Force has under construe
tion "vertical takeoff" fighter
planes of various design. So do
the British and Canadians, j j
Russia acquired several Ger
man projects of 'similar design
at the end of World War II and
is i believed developing ' them
with all possible speed. ! j
WHOOSH-AHisfs conception
of how Navy's new verti
cal takeoff Interceptor plane,
Lockheed XFV 1,; would look
' . dnswenng an alert.
r-4
A j
i ,A
v s i;
',00 '
If
UMBRELLAS Previously landed troops protect landing of French and Vietnamese paratroops brought up to Dlen Bien Phu
by planes flying a shuttle service from Hanoi. Arrows on map (below) show encircling attack of the Communist-led Vietminh
whose current campaign in Indochina is regarded as setting the stage for bargaining at the Geneva conference.
. ,
I V X t-'X, P"1 rkM
Political Problem
The pressure of an election
year lay oppressively on the
House this week as lawmakers
came to grips with. taxes. Re
publicans who campaignei their
way into office on a tax-cutting,
economy program were in the
unenviable position of having to
beat back Democratic proposals
for cuts in income iaxes.
The stakes were high. What
ever the verdict : in the House
voting, both sides knew the bat
tle would be waged again in the
fall congressional elections,
Both sides unlimbered their
heavy oratorical;; artillery. The
President told a nationwide ra
dio and television audience that
Democratic proposals ; for tax
cuts were politically motivated
and would be a "serious blow"
to the government I
Eisenhower pointed i out that
savings achieved by his admin
istration have already allowed a
tax cut of five .billion dollars
plus another iVt billion scat
tered through the huge tax re-
M.CARTHY: Prober Probed
Showdown on Army I
The political pressures gener
ated by Sen. McCarthy's prob
ing methods resulted in his
Senate investigative subcommit
tee's deciding to explore at pub
lic hearings, with witnesses
under oath, the bitter! flurry of
charges and countercharges be
tween its own 1 chairman and
Army officials, t I
The hearings, which may be
televised, are expected to begin
late next week. .
The controversial Wisconsin
senator agreed to sit on the side
lines himself with Sen. Mundt
(R-SD) taking bver as acting
chairman for the inquiry.
A New Staff
Mundt and Sen. McClellan CD-
Ark), ranking minority member,
conferred about the possibility
of a whole new investigative
staff and counsel to run the
probe. There were indications
the subcommittee would , look
outside of Congress for the staff
and counseL
The subcommittee, .composed
of four Republicans and three
Democrats, set up the following
ground rules for; the probe:
L The subcommittee, itself,
will run the inquiry.
2. All sworn testimony will be
taken in public session.
3. Mundt, as acting chairman,
was empowered to employ such
counsel and staff as he deems
necessary; the staff ;members,
however, must be acceptable and
responsible to Democrats as well
as Republicans on the subcom
mittee. 1 I
4. The subcommittee will "pro
ceed , to the holding; of these
public hearings ... to the ex
clusion of all other hearings."
5. The subcommittee will ad
journ until next. Tuesday when
Mundt will report what has been
done about hiring the staff.
Staved Off ther Probe
The subcommittee's drastic ac
tion apparently staved off other
suggestions that some other
group take over a full probe of
Army charges that McCarthy
staff members sought special
favors for Pvt. G. David Schine,
a former McCarthy consultant,
and countercharges that the
Army tried to blackmail its way
out ujl . ueuig uivcsusaiea oy
using Schine as a hostage.. . i
. . !
AA I l"ri Tr I- l it r
vision bilL Any further cuts, the
President said, would undermine
the cornerstone of his domestic
program.
Democratic Answer
The next night, Democrats an
swered.1 Rep. Rayburn, House
minority leader, said the Presi
dent's tax program gave six
times as much relief to upper
income brackets as to the great
bulk of taxpayers.
Democratic analysis of the
measure said 80 per cent of the
nation's ; 55 million taxpayers
have incomes of $5,000 or less
and estimated they would re
ceive only 205 million dollars in
reductions during the first year
of the Eisenhower program.
Wealthier families and cor
porations, on the other hand,
would benefit by over ZVx billion
dollars, the analysis said.
The Democrats proposed to
amend the GOP tax bill by in'
creasing personal income tax
exemptions from the present
$600 to $700 or $800 this year
and to as much as $1,000 in 1955.
Roy Cohn, the subcommittee':
chief counsel, denied he had
asked special favors for Schine
or had threatened to wreck the
Army or obtafn Secretary Stev
ens' ouster 'as the alternative.
In his radio-TV address to
the nation last Saturday, Vice
President Nixon declared that
"men who have in the past done
effective worK exposing com
munism ... have, by reckless
talk and questionable methods,
made themselves the issue" and
thereby helped "those whose
primary objective is to defeat
the Eisenhower administration.'
The Stevenson Charges
: Nixon was answering the
speech a fortnight ago of Adlai
E. Stevenson, 1952 Democratic
presidential candidate. This
week Stevenson declared that
Nixon j had only confirmed his
own charges that "McCarthyism
was injuring the government,
dividing the nation and divert
ing attention from the real is
sues.") !
Leonard W. Hall, GOP na
tional! chairman, remarked that
the Mgive-'em-hell" tactics "tof
former President Truman were
certainly no better than the
rough: tactics of Sen., McCarthy.
He admitted there were some"
differences between McCarthy
and the President but he insist
ed the administration would
not be ; diverted from its pro
gram by side issues. .
fm ZTS-JSIDOCHINA
Dates
Wednesday, March 24
National Health Council,
New York City. t
Thursday, March 25
Maryland Day (state holi
day). "Oscar" awards, Academy
of Motion Picture Arts &
Sciences, Hollywood. t
Friday, March 26 ;
Secretary of Commerce
Weeks to address Institute
for Maine Industry, Colby
College, Waterville, Maine.
In Short . .!.
Predicted; By Sen. Knowland,
Senate Republican leader, that
the Senate will forego any pro
longed Easter recess because of
the heavy work load.
Announced: By the VS. Air
Force, hit by recent drops in en
hstment, creation of its own re
cruiting system (separate from
the Army) starting July li
Convicted: By a Greensburg,
Pav jury, John Wesley Wable,
24, as the "phantom slayer" of a
sleeping truck driver oh the
Pennsylvania Turnpike. :
Refused: By the Supreme
Court, to let Alabama and Rhode
Island file suits challenging last
year's congressional act ceding
title to oil-rich submerged lands
to the coastal states.
BATTLE OF THl YYEEX
POW: A Double Stan
By BEM PRICE
AP Newsafeature Writer
For the first time ,an Air Force
officer has acknowledged that
airmen captured in Korea were
not bound by the same rules on
giving information to the enemy
as ground troops.
It is another example of the
right hand not knowing what
the left hand is doing, even in
a theater of battle, because of
divided command.
The general's statement was
bolstered by testimony from
Marine CoL Frank H. Schwable
and four other Marine officers.
Schwable appeared before a
four-week Marine Corps court
of inquiry to determine whether
he should face a court martial
for signing a false germ warfare
confession while a Red prisoner.
The colonel in his own de
fense said he understood the
"general attitude" of the Air
Force was that airmen could
give unimportant and fictitious
information if captured.
Other officers attached to the
First Marine Air Wing testified
they were told "to do things the
Air Force way" and that the Air
Force authorized pilots "at their
discretion and if circumstances
required to deviate from regula
tions." - :
The Air Force never has ac
knowledged "publicly : that any
such instructions were given to
i By WILLIAM L. RYAN
Associated Press Foreign News Analyst
THE. stepped-up fighting in Indochina in the past week
may be a Communist means of setting the staee for the
conference on Far East problems at Geneva' next month.
If it is, it may mean that some sort of truce offer will come
from the Communist side.
If that happens, it is difficult to see how the West and
j Textiles
Natural Fibers
The chemist's test tube has
hot yet replaced the sheep, the
silk worm or the cotton plant as
an efficient producer of "miracle
textile fibers.
Trading in Japanese silk fu
tures was resumed on the New
York Commodity Exchange this
week for the first time since
Julv 1941. Silk dealers said the
move reflected a revival of con
sumer interest.
And far from being crowded
off the stage by the new syn
thetics, some of nature's other
textile fibers seem to be coming
back in an even bigger way,
A New York textile banking
house recently conducted a pop.
ularity poll of textile fibers
among 17 major department!
stores and 26 garment manuf ac
turers. Tuesday it announced
the results: Lured by lower
price tags ana better styles,
American women are turning
more and more to cotton gar
ments.
While price seems to be cot
ton's main attraction for today's
penny-pinching consumer, ag
gressive merchandising and pro
motion with emphasis on "name
designers has also helped. Cot
ton, it is conceded, could not
compete with the synthetics "if
the prices of all these garments
were on a par."
But as things stand now, the
survey says, "cotton textiles
should do better this year than
last, unless ; the cotton farmer
succeeds in getting the govern
ment to boost the price of free
cotton. That; would hand over a
greater share of the market to
the synthetic producers." ;
The wool industry is also
striving to regain .some of its
lost markets.
! The year 1953, says one econo
mist, marked the return of wool
in many markets where syn
thetics had won acceptance
particularly; in the women's ap
parel field.'
fliers, but i a general at Air
Force headquarters in the Pen
tagon said, "Let's face it The
Air Force did authorize its pilots
to give more than name, rank
and serial number." j
This officer would not permit
his name to be used. ,
While the Air Force appar
ently was setting up one set of
rules for its pilots, the ground
troops were standing on regula
tions and the Geneva Conven
tion. -
Armed Forces regulations and
the Convention say that a pris
oner is required to give only his
name, rank, serial number, date
of birth and next of kin.
The Army says it never has
given any instructions contrary
to regulations.
Maj. Gen. William Dean, the
Army's foremost prisoner! of
war, supported the Army's
position in testimony at i the
Schwable Inquiry. He was asked
if the United States realistically
could expect its soldiers and air
men to adhere to regulations.
"It is the ideal, we should
strive for," he - replied. The
Communists, won't stop (their!
questioning) anywhere.'!: 1
While Dean set that up as an
ideal, he added, "I didn't have
the .intelligence or strength to
stop there.". , v. . ;j
Quotes
British Maj. Gen. Ernest
Cowell, surgeon father of
Roberta Cowell who used to
be a man and fighter pilot
in the Royal Air Force: "I
had a son Robert Who is
now .Roberta, my daughter.
I can say, not only as her
father but as a doctor, that
she is recognizable, in every
way as a woman, and her
mother and I are both satis
fied she is now completely
female." ' .' ' '.,,.
i Allen W. Dulles, director
of the Central Intelligence
Agency: "Sometimes I think
we go too. far, in what our
government gives out offi
cially and in what is; pub
lished in the scientific and
technical field. We tell Rus
sia too much." " i- : i '.f
I I
particularly the united states
can win at Geneva.
mi - .
iuui uc inu uiojur UUC9UUU
to come before the conference '
of the United States, the Soviet
Union, Red China, Britain,
France and whatever other in
terested nations attend. One
question is
ECorea. The
other is Indo
china. In both,
cases, the
cards seem
stacked,
v The dead
lock already
exists , in Ko
rea, regard
less of the
t nrmnt n t
William L Ryan
words to be
spent on the
problem at Geneva. Korea can
not be reunited on Soviet -terms,
and the Soviet Union will not
accept Western terms. The most
that can be expected is a recog
nition of permanent division
there. That will continue to be
costly and worrisome to the
United States for some time to
come.
Test for Dalles
In the question of Indochina,
U.S. Secretary of State Dulles
faces his big test. The Soviet
press already is preparing the
way, accusing him in advance of
wanting to keep the Indochina
war going at all costs, accusing
the United States of having no
real interest in lessening inter
national tensions. Soviet papers
seized upon scuttlebutt in the
American press to persuade
Russian and other readers that
the United States wants . pri
marily to turn Indochina into a
war of "Asians against Asians."
But who would benefit from a
negotiated truce in Indochina?
We might as well face it As
matters stand today, Moscow
would Denent. , 4
A cessation of the war there
surely would bring strong pres
sure to bear, both inside metro
politan France and in the French .
Union, for broader political con
cessions to local nationalism. It
surely would bring strong pres
sure upon the United States for
an end at least to military aid to
the French-supported Viet Nam
government . of Chief of State
Bao DaL
A Waiting Game
The realistic Russians proba
bly have come to the conclusion
that a military victory in Indo
china either for the French or
for the combination' of Commu
nists and nationalists is just
about impossible, short of risk
ing all-out World War DX But,
as in Korea, a cease-fire prob
ably would mean, for some time
to come, nothifig more than a
heavily armed truce. From then
on it would be the Communists
who would be calling the shots,
playing the waiting game as
they are elsewhere in the world.
Once the shooting stopped, we
could be sure the Communists
immediately would concentrate
all their attention upon adroit
manipulation of nationalist and
anti-French, feelings in the
States of Viet Nam, Laos and
Cambodia. They- would be helped
by strong agitation in metro
politan France sparked by the
powerful Communist party
there. - .. ; .
If a truce were negotiated la
Indochina, it would be hailed by
Moscow and Peiping as a clear
indication of peaceful intentions,
of their determination to lessen
international tensions,
If the West should attempt to
forestall such a truce, loaded as
it would be on the side of a Red
propaganda victory, the fire of
Moscow and Peiping would be
directed at the "imperialist
West What adequate answer
would there be? To be adequate,
the answer would have to be one
understood and accepted by the
Asians. The Asians would un
derstand one thing: That there
was a chance of ending danger
ous shooting in their midst hut
that the West insisted shooting
was to continue.
Good Answer Needed ;
During v the week Senator
Wiley (R-Wis, chairman of the
Senate Foreign Relations Com
mittee, called on Russia to come
to Geneva prepared to propose
"deeds instead of words. The
harsh fact is that the Soviet
Union happens to be in a posi
tion from which it can propose
a deed. .
The deed would look to the
Asian world like a step toward
peace. Our answer would havt
to be a good one. . '