THE OREGON' SUNDAY JOURNAL, PORTLAND, SUNDAY MORNING. MARCH 211 1915.'
FALL OF MILITARISM AND CREATE LASTING PEACE
WAR
MASSES HOPE FOR PEACE
OF PERMANENT DURATION
The People Everywhere, Who Bear the Burdens of War
-and Who Make the Biggest Sacrifices, Are the Ones
to Whom Its Futility ppeals the Stronger.
A NEW CIVILIZATION NECESSARILY WOULD FOLLOW
POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS
-
CONTROL EUROPE'S STATUS
Geographical Isolation and
Racial Differences Would Pre-
. elude the" Organization
the Event of a Vctory
of a Formidable Coalition in
by The 'Allies
GERMAN" VICTORY WOUUD WORK AN OPPOSITE END
e
MAY WORK
By Gugl'ielmo Ferrero.,
ARTICLE
NOW. is it to re feared that a defeat
In Germany, kindle the desire of
of a new war? v
ur,. un wie oiner nanu, wouiu viciory iiuiauic mc 65' ---
cirit of France, or EnelaridJ or Russia; so as simply to move the
tyranny of militarism to another phace
and which we shall try to answer today. ': .
-There-is no doubt that an unsuccessful war win leave mucn rancor in
delusion of being invincible will nat
too, Is subject to the ordinary rulfes of
the battlefield of Mareneo as: "Beaten,
At any rate, as is to be imagined,;
'a German "irredentismo" if they
will
that which'she took from the othej-s
it its historical and national rights,
it
calmed down, little by little, witho
lit-'
In the meantime, for ten years
will be occupied m healing its wou
rible war. .
.Who can think that a war like
his
In ten years the natural resentment'
little by little, in the old and in the
reality.
Unless Germany shonld have a
a thing that seems very iniprobab
e,
people must necessarily become aare that the; peace of the world is not
only an inspiration of philanthropists and idealists, but also a vital need.
They will realize this ana get their
their aspirations, tfeetfngs and theiit
We must not believe that the Germans are sucn a warlike people, tnat
they cannot stand a long peace. There were other peoples as warlike as the
Germans, and more warlike, in Europe, and injthese last fifty years they
have become peaceful. I am alludiig precisely jlo the French.
'. Nation Learned Notice,
The French during the last two and a half j centuries have fought the
greatest wars in history, and they were the masters ot the art of war in
Europe, masters also, of the Germais, who have learned much more from
their present enemies than they seem to be ablej to teach them.
For a long time Europe feared that the Frencli were so agitated inwardly
by the demon of war: that they nevir would calm down; that Europe would
never have rest from their warlike spirit. j ...
But France lost her aggressive humor after an unfortunate war had
made her know that even the mostl valorous pebples can never be sure of
victory; and little by little her political institutions under the republic, and
through the republic, assumed a more democratic and popular character.
' The republic has made of France, not a faint-hearted nation, as- its
enemies say, "but a peaceful nation. If in the present fighting France has
oTl har vM .-niifur inH nersv there is. however, nn doubt that she
uunu f ijl i uiv. v - - c J - - , -
only drew her sword when she ws compelled and saw that every hope
and every effort to evade the conflict was useless.
Thtre is no reason not to expect the same thing of the Germans under
similar conditions arid circumstances that are about the same. Under a
civilization like that of Europe in the beginning of the nineteenth century
the warlike humor and aggressiveness of a people is not the effect of a war
like temperament or national spirit, but of their historical and political
situation. -
France was-warlike after the revolution as long as the contending politi
cal parties, representing small and privileged classes, were obliged to inflame,
ind so from time to time to satisfy, the passion bf military glory generated
In the wars of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.
Germany has been warlike up to now, and- has at last let loose the "gen
sral'war, because the Prussian aristocracy, and the different royal dynasties,
tc.f that govern it have found it necessary to keep the people's flattered
dream alive that the wars of 1866 and 1870 gave them so as to retain their
power and privileges, j
France has gradually become pacific after a defeat, and because of this
defeat it got a republican form of government that, being much more demo
cratic, had no need to threaten their neighbors and disturb Europe to keep
Iri nntuor J
... .
Two National Wanted Peace.
It is legitimate, then, to suppose that the 'same change will occur in
Germany, when defeat will bring a party to power, even under the institu
tions of a parliamentary monarchy, jthe more numerous classes and parties
more of the pleople having fewer privileges to defend.
And with reasoning along these jsame lines we may reply to show-who
sks the second question, and calm! the fear that France or England may
jrow warlike and aggressive after victory.
These two. natjons wanted pea4e and did not think of conquests in
Europe, before this' j war, because their governments, established by the
masses,; did not need) to brag about their military power all the time to stay
; In office. As always happens, victory will give greater prestige to those
irnvrn m Anf c within. rr rmtsiH rtf thiir hnnnlaripc
If their governments were so solid
to make disturbances in tne world
more authoritative and more united,
means to keep in power.
The populations pf, these two countries; if they were peace loving before
the war, will become more so when
iai i-i A . l : . . .
nunuui me mquiciuuc miu ciiuiiiyj
twenty years. -j . i
we inusi jioi lorgci, iuu, uiai ine
minded and more "measured'' than
the
fore immune, as it were, from the
often carries away the Germans to try
These two nation's wish to enjoy!
they have attained ry centuries ot
They both occupy positions higl
WHY DO WE
I
T IS astonishing how badly our sell
conceit Is distributed. We are in
ordinately proud: of .some of the si
Jlest and weakest things about u$,
such as our lineage, our pugnacity
and our small feet,, and have a very low
opinion of ourselves when there is not
the slightest reason for It. We are
darlings of the gods, we can whip cre
ation, our future is limited only by the
procession of the equinoxes and the
day of judgment. -
. 1 But when any "prophet of evil rise
up to denounce us as decadent from
luxury, soft and degenerate from self-
indulgence Undermining our constitiji
Hons, "hitting the trail for hell so fas
that we can't be seen rf or the dust
losing our -teeth, shedding our haiir.
Khnrtnniner our lives -we mepklv hrW
our head before the blast and admit
:the Impeachment, j j
: VYe go out of our way to belittle our
selves and declare with humiliation
that In stamina endurance and f ignit
ing qualities we are inferior not mere
ly to. our savage ancestors, but to or
animal cousins. HVe were created l a
little; lower than the angels and hate
been steadily getting lower ever sinde.
And all this in spite of the fact tnat
men ts head and shoulders the fiercest,
toughest and most dangerous animal
that lives! . !
-v: Can beat any. bird, beast or fish at
his own ramo outrun the deer, tilre
ont k the wolf, face the tiger singjle
handed with spear or short-swond.
plunge Into tropic seas with a knife
between his teeth and kUl the shark
la his own element; outfly the biifd,
outface the cold of the Arctic with the
musk-ox and t,he hlte bear, and tie
heat of the tropics with th elephant
and the aebra.
Xam Is Finest Animal.
la short, man is the finest all-round
athlete the animal kingdom has evjer
produced. He can maintain life on the
food of any- animal, and is not only
the healtiest, - strongest, longest lived
NO. 4.
would stimulate the national reeling
revenge and thus sow the seeds of
!
instead pf doing away with it?
intoxicated for half a century with the"
be easily resigned to recognize that it,
war, that mpoieon summea .up on
winnine; such is the fate of battles."
the conditions oi peace ao not create
only take away from the Germans
by injustice and held by force, leaving
is to be hoped that this anger will be
provoking: a catastrophe. ! 1
at least, Germany, like the other nations,
hds and Repairing the wastes of this har-
one can begin again in a few years?
of a disastrous war should give way
young, to a 'calmer consideration of the
second spectacular triumph as in 1870,
we may say impossiPie, tne tierman
own iaeas togetner, to reorganize
political institutions.
before the war that they did not need
to hold together, after victory, being
they will have even less need of such
they will know they can enjoy peace
i Ai a j , i .
uiai nave lorniemeu tnem tnese last
cngnsn anq rrencn are much calmer
Germans.! ,Both of them are there-
excitement of pride or energy that so
the largest and most impossible things.
and fortify the high historical position
jworn ana struggling.
and respected enough to content two
BECOME BALD? HINTS FOR
animal known, but is becoming more
so all the itime. '
" It is rea(ly hard to say whether our
overweening conceit at one extreme
or our unnecessary self-depreciation at
the other is the more amusing or ex
asperating; as the case may. be. '
But there are certain points In
which even the most enthusiastic
champion of man's superiority must
concede that the , animals have the
better of lis, and one of those would
appear to be their success In hanging
on to their hair. No animal, we are
triumphantly assured, ever becomes
bald, no matter how old and gray and
decrepit he may be. And to this there
seems at first blush to be no adequate
reply.
But the moment we begin to make
careful studies and comparisons we
have the consolation of discovering at
once that no animal has any hair on
his head : which is worthy worrying
over, or the loss of which would draw
even a single tear from a human eye.
In fact, I paradoxical and even ludi
crous as It may sound, that appears to
be just tliie reason why man became
liable to lose Iris. He wasn't satisfied
with his inherited thatch of "dogs'
hair," but insisted upon having a
longer, silkier and much more orna
mental variety.
He j got lit, but with a penalty at
tacheil to it, that it didn't wear as well
and ifould occasionally desert him in
his declining years. Instead of being
satisfied with short hair all , his illfe
long, he chose to have long hair for
twortplrds of his life and none at; all
the. remainder.
. In IsobeE earnest; human hair, bio-"
logically speaking,; is a new growth, a
neombrphj nothing else like 1 it any
where in j the living world, with ; the
partial exception of the mane of ' the
lion ind the shock of bristles on the
head land ! neck of some of th larger
apesj -,- i i . -1; , : s: j - . - . ,
Like all new creations, it is unstable
- 1 r - 1, - in Hi, mini 1 1 1 1 1 mil' 1 1 tmmmmmmmmmmmtt ''' t '
. . ; - . '
Thp masses of Europe long for a
I "-. to whom he refers, not
wisfc and moderate peioples. They wanted peace before the war, so they
will want it after a waf in which they have been victorious.
.A. victory for theni would only consolidate peace which would be for
theirJown good, of course, but at the same time for the good of the others.
;So the peace and war of Europe today are especially questions of political
institutions. j "
Germany has been warlike, and ended by provoking this war because it
is governed by a privileged aristocracy, and is under a military monarchy.
The democracy that governs France is, like all the Other democracies of
the world, pacific. Governed by the classes, to whom war is a misfortune,
entirely satisfied with jher present situation, the day that France gets, back
Alsace and Lorraine she will ask nothing better than "to declare peace on all
Europe" as Michelet predicted.
England Less Democratic.
Whoever thinks Fiance will again begin to dream of the conquest of
Eurppe deceives himself, as they deceived themselves who thought the
French would throw down their arms at the approach of the Germans.
England has a less democratic government than France; the aristocracy
and the upper middle class exert a more direct influence upon it; and among
the aristicrats and the! upper classes imperialistic and military tendencies
andlesires for privileged government are still very strong in England.
This is also true of the other European countries. But each decade the
masses of the people are getting more power and influence in England, too,
and! the masses of the people are even more pacific in England than in
Frarice.- '
f we consider it irt the true sense, the English people have never really
gone to war, having always adopted" armies of mercenaries or paid soldiers,
so they have had no practice and experience of war like the French, who
hav given their blood in a hundred wars in all the continents of the earth.
So hot having the habjit of war they cannot have a profound passion for
war.' Only people whoj have fought a great deal can be full of warlike spirit.
Precisely because the warlike spirit is a fruit of political regimes, many
people are worried about Russia They often say; "It's all right about
France, and England isjfast becoming a democracy, so we can count on the
pacific spirit of both of them; but bow about Russia? Isn't Russia, like
Gertuany, a military ejmpire? Until a few years ago wasn't it even an
absolute military autaci-acy? Isn't it to be thought that in a semi-absolute
military empire, badly controlled by a childish, inexperienced, timid parlia
ment, lacking authority, the proud, audacious, aggressive spirit will awake
that! we fear in Germany? And then the danger we now see in Berlin passes
to Petrograd? " f
The statesmen and Newspapers of Germany and Austria-Hungary, and the
pro4German papers in the neutral countries, have made a great agitation
aboat this "Slav danger" ever since the .breaking out of the war.
We know that at the beginning the government of Berlin announced to
its people that it was to be a war of national defense against "Russian bar
barity." We also know that the German and Austrian Socialists answered
the Criticism of the Socialists of the other countries by protesting that they
could not be expected to open the doors of Germany and Austria to the
Cossacks. : . y
The future power to which Russia would attain if victorious is another
of the arguments roost advanced, especially in Italy, by the followers of the
Triple Alliance. They picture Russia as arbiter of continental Europe. 'Saint
Sofia, as consecrated again by the czar in the Christian cult; the Russian
and (erratic, though not nearly so mucn
so as usually supposeJJ Nor is there
anyl ground for believing tnat it is
losing its vitality or hias become any
more uncertain of Its teiiure within the
last! 20.000 years; in either words, in
Civilized man than in 4av&8es
j Worn as Ornament.
The human hair has been worn as a
pure ornament and scrupulously pro
tected from the weatheri whether wind.
rairT or sun, for at leat 20,000 years.
Ahd if it was going! ' to perish for
lacH of ventilation and .exposure we
should have been as bald as billiard
balls since the days of the pyramids.
The growth of the 'fhair for hair's
sake" idea In.onr own j species can be
cleairly traced in still existing savages.
In tjhe oldest and most jplthecoid types,
such as the Congo dwarfs and the Ne
gritos of the Andaman islands, it is
simbly a fuzzy, felty irnass of rusty
or reddish brown wool; . t
1$ the next grade, orj negroes proper
from the west coast of Africa, to Papua
ahdi New Guinea, it becomes boldly, artd
unmistakably : ornamental, though not
according to our ; northern tastes, and
is frizzed and pomaded and ornamented
into! huge, imposing bushes and shakos,
whijeh make delight in dusky bosoms.
In the brown races it starts in our
modern direction by increasing greatly
In length and glossiness. In fact, at
thi4 stage, tit reachesj Its climax of
"hujmannesBf and plcturesqueness as
illustrated in ttie famous scalp locks
of lour American Indians though it
still retains a tendency to kink and
cur. ! " ;
In the Mongolians it remains long
andj become stif fer an& straighter, as
in lie Chinaman's queue: while finally.
In jthe Caucasian, It ; shortens again
somewhat and takes on the final glori
fy! tig touch ' to our eyes of curliness
and! waviness, and ranges over half
the colors in the rainbjow frony flaxen
and golden to red, brown and black. -
Another cunous specialization ap-
lasting peace, declares Professor Ferrero.
the members of a privileged officialdom,
THE HAIRLESS FROM A SCIENT
pears for the first time in the white
race, and that is a difference in length
between men and women, so that it be
comes possible to distinguish the sexes
by the length of their hair.
Some XTeed Hair Cat.
Nor Is this solely due to age long
habits of wearing and cutting the hair.
Most white men could grow hair of
moderate length even today simply by
neglecting to call In the services of. a
barber.
But this seldom gets much below the
level of the shoulders, and even In her
mits or religious devotees of various
races,, who make it a matter of con
science to let their hair grow out to
its full length, it never attains more
than half the length which 'is common
in women and girls. ,
In the Intermediate stage of bar
barism signs of decay are already -beginning
to show themselves, and . bar
barous or semi-clvillzed man shows a
distinct tendency to lose, his calvarial
thatch, not only at a nroderately ad
vanced time of lifev but also occasion
ally, to his distress, at a disconcert
ingly premature period.
Warriors Talc Care Hair.
When we reach civilization, certainly
In the second or middle stage of it.
when hair is no longer valued as an
ornament or an asset by the male, it
appears to become still more variable,
and instances of complete loss of It at
25, 20 and even earlier years, begin to
be discovered.
As to how this curious variability of
the male head covering can be account
ed for, we are still In the dark. Oiily
one suggestion has. been rhade. and this
appears to have a certain amount jiof
reason and merit in it, and that Is, triai
hair lives, so to speak, only as long .8
11 is vaiueu oy a particular sex or infll
vidual. 1 '
Savage warriors attach-the greatest
Importance to and take immense pride
in their hair, braiding, decoratfig.
sticking leathers and Jewelry in it, oil
This street scene in Petrograd showr the type of ; people
but the workers who must
(warships in the Mediterranean and the
roads that lead to the Adriatic.
The future lies in the lap I of Jove
of God nowt say the Christians. So
predict what jwill be the future of an
empire. But jif we stick to reasoning
it does not seem too temerous to place
Russia, now the continent ofi Europe,
it belongs. 1 ,
Central Position Necessary.
The first reason against it is geographical the e
rosition of Riissia. To dominate so
of arms and political prestige it is
central position so as to be able to act
points to the north, south, least, west.
able to dominate for centuries the basin of the
Egypt, northern Africa, the Balkan
Germany at different times have been
of Europe; but neither -England nor modern Italya! the
continent have ever been abltj to hold such aspirations,
reason Russia; can never hold 'them.
After 189S Russia really very much neglected her
is such an important part of her European policy,' becaus
to! the far east and occupied with its
the Bulgarian, all Slav peoples, who
plained bitterly of this; and they were
acquiring territory and influence in the
tion in the bower of Austria and therefore of Germany
vjermany, in lacx, nas always sougni
in the far east, so that she would pay
has even usedJ the personal influence
war broke out a very close friendship
many and the emperor of Russia; William, with his go-ah
a little tantaspc had great authority
timid and shut up within himself.
j ' Russia Formidable Power.
That William of Germany -took advantage of this I know1,
the high functionaries of the 'court in
czar, tcyd me that the emperor bf
encourage nis imperial cousin; ot Kussia
tne iar-away pia woria." wun that
e,raperor seems to possess in private
to a vast conquest or L,nma, ana against japan, knowing
way for Germany to weaken and paralyze in Europe
amance.
The very var now being fought proves it. Russia is a
power
it has the largest arrrjy m the
Europe
it is plain that! the present war is very
thatRussia aljne could never Iresist Germany and AustriaJ
countries taken together have; a much smaller population
tsecause it is not easy lor
Jimty of its vast empire
concentrate tnem on the other extreme
Russia now finds to make her strength
of or because
pr ner great size should
Ing and even coloring it. This partly
for the reason that they admire It
themselves, and . partly because they
find It a valuable . asset in charming
and fascinating the. opposite sex.
In other words, the hair of the head
one of the so-called sec
ondary sexual characters and; to fall
under the laws of sexual selection.
This sentimental attachment ! of man
to his hair is by no means confined to
savagery, bu!t persists sporadically
through barbarism and semi-civilization,
and is ven to be found in the
lower and some fairly high stages of"
civilization, is' for instance; in the
famous picture, of the Spartan 'war
riors at Thermopylae, carefully braid
ing and oiling their long hair while
chanting their death songs Just before
going Into thd immortal battle.
Hot Bald Earlyi
There Is, htowever, another; element
which must b taken into consideration
in contrasting the instability! of the
hair in civilized man with its luxuriance
in the savag, and that ia the much
shorter lifetime of the latter,
Our minds have been so crammed
with myths aibout the "noble
and his id rial health and
savage
superb
physique, on account' of his perpetual
athletic existence in the open air. that
it is almost impossible for us to realize
how astonishingly short lived and ship
wrecky In 1 constitution he really is.
With all the moderr spread of bald
ness, very vefc-y few n eh are seriously
bald under 30 years bf age. and the
data in 4ur I possession shows that
scarce one! in five savages ever-reaches
that extreme I, of senility. The actual
figures arte i astonishing contrast to
oilr rosy Hcoriceptions.
now has an average
Civilised man
longevity of 61
years; serijt-clvillzed man, as lllustrat
ed by the Hindu and the Chinaman, has
an average lifetime or
21 and 23 years
respectively, k shown
by the! English
sanitary r
ports in In
Hia and in Hong-
kong.
1
f.
Photograph by International News Serrlc.
pay the cost of the war.:
Cossacks horses
running down the
i
It is in the hands
r .
said the ancients
I do not feel the
courage to try to
'empire as enormous
as the Moscovue
on what may happe
In the near future
the announced
mil
itary hegemony of
among the fancies
and dreams where
ccentric geographical
vast a continent- as E
urope by the force
necessary, that a p
le be placed in a
fdrce on different
with their military
For this reasoh
ancient Italy was
Mediterranean
Gaul, Spain,
peninsula. For, this
reason France and
able to aspire to the
military hegemony
extreme sides of the
And for this same
Balk
an policies, that
e she was attracted
questions. The
Sehrbs
Montenegrins,
consider Russia th
i
r protector, com-
not wrong, bee
:ause
whilei Russia was
orient they were
lief t without protec-
Austna's ally,
on her adventures
10 urge nussian
Jess attention to
Europe! Germany
of its emperor for
th
is endi. Until the
existed between
the
emperor of Ger-
ad temperament
over Nicholas II,
po is much more
because pne of
Petrograd, one w
ho
is very near the
Germany never mi
ssed
an occasion to
of his lands in
to turn the energies
rich, insinuating abili
liy
that the German
conversation he spu
rred oni Nicholas II
ere was no better
the Franco-Russian
formidable military
world; soldiers as
valorous as any in
hird
tor Kussia and
though these two
than hers, i :
Kussia to concentrate
so many troops
easyi for her to
today, as it was
not
against Japan
The difficulty that.
felt in Germany
art
a Austria, in spite
reassure those who
fear for tomorrow
ST-
BY"
Such figures as
we possess
of the
longevity of
savages
show
their aver-
age life time to
They are old and
be about 16
years.
to 35,
decrepit at
30
and their strongesjt
survivors
usually
die under 40.
All the stories
ians are made out
of savage
ceintenar-
4t
the same
rhaterial
as the centenarian
myths
everywhere
else, and that is
pure moonshine,
Xiook
Future,
The most
shrunken and
horjribly
jwasted
and
and
decrepit
bag of
skin
bones that I ever
saw in hurnai
t . shape
she
was an Indian
woman
who was
ed to te 110, and
looked ' as
might be 610, but
unimpeachable te
could Wb proved
by
mony of
middle
aged "white settlers
to be
between
60
and 55 years Of
aire.
So that one
patent reason w
hy sav-
ages show less
baldness than
UiSed
man Is that they
bo seldom
wurvive
tneir hair, or live
long enough
to de-
velop this shining
characterist
c.
. But the question
that
interests us
most keenly is not
what has happened
in the past, but w
hat is .likely to hap.
pen in the future.
Are we becomi
heads, or Is there
g- a race
of
bald-
still some
hbpe , for
our locks and
curls
So far
as we
is dis-
are able to judge.
the, outlook
tinctly hopeful.
Accurate
Data
Missing.
When due
allowance has bee
made
for the much
greater
life end
u ranee
and correspondingly
advanced
lage at-
talned by civilized
man, it is
doubtful
where his increase
in baldness o
ver the
savage is more
than 10 per
cen
t, and
(over the : barbarou
s, or i barbai
riao, 6
per cent.
And a bodily
tructure
or
organ
which has lost
only-
10 per
cent of its
vigor is certainly
in a prettv
fairly
flourishing and
prosperous! state. It
Is perfectly
astounding what an utter
lack . there is of
accurata data, upon
any -of the phases
of this question.
Nobody has ever
taxen tne trouble
a military hegemony of victorious Russia. The political force of a power jn
time of peace is;always In proportion to the military force it would dxercise
or would be expected to exe.rcise in time of war. -
But this is not all. We must take account of another important fact. 'Tin;'
immense Russian empire is half European and half Asiatic, bounded by
Sweden, , Germany, Austria, Roumania, Turkey, Persia, China and Japan.
Each of. these frontiers has its special political policy, we may say its special
interests and its representative men, in Petrograd.
So Russia has a European policy, a Balkan policy, a Turkish policy, a
Caucasus policy and an eastern or oriental policy. But precisely because
it has so many frontiers and S0 many different policies Russia can never
congregate and concentrate all ts forces in a European policy alone. Its
necessity to pay attention to itsj other interests will separate it periodically
from European doings, weakening its action in the old continent, as has been -the
case in the past. j j
" The Russian policy could bei called , a sort of pendulum that periodically
"swings between Asia and Europe. From 189S ito i9i)S Russia occupied
itself with its Asiatic policy, not! paying much attention to how things were
going in Europe, and, thanks to this indifference, relations with Austria and
Germany were quite friendly. But the war with Japan turned Russia again
toward Europe.. . j ,
The alliance with France again was taken up, amplified and reinforced.
The entente with England was j concluded, which was a real revolution in
European politics. Russia again: concerned herself with the Balkans and the
smaller. Slav peoples. so neglected during the previous ten years.
A sort of understanding was concluded with Japan, the enemy of yes
terday, both adopting as a far eastern policy the keeping of things In their
present state. But as relations with Japan were becoming better, those with
Austria and Germany were getting worse. The crisis of Bosnia-Herzegovina
came, and Russia was obliged to give in to the German threats. Economic
questions grew hard, too Germany wanted to renew certain commercial
treaties, into which Russia, on the other hand, wanted to introduce essential
modifcations; and for this low threats were made by Germany.
: " Represents Supreme Crii. J -
The Balkan ;war broke out; and at last the Serbo-Austrlan war, beginning
of. the European conflict. . .1
, So, to a certain extent, the European war represents the supreme crisis
of the nj?w policy begun by Kussia after 1905. So we can expect that
another swing of the pendulum; will take place toward Asia after this war.
Russia will probably, during a certain period of time, take less Interest in
the questions of Europe and again become occupied with her Asiatic policy.
Just because Russia is not entirely either a European or an Asiatic power, she
can never acquire a hegemony either in Europe or Asia, and will remain a
power capable of exercising, at certain times, an, action of decisive Importance
on both continents.. j.
There is still another and last reason why the disastrous effects of an"
Austro-German: victory would not follow the triumph of the Anglo-Franco-1
Russian coalition. We have seen in past articles how many special advan
tages the two Germarf empires gain by being placed side by side geograph
ically. We may add they have the same' language and there Is much affinity
between their political institutions.
In the coalition, although can consider France and England as being
almost side by side (notwithstanding the impediments a small body of water"
imposes), between Russia and her allies of the west there stands; the enor
mous mass f the two hostile empires. Moreover,'-the languages arid political .
institution of these three powers are very different. .'
It follows. that a victory could turn into one block the Austro-German
alliance but not the allies. The! geograpical distance between these powers,
the difference of languages, of traditions, the variety of their political insti
tutions is such .that, although in the future as in the past they may form an
efficacious alliance to defend themselves, they can never become an alliance
for aggrandizement or to make an offensive-war.
',. j.-'-; Masses Want Peace.
The very feebleness of which the Triple Entente has for many years
given proof demonstrates this, as it is also demonstrated by the relative
unpreparedness in which the present Anglo-Franco-Russian coalition allowed
itself to be surprised by the war.j
For alljthese reasons a victory of the Triple Entente seems to legitimize
greater; and better hopes for those who desire that this war will give rla
to a long, secure peace. It canbe said the masses, who are the ones who
really want peace everywhere, have found out these things, little by little,
because everywhere in Europe thty are partisans of the Anglo-Franco-Fussian
coalition. Among the upper classes, jis in the intellectual world, there ar
differences of opinion, but not among the masses of the people.
Among the working classes I of Europe today there is a sort of ideal
faith growing that with the triumph of the Anglo-Franco-Russian coalition
all wars will be over, that militarism will fall, and an era of eternal peace will
begin. Man has always dreamed jof this eternal peace even In times w hen he
needed it less I than now; all religions and all empires have 'periodically
announced it,, even if facts periodically denied the promises; so there is no
reason why this hope will not come forth again stronger than ever now
amidst the horrors of this, the worst war ever seen. How could we tolerate
the sorrow and pain of this terrible hour if j.t were not that we hope this war
will be the last, that the horrors and ruins of today will at least; save our
children and grandchildren from; a similar misfortune?
Does hope, i in this as in other circumstances, simply smooth kloWn the
difficulties-of life? That a victdry of the coalition would assure Lurope of
a long period of secure peace seems to me certain. Less certain appears the
idea that it will inaugurate a new period of history by the fall of militarism,
the progress of which for a century has so profoundly perturbed the life of
Europe, even to the point of provoking this ;war. This may even be among
the probable efforts of victory, ;but it appears. lesssure because to produce'
it a victory of the Anglo-Franco-)Russian coalition would not suffice. A great
uprising of public spirit would be necessary civilization would need to be
headed in another, direction -arid it is very difficult to see to what measure
and. in what time this will take place.
What is the uprising of this
public
tion? Ve shall; see in our next
studies. - . " i
article,
Next Sunday Profeor Ferrero 4Ucutea the growing- feeling that mili
tarism must-be unlverally crushed.
DR. WOODS
to count, not noses, but bright crowns,
among, say, 1000 savage's. 1000 bar
barians and 100 civilized men, and see
exactly, what the percentage of bald
ness under the age of 60 was 16 each
of the groups. j
Our best, and most careful anthropol
ogists tell us frankly that the data bas
never been collected, and we are deal
ing only j with t general impressions
which may be sound, but are) often
fallacious. -Not only so, but we have
never! made the count in - different
groups and classes of civilized man.
For instance, as between country
dwellers and city dwellers; between
day laborers and business men; be
tween sailors and fishermen and pro
fessional, men. j . j .:
Yet we nearly all of us feel sure
that City dwellers are much "more apt
to, be bald at an early period than
country dwellers, and that' college men,
professional men and successful busi
ness men have a much higher percent
age of bright and shining scalps than
have day laborers. .
- One. of the reasons, probably, (why no
one has ever taken the apparently sim
ple step of counting Is that audiences,
for the most part, are composed of
mixtures of all sorts and classes.
- Even city men have, many 4f them,
been born and spent a-third jof their
lives so far in the country, and also,
that in looking over an audience and
counting the Ivory tops, we lhave no
knowledge whatever of the ages' of
the respective Individuals. !
I should personal y be inclined!: to
"kioubt whether there is much more dlf-
iference between a group of fishermen
and sailors or day laborers nd arti
sans t and : one. of business or prof es-
Slafial men,, than that due to the higher
kverage age of the latter class.
Tramps Are Bald Headed,
Just simply as ; an Illustration, which
mav or may 'not be worth noting, one
of th baldest headed audiences I ever
taw in my life was an assemblage of
spirit? This new headine offciviliza-
which will be the conclusion of these
HUTCHINSON
about 160 tramps and' "casuals" in a
municipal lodging house, populated al
most entirely by men underi 46 years
of -age. ' t
Certainly there Is no rank or ciunn
of society In which baldness! under bu
Is uncommon.
Nor is there anything In the habits -Of
life and methods of cohering or
caring for the head which should make
the hair of the city dweller or of the
office man and indoor' worked any' less
vigorous and enduring than that of the
farmer and the day laborer. Data ob
tained from dermatologists and physi
cians making a special study of. dis
eases of the scalp give us no help.
First, for the reauon that only those
who are either becoming bald or nave 1
fairly , good reason to fear that they
are threatened with this calamity ever
think of consulting a physician about
the state of their hair.
Although a dorstor nay have, say,
BOO patients suffering with some de
gree of baldness " within a'y-arj".we
don't know whether ihmn patients
represent a population of 6006 or
60.000. r:
The second rcawon that make thr
figures of physicians and ho(itars
valueless is that while a tonide,rall
majority of these patients who 0 to sA
iiirin un account 01 ininxilng or! hair
and baldness are of the no-cnlleil
higher, city and more uccesful
classes, there is a' perfectly good
reason for this In the fact that these
are the only people who are. in the
first place, sufficiently sensitive about
their personal appearance, and, in' mj
secoidt place, have the money to pay
the 'high fees-Involved. . f
The average farmer or day laborer
who finds himself becoming bald
either 'pays no attention to it or goes
to a drug store and buys a bottle or
two of somebody's patent hair re
newcr. -
However, estimates of these expert
- (Contiiied on Following Page).
- it . ! - ' " '
if-i .-ill:.-:; .. 'rrcm s--..:
A.