. t ,
. ' ':
( - t
-r
,4
f? 3S:iS-A
1 .'ff;
fNMlGANAli
.1 r AFTER NINE YEARS'; WORK
4 Continued From ' Pag One.) ,
supply tratn liavea CrlatobaU It i
composed C refrlgemtor cars .contain
ing Ice. meats And other perishable AT
tides, alonir with a- number of cars con.
' tainlna: other supplies.; Thess are de4
llvered-at the station" along the :llne
. and distributed bytM quartermasters
department in the various settlements.
The Panama canal, does rot,' as Is
1 generally supposed, .cross the : Isthmus
j - In an east and. wet direction, on the
' contraryrlts general direction . ls from
nortkwest to southeest. The . Pacifie
' . entrance near the cliy of Panama la
i:''''r'''r 11 ,M.t.A-.' Iltan4f" MtMlbtA
" near' uoion. , xnn ienain vi . vim -ennui.
J i from shore line to aho-e line is about
; ; 40 miles but ' the additional : dredging
of a, deep waterway la ioth approaches
j , ' reaBy makes the canal 80 miles long. '
, ' The canal Is a lake canal as well as
being Gatun lake, an artificially created
-, bodylof i water , coyerlng , about: 104
A' immm ihIIm in h nnrthiijn half ' fit
' Which . the . canal casses. Tti- CDannei
f the canal through the lake' Is about
the surface, of the water in the lake,
shall be maintained af S7. feet above
. sea level. This level will not only e
' . tend through the laku," but through the
. Culebra cut, which takes' off at the
( Southeastern, end or the lake.: 'As.the
4 - that about - 81 i miles of the Journey
; vaversea by sn'p in passing- tnrougn
,vf: "abov4 the sea.i On-both the Atlantic
"- v and Paolfio sides, there is an approach
; ; extending from dees water to the locks'.
,,; which will lift the vessels to the level
i Itt" passing through : the canal ; from
,,i'"."u,r " Wi vappracn cnannei in union
':.! hftr. , whloh hai l, hnttnm wtltv.' n KnA
t.i-feet and extends to Qatun, a distance
' . fast ta th. Ul th lair C .An m 4 n v
" throueh' the !rdsll out channnl n !.
( laaa tt wm enter the Culebra cut - The
' Channel . in th laka tVirlM " In wM.h
-r) from;600 to J000 feet. . After passing
"irougn tna cut,' which has, bottom
;,.., wuitn or soo feet th vessel trjll ente
'fths Pedro Mlgues lock and ,bo lowered
; ? vuv ieot to JMiraiiores lajse, which haa
&iS n elevation ot 6414 feet above mx
r : un,i ' D....,!,. ... . .
c uiu ir on ion one-nair
miles through the lake the vcaam win
sea tevei, passing into
; the Pacifio through '. channel about'
eigin ana one-nail miles In length .)
'j i having a bottom width of (00 feet The
;! '. Wfttr ln tn Culebra cut, as well as ins
t -ft'i ' I. Z. v mo auiouo ana
; 51 viu ia to Be reeu
' ' H',, , . " ul, mi- giganiia aru-
; . " was necessary to Impound
. the waters of the Charges river behind
' . .. . a bis: dam. Thla Vinir. K.l.
;, y, ' uun cam, is located about aeven
; miles south .of Colon at the northefn
la"e. It la a mil. and
f " ! f i nearly half mile wide
Anli''' wm- oP" wnicn 1 about 10S fet
normal level or tlm lak. ti- i. i ,
i ""y;iw r ? jnitlng the high bills
; ;, 0" either side of the Charges vallev
o to convert the valley Into a huae
Wf. tl,00?,"0' CublC y"rd" of "Serial, moat
" atoti jrom tne Culebra cut
Vrt akin 411 v, i.n.
through the locks under Its own power
.Electrically operated towing locomo-'
tlves will be provided for
-.r uiuweo in nan
I To each ship there will be tour loco
; i motives, two en either side of the bow
if and tweat the stern. The towing cables
v iWill be attached to the locomotives by
.,' 4 winding drums so that u will be posst
J -,:;We for the cable to ba paid out or taken
P while the locomotive Is stationed on
' , tn tracks. IThus the big ships will be
5ndr b0lt control at ell tlmea To
i;' further aafeguard the locks from sccii
' .dent fender chains will be stretched i
across them. These 'Chains will be '
f.t'apable v;jof stopping 10.000 ton shin1
running at four knots an hour, with!
; -.It feet, which la Jess than the dlsUnce
j ; that will separate th chains from tn,'
-..-lock gstea These chains can be 1oh
- '. : "red Into grooves in the bottom ot tlie
locks when the ship is ready to paas
OUt'T;; it 'tV'jj.'-.", -..-i-'i .i i.vrt"
' " Another safety devise in the locks, Is
the system of double gates which have
-- ' .been provided at the entrances to all
the locks and at the ower end of the
upper lock , la eacK giight the guard
gats at each Tir- protecting the lower
gate from ramm'n- from a ship which
mm
COM PUTTED
might possibly get away from the tow
ing locomotives and break through the
fender chains. - - ' '
-In addition to this there Is a movable
emergency, dam placed at the bead bay
above the upper locks at both ends of
that Gatun lake. These can be swung
into place in caee of an accident and
atop . the flow'of water from the , Uuce
Into the remainder ot the canal. ' .
. The time of transit through the canal
for a vessel of the largest type has
been estimated, at frem.'lO to IS hours,
depending on the rate of speed ma'n
talned in pasting through Gatun Iaket
It will take an hour and a. half to send
a ship through the three locks at Gatun
and the same time to. pass It through
the three locks on the Pacific end. tie
Pedro .Miguel -and -the two Mlrafloree
locks. ' The feat of raising a large ocean
going; vessel, with a full cargo aboard
7 teet and. lowering It to Us Initial
level In the soace of three hours would
have been declared impossible -a half
century ago.J " Tet that Is exactly whs t
can be done and what will be done when
tne canal is thrown open for tAv;gation.
CanaPs cost Approximates' 9400,000,000,
VTbe total cost of the canal,; including
me purcnaas irom - tne mew Panama
canal company (the. French eombindr.-
and the payment to th- Republic of
ranama, will closely approach the 1400.'
000,000 mark.' J Three-fifths of a billion
dollars to dU a mile ditch! ' This is
by far the' moat costly engineering pro.
ject In the world. ' No other engineering
marvel ' has cost $10,000,000' mile to
build as has the Panama canal. X-Ai
Over - 116.000.000 on this tium'-'lui
been spent In making the canal tone
nabitabis and sanitary. , At first glance
this seems to be an enormous 'amount
of money, to' spend Mn, cleaning un a
place In which few people wlU reside
permanently, yet the engineers say that
the sanitation of .the canal none was the
chief factor in making "Ve canal a real
..... . -i...
'it? x !
I " - i t -
BALBOA DUMPSAND NAOS
:jH:;7w;.n'',iL ;'"-.A''' '''v'''-'' yv -V':'v?-?-V,,.?..'.?;; Photograph Copy Hgh tad by InternaUontl Ktwi-.BervlC'".
ity. - Much t the failure of the French
was due .to the fact that workmen could
not survive In the fever end pest fd
den country, '1.1,. -
- Th canal sons ' Cynains ; about 436
square miles. It begins at a point
three - marine ; miles from ; mean low
water mark In each jcean,and extends
lor five'mlles on each side xt the cer.
ter line of the route of the canaL It
Includes the group of Islands . In the
Bay of Panama named Perido.Naos,
Culebra and Flamenco. 'The. cities of
Panama and Colon are excluded from
the sone, but the United Btates has the
right to enforce saniuiry ordinances in
those cities, . and. to maintain public
order la them In cese the Republio of
Panama should not be able In the judg
ment of the United States to do so.
Of the 431 sauare mlla of nana"
rltory, the tnlted "States ': owns about
S6S and T3 are held In private owner
ship. Under' the ' treaty with Panama.
the United States has 'the right to ec.
quire by purchase cf by the exercise ot
tne ngni or eminent aomain. lands.
Duuaings. water rights, or, other oroo-
erties necessary and convenient for the
Construction, maintenance; '. operation.
sanitauon, and protection of the- canal.
ana it can .tnererore, at any t)me ac
aulre the lands within the una hound
arles which are owned by private per
sons. The United States will .also' con
trol tne ' area to. be covered .bv Qatun
lake' which extends beyond the lines.of
The population of the canal 1 sone. of.
ficial census, Js 12,110; of the Paoamj
city. 86.188; of Colon.' 17,749. - . ,
In" the construction of .the canal moat
of the manual labor was performed by
Spanlarda, Italians, West-Indians, and
natives of the Republic of Panama, To
them credit is due, but the major' part
ot ine giory-. in sucn a' remarkable
achievement must be given to the Amer
ican engineers, and - to ; the ' ' officials,
clerical force, ' construction - teen and
skilled artisans, . who were . practically
all Americans. ' The 'Panama canal has
been a' big undertaking: and - has' de
veloped some big . men, .' chief among
them being General Q. W. Goethals.
who is known as "the man who mad t
the dirt fly." , . i
.."V..? -
.-i! . Lr;, V V'"'f-.
I lirnifH ifllinnrnrin' : I Xmerloan iomfc4:;ColomblaapparnU ,v . -'
' , " ? , 4 ,
Vigorous ; Wielding of poose-
. " t j' . fl .a a a' ,'y a ' '
veit's "Big ttick'. .Wins
: Canal Zone for: U. S, '
i, ' i Br ,the international (Tew Benrtee.1
:Colon. ; Panama, ; Octn 4. When-the
Unltea States finally took over the work
of constructing the big ditch, the first
moves,' made were , to eradlcate allof
the grat and Incompetence that ruined
the French plana VThe Canal son was
made clean of yellow fever and malaria
by the Introduction of i sanitation : and
the draining of swamp lands. : The most
modern , mechanical i appliances - were
brought intpSA and the-best, engineer
lng and brains -pf America were -put to
work. cWhIle the United "States.uhder
esttmated, -the cost of o&struCUnar;tha
canal, the., expenditures ; being ; double
the first estimate, the estimate of ; the
time came close to being accurate ; u'
Several international commissions of
engineers investigated "tne work : upon
thl canal, and reported that completion
or the work snouia bu practicable. In
1890 President McKinley sent a commie
sion. of engineers' to Panama, which
commission reported In favor of accept
ing the offer of the Panama Canal com
pany to aell Its concessions and property
for 840,000,000.' After a careful Inves
tigation i oi . tne t title c or the Panama
company, 'congress in . 1909 authoris -d
the president to' purchase the franchise
of that company and its property tor
$40,000,000 and this was done. ' ,
Kfforte were then ' made' to effect a
treaty - wijh . Colombia . which r would
allow- the United . States to . go ahoad
and construct' the canal' without interference-
or - confusion with ' CentraJ-
ISLAND BREAKSWATER OMtPACIHC'END
mm
lit
; v : : a
:. ': -
.v v'r - -
Amerlcan politics
thought it saw an . opportunity to get
rich 'quick, arid an effort was made -to
gently "hold up"; Uncle Sanv All 'ef
forts at treaty making failed because, of
Colombia's exorbitant demands. ' which
caused much dissatisfaction In Panama,
ana in jyu . fsnama ueciarea its inae
pendence of Colombia. ; tt- xhtii'?.
And ,f then Colonel , Theodore 2 Roose
belt as president of the United sutea
wielded the -big stick" .with telling ef-
rect. A treaty made between the United
States and Colombia in 1848 gave to the
United ' 8UteSs the right to . maintain
Uninterrupted transit across the Isth
mus or ranama. ana ' because . of this
President ' Roosevelt ; directed the com
manders of the battleship,. Nashville
ana' Marblebead. then in Colombian wa
tens, to prevent the Invasion of ePanama
oy .-Colombian troops. This ' the - war,
ships did, and the American 'officials
in charge of the Panama railroad ; re
fused to transport Colombian soldier.
Colombia, 'unable to do anything- to put
oown ,-. -tne ', reDeiiion or Panama. was
rorcea to sir. DacK while , theUnitcd
States i soon after , of fletally recoanlsed
the Republio of Panama, which republic
granted to the-United, States .exclusive
control and occupation of the. Panama
canal sone. VV The United States under
thetreaty-witb Panama. "also had aan.
itary control over the cities of Panama
ana vmun, wnn ui rujoi to; maintain
order In those cities by force of arms,
which gave - us an .- excuse to . quarter
troops in. them.- v ;.. n, C-v-W
Colombia sent a special ambassador
to Washington with a proposition that
the United States allow Colombia to re-
annex- Panama In return for -which Co
lombia would greatly reduce her former
offer-with regard to the canal. Colom
bia was now very humble, and evidenced
no. desire whatever to "hold up Uncle
Sam,:: but the authorities at 'Washlncr
ton declined ' to have any further deal
ings, with that i Central .American re
public. -5-' .-1-?
s.:'0.i8.;:.'Cau.'-'-v--:':-:
She I am' going to order lust - about
everything on ' the bill -of fare. What
are you goinc to call fort '- . j - ?
He I think .I'll call for help. Judge.
WHOMADEfTWEiDIRTFtY
-iA (Continued :, From Pair On.
assistant to lieutenant Colonel Merrll-,
who .this, time 'wa( tn charge: of ' Im
provements " on i the ; Ohio nlVer near
Pittsburg. On December: 14, 1891, Goeth-J
all- was made a , captain and placed In
charge' of improvements .being made In
the Tennessee river near Chattanooga,
This .was' Goethals. first big engineer
leg assignment, i The river was a ser
ies of replda, which , made-navigatlea
practically Impossible, f It- was Goeth
als task to . clear' the river of bould
ers and other obstructions and build a
channel 14.6 miles loeg,' 70 to 100 feet
wide' and. six fwt'attp'XM V s.'
, Completion ,of ,: the work ,' fell to an
other, ; to jwever, f ory. before i Captain
Goethals Could complete, it the Spanish
war started' and Goethals was. made a
lieutenant, colonel- f ..volunteers and
chief .' of the volunteers' englneerins;
corps.. On December 11, 1898, he wsa
honorably discharged from - this .posi
tion and-returned to West Point as an
instructor in engineering. , , ; w.
When the war department wanted an
able engineer in 1800 to take charge of
the, construction, of defenses along the
New England 1 coast Goethals , waa
chosen, raised to the rank of major and
sent to Newport It. I.' There heiound
that besides erecting the coast defenses,
he would have to make extensive im
provements in the harbors of Hyannls.
Nantucket " New ? Bedford. Vlneyara
Haven, ' Foil River,' Woods Hole ' Chan
nel, and supervise the construction- of
bridges across . Buttermilk bay and
Wareham, Swift Acushnet Monumeut
anttseekonk rivers. i. s-f;j.-;
There was nothing that poethals liked
so much as this active. ; outdoor life.
with the actual command of many men,
He was in. the. midst -of the happlnesi
attendant upon the completion of a good
job on the New England coast defenses.
when n was plucked) away to decorate
a chair in Washlngxon.' He was ; as
1
signed to the general staff of the army,
a job which Goethals did -not like, but ,
which,' . nevertheless,-' is a . high , honor
and a great compliment to e man's ab'.i.
ity. ,' Probably the general staff attach.
ment was the best thing that ever hap
pened to Goethals,', for i while in i that
connection' he met Secretary of .War
Taft " who 'i was later - to call 'Goethals
to' the r attention of . Colonel Roosevelt
when a man was wanted to take charge
in .PenjimvTrX''.r.t'i
The Vgreat opportunity . f Goethals'
life came after he bad been attached Ho 1
the .general' staff for Jtour years. In '
February,' 1907, Goethals, still a major,
was sentto Panama to aid in the ea-
gineerlng work, of which John F. Stev- -ens
had charge. Within a few months .
Stevens retired and President Kooso
veit appointed Gottbals In hie place on
the theory that "a military man can t .
quit.!'.' ,And Goethals didn't quit ; Quit
ting: wasn't In his llne So far as he ;
was - concerned there wasn't any such
word In the English language. . - '
' Within a month after he had tackled
the world's greatest engineering proo -lem
with the energy and.TUror: ciidr-
actertstio of .him, Goethals waslinada
a lieutenant colonel and . on December -,
1809, two years after he took charge.
In the canal sone,' he aa raised to tha
rank'Of colonel. ' ' .i- ; "H :' - ,
WltfUa a few days after-h;o appoint- '
ment as chief engineer or- the isthmian
Canal commission, Goethals .was a na
tional figure. Several months aftsr he:1,
started work he waa a figure of worid
wide prominence.' . .. i '4
;?-yM'':4 BUkisf'the Olat jpjy.. ''V'""
) "Dlgl Make the dirt ByW
;v This was , President, RooaevSlfe coni- :
mand to. Chief Engineer Goethals, and
Goethals carried : it. out, to the letter.
Ha dug with tremendous,. energy.TTh '
big ditch had never, met '.such a 'Stub--;;
bora person before. It had .overcome .
many able and accomplished engineers. -but
it couldn't oyer.com Goethals, J '
- Ha took Immense Interest In his work. '
He realised that there was more to do .
in the sons than dig a canal, i He fouml ;
conditions there unsanitary and he ec t ,
about.' In - military fashion, c ta make 'v
things quite the -reverse. lie couldn't
have obtained better results If he had
had all of the merj and ' equipment -of y
the surgeon general's denartment of th
United States army at his command. He
cleaned up the fever, destroyed the mo
squito by destroying the swamn lands.
He organised a working1 army of 40,000 '
men and kept them working- , in unison, (3
bvercomlng petty ,-Jealousies, among' the
-various division commanders.: He lmV
ported the latest and most modern ma- .
chlnery-i possible."-, and 'insisted, that "
Washington gtve him absolute free reigu -in
the conduct of affairs in, the sone.
There was much objection- to i mek.'
lng. Goethals -ai little 'dictator, but he J
home that unless he had the nowar of a ''
czar in his own territory ha would Jie
able to accomplish ; but little. He has
been calleu the "Csar.of the Zone, the
"Solomon bf the. Isthmus." and tha TJie.
tator of Panama." He was all of, that M
no nun nurao... xie neia nis own ouri. :
settling, disputes.,: In order not to stop
work on the canal for even a, moment !
Goethals held f his court On Sunday r
mornings from IM to 10;30j He would 'y
hear , 'complaints, defenses? and' rpass f
judgmenta His judgment was final. No
vjw vr uivugut oi appealing to wasn- -'
tngton;fft; 4';i;-v:-,S'';is'vi,j:..'v.'t:tf:VV
When .' Colonel Geor - Washlngtoii
Goethals finishes the banal he will be , -65
years old. V-.. That will b:in iifL ;
Greater honors- are undoubtedly await-
lng him.' It has been suggested Severn I
times that he be made a maior (mimI. -v
outside of the chief of the ireneral staff.
tne nignest rank in the . United Btates . -
army. , .(-,4''.a.,- :'r,x;
Colonel Goethals' Assistants!
Colonel Harry JJV Hodses waa Vdii.
ted from West Point in 1181; one year' -after
Colonel Goethals. r They had been ,;
friends at the academy, . ,; ,, .-I ;-'7,
UeutenanfColonei David Dm B. Gail-'
lard has been in charge "of all excava1
tions in the Canal prism except that in.'' f.
cldental to lock and danv. construction " ,
This means that it has been GalUard'e
Job to break the backbone of the lath-'
mus of Panama anl m t-kL'il.
vertebrae. In a sketch of Colonel Qall-Sf
ira in a oook called 'The Makers of r
the Panama Canal." it is said' ,tf h.a
been a project that the world will at- -ways
regard as stupendous. He has
unemotionally shoveled the day out of -the
way, much as the householder shov. .
els the snow from lils sidewalk, and v
gone about his business bf cutting tne , .
backbone of Culebra." - . t
Lieutenant Colonel Willi m t. sik
with Hodges and Gal Hard. iB n.,nh..
of the Isthmian Canal Commission., He
has been In charge of the building f ,.
the great dam and locks at Gatun, and
he has, had other duties connected with'
the digging of the canal at the sea level
stretches. - i ; ,