. t , . ' ': ( - t -r ,4 f? 3S:iS-A 1 .'ff; fNMlGANAli .1 r AFTER NINE YEARS'; WORK 4 Continued From ' Pag One.) , supply tratn liavea CrlatobaU It i composed C refrlgemtor cars .contain ing Ice. meats And other perishable AT tides, alonir with a- number of cars con. ' tainlna: other supplies.; Thess are de4 llvered-at the station" along the :llne . and distributed bytM quartermasters department in the various settlements. The Panama canal, does rot,' as Is 1 generally supposed, .cross the : Isthmus j - In an east and. wet direction, on the ' contraryrlts general direction . ls from nortkwest to southeest. The . Pacifie ' . entrance near the cliy of Panama la i:''''r'''r 11 ,M.t.A-.' Iltan4f" MtMlbtA " near' uoion. , xnn ienain vi . vim -ennui. J i from shore line to aho-e line is about ; ; 40 miles but ' the additional : dredging of a, deep waterway la ioth approaches j , ' reaBy makes the canal 80 miles long. ' , ' The canal Is a lake canal as well as being Gatun lake, an artificially created -, bodylof i water , coyerlng , about: 104 A' immm ihIIm in h nnrthiijn half ' fit ' Which . the . canal casses. Tti- CDannei f the canal through the lake' Is about the surface, of the water in the lake, shall be maintained af S7. feet above . sea level. This level will not only e ' . tend through the laku," but through the . Culebra cut, which takes' off at the ( Southeastern, end or the lake.: 'As.the 4 - that about - 81 i miles of the Journey ; vaversea by sn'p in passing- tnrougn ,vf: "abov4 the sea.i On-both the Atlantic "- v and Paolfio sides, there is an approach ; ; extending from dees water to the locks'. ,,; which will lift the vessels to the level i Itt" passing through : the canal ; from ,,i'"."u,r " Wi vappracn cnannei in union ':.! hftr. , whloh hai l, hnttnm wtltv.' n KnA t.i-feet and extends to Qatun, a distance ' . fast ta th. Ul th lair C .An m 4 n v " throueh' the !rdsll out channnl n !. ( laaa tt wm enter the Culebra cut - The ' Channel . in th laka tVirlM " In wM.h -r) from;600 to J000 feet. . After passing "irougn tna cut,' which has, bottom ;,.., wuitn or soo feet th vessel trjll ente 'fths Pedro Mlgues lock and ,bo lowered ; ? vuv ieot to JMiraiiores lajse, which haa &iS n elevation ot 6414 feet above mx r : un,i ' D....,!,. ... . . c uiu ir on ion one-nair miles through the lake the vcaam win sea tevei, passing into ; the Pacifio through '. channel about' eigin ana one-nail miles In length .) 'j i having a bottom width of (00 feet The ;! '. Wfttr ln tn Culebra cut, as well as ins t -ft'i ' I. Z. v mo auiouo ana ; 51 viu ia to Be reeu ' ' H',, , . " ul, mi- giganiia aru- ; . " was necessary to Impound . the waters of the Charges river behind ' . .. . a bis: dam. Thla Vinir. K.l. ;, y, ' uun cam, is located about aeven ; miles south .of Colon at the northefn la"e. It la a mil. and f " ! f i nearly half mile wide Anli''' wm- oP" wnicn 1 about 10S fet normal level or tlm lak. ti- i. i , i ""y;iw r ? jnitlng the high bills ; ;, 0" either side of the Charges vallev o to convert the valley Into a huae Wf. tl,00?,"0' CublC y"rd" of "Serial, moat " atoti jrom tne Culebra cut Vrt akin 411 v, i.n. through the locks under Its own power .Electrically operated towing locomo-' tlves will be provided for -.r uiuweo in nan I To each ship there will be tour loco ; i motives, two en either side of the bow if and tweat the stern. The towing cables v iWill be attached to the locomotives by .,' 4 winding drums so that u will be posst J -,:;We for the cable to ba paid out or taken P while the locomotive Is stationed on ' , tn tracks. IThus the big ships will be 5ndr b0lt control at ell tlmea To i;' further aafeguard the locks from sccii ' .dent fender chains will be stretched i across them. These 'Chains will be ' f.t'apable v;jof stopping 10.000 ton shin1 running at four knots an hour, with! ; -.It feet, which la Jess than the dlsUnce j ; that will separate th chains from tn,' -..-lock gstea These chains can be 1oh - '. : "red Into grooves in the bottom ot tlie locks when the ship is ready to paas OUt'T;; it 'tV'jj.'-.", -..-i-'i .i i.vrt" ' " Another safety devise in the locks, Is the system of double gates which have -- ' .been provided at the entrances to all the locks and at the ower end of the upper lock , la eacK giight the guard gats at each Tir- protecting the lower gate from ramm'n- from a ship which mm COM PUTTED might possibly get away from the tow ing locomotives and break through the fender chains. - - ' ' -In addition to this there Is a movable emergency, dam placed at the bead bay above the upper locks at both ends of that Gatun lake. These can be swung into place in caee of an accident and atop . the flow'of water from the , Uuce Into the remainder ot the canal. ' . . The time of transit through the canal for a vessel of the largest type has been estimated, at frem.'lO to IS hours, depending on the rate of speed ma'n talned in pasting through Gatun Iaket It will take an hour and a. half to send a ship through the three locks at Gatun and the same time to. pass It through the three locks on the Pacific end. tie Pedro .Miguel -and -the two Mlrafloree locks. ' The feat of raising a large ocean going; vessel, with a full cargo aboard 7 teet and. lowering It to Us Initial level In the soace of three hours would have been declared impossible -a half century ago.J " Tet that Is exactly whs t can be done and what will be done when tne canal is thrown open for tAv;gation. CanaPs cost Approximates' 9400,000,000, VTbe total cost of the canal,; including me purcnaas irom - tne mew Panama canal company (the. French eombindr.- and the payment to th- Republic of ranama, will closely approach the 1400.' 000,000 mark.' J Three-fifths of a billion dollars to dU a mile ditch! ' This is by far the' moat costly engineering pro. ject In the world. ' No other engineering marvel ' has cost $10,000,000' mile to build as has the Panama canal. X-Ai Over - 116.000.000 on this tium'-'lui been spent In making the canal tone nabitabis and sanitary. , At first glance this seems to be an enormous 'amount of money, to' spend Mn, cleaning un a place In which few people wlU reside permanently, yet the engineers say that the sanitation of .the canal none was the chief factor in making "Ve canal a real ..... . -i... 'it? x ! I " - i t - BALBOA DUMPSAND NAOS :jH:;7w;.n'',iL ;'"-.A''' '''v'''-'' yv -V':'v?-?-V,,.?..'.?;; Photograph Copy Hgh tad by InternaUontl Ktwi-.BervlC'". ity. - Much t the failure of the French was due .to the fact that workmen could not survive In the fever end pest fd den country, '1.1,. - - Th canal sons ' Cynains ; about 436 square miles. It begins at a point three - marine ; miles from ; mean low water mark In each jcean,and extends lor five'mlles on each side xt the cer. ter line of the route of the canaL It Includes the group of Islands . In the Bay of Panama named Perido.Naos, Culebra and Flamenco. 'The. cities of Panama and Colon are excluded from the sone, but the United Btates has the right to enforce saniuiry ordinances in those cities, . and. to maintain public order la them In cese the Republio of Panama should not be able In the judg ment of the United States to do so. Of the 431 sauare mlla of nana" rltory, the tnlted "States ': owns about S6S and T3 are held In private owner ship. Under' the ' treaty with Panama. the United States has 'the right to ec. quire by purchase cf by the exercise ot tne ngni or eminent aomain. lands. Duuaings. water rights, or, other oroo- erties necessary and convenient for the Construction, maintenance; '. operation. sanitauon, and protection of the- canal. ana it can .tnererore, at any t)me ac aulre the lands within the una hound arles which are owned by private per sons. The United States will .also' con trol tne ' area to. be covered .bv Qatun lake' which extends beyond the lines.of The population of the canal 1 sone. of. ficial census, Js 12,110; of the Paoamj city. 86.188; of Colon.' 17,749. - . , In" the construction of .the canal moat of the manual labor was performed by Spanlarda, Italians, West-Indians, and natives of the Republic of Panama, To them credit is due, but the major' part ot ine giory-. in sucn a' remarkable achievement must be given to the Amer ican engineers, and - to ; the ' ' officials, clerical force, ' construction - teen and skilled artisans, . who were . practically all Americans. ' The 'Panama canal has been a' big undertaking: and - has' de veloped some big . men, .' chief among them being General Q. W. Goethals. who is known as "the man who mad t the dirt fly." , . i .."V..? - .-i! . Lr;, V V'"'f-. I lirnifH ifllinnrnrin' : I Xmerloan iomfc4:;ColomblaapparnU ,v . -' ' , " ? , 4 , Vigorous ; Wielding of poose- . " t j' . fl .a a a' ,'y a ' ' veit's "Big ttick'. .Wins : Canal Zone for: U. S, ' i, ' i Br ,the international (Tew Benrtee.1 :Colon. ; Panama, ; Octn 4. When-the Unltea States finally took over the work of constructing the big ditch, the first moves,' made were , to eradlcate allof the grat and Incompetence that ruined the French plana VThe Canal son was made clean of yellow fever and malaria by the Introduction of i sanitation : and the draining of swamp lands. : The most modern , mechanical i appliances - were brought intpSA and the-best, engineer lng and brains -pf America were -put to work. cWhIle the United "States.uhder esttmated, -the cost of o&struCUnar;tha canal, the., expenditures ; being ; double the first estimate, the estimate of ; the time came close to being accurate ; u' Several international commissions of engineers investigated "tne work : upon thl canal, and reported that completion or the work snouia bu practicable. In 1890 President McKinley sent a commie sion. of engineers' to Panama, which commission reported In favor of accept ing the offer of the Panama Canal com pany to aell Its concessions and property for 840,000,000.' After a careful Inves tigation i oi . tne t title c or the Panama company, 'congress in . 1909 authoris -d the president to' purchase the franchise of that company and its property tor $40,000,000 and this was done. ' , Kfforte were then ' made' to effect a treaty - wijh . Colombia . which r would allow- the United . States to . go ahoad and construct' the canal' without interference- or - confusion with ' CentraJ- ISLAND BREAKSWATER OMtPACIHC'END mm lit ; v : : a :. ': - .v v'r - - Amerlcan politics thought it saw an . opportunity to get rich 'quick, arid an effort was made -to gently "hold up"; Uncle Sanv All 'ef forts at treaty making failed because, of Colombia's exorbitant demands. ' which caused much dissatisfaction In Panama, ana in jyu . fsnama ueciarea its inae pendence of Colombia. ; tt- xhtii'?. And ,f then Colonel , Theodore 2 Roose belt as president of the United sutea wielded the -big stick" .with telling ef- rect. A treaty made between the United States and Colombia in 1848 gave to the United ' 8UteSs the right to . maintain Uninterrupted transit across the Isth mus or ranama. ana ' because . of this President ' Roosevelt ; directed the com manders of the battleship,. Nashville ana' Marblebead. then in Colombian wa tens, to prevent the Invasion of ePanama oy .-Colombian troops. This ' the - war, ships did, and the American 'officials in charge of the Panama railroad ; re fused to transport Colombian soldier. Colombia, 'unable to do anything- to put oown ,-. -tne ', reDeiiion or Panama. was rorcea to sir. DacK while , theUnitcd States i soon after , of fletally recoanlsed the Republio of Panama, which republic granted to the-United, States .exclusive control and occupation of the. Panama canal sone. VV The United States under thetreaty-witb Panama. "also had aan. itary control over the cities of Panama ana vmun, wnn ui rujoi to; maintain order In those cities by force of arms, which gave - us an .- excuse to . quarter troops in. them.- v ;.. n, C-v-W Colombia sent a special ambassador to Washington with a proposition that the United States allow Colombia to re- annex- Panama In return for -which Co lombia would greatly reduce her former offer-with regard to the canal. Colom bia was now very humble, and evidenced no. desire whatever to "hold up Uncle Sam,:: but the authorities at 'Washlncr ton declined ' to have any further deal ings, with that i Central .American re public. -5-' .-1-? s.:'0.i8.;:.'Cau.'-'-v--:':-: She I am' going to order lust - about everything on ' the bill -of fare. What are you goinc to call fort '- . j - ? He I think .I'll call for help. Judge. WHOMADEfTWEiDIRTFtY -iA (Continued :, From Pair On. assistant to lieutenant Colonel Merrll-, who .this, time 'wa( tn charge: of ' Im provements " on i the ; Ohio nlVer near Pittsburg. On December: 14, 1891, Goeth-J all- was made a , captain and placed In charge' of improvements .being made In the Tennessee river near Chattanooga, This .was' Goethals. first big engineer leg assignment, i The river was a ser ies of replda, which , made-navigatlea practically Impossible, f It- was Goeth als task to . clear' the river of bould ers and other obstructions and build a channel 14.6 miles loeg,' 70 to 100 feet wide' and. six fwt'attp'XM V s.' , Completion ,of ,: the work ,' fell to an other, ; to jwever, f ory. before i Captain Goethals Could complete, it the Spanish war started' and Goethals was. made a lieutenant, colonel- f ..volunteers and chief .' of the volunteers' englneerins; corps.. On December 11, 1898, he wsa honorably discharged from - this .posi tion and-returned to West Point as an instructor in engineering. , , ; w. When the war department wanted an able engineer in 1800 to take charge of the, construction, of defenses along the New England 1 coast Goethals , waa chosen, raised to the rank of major and sent to Newport It. I.' There heiound that besides erecting the coast defenses, he would have to make extensive im provements in the harbors of Hyannls. Nantucket " New ? Bedford. Vlneyara Haven, ' Foil River,' Woods Hole ' Chan nel, and supervise the construction- of bridges across . Buttermilk bay and Wareham, Swift Acushnet Monumeut anttseekonk rivers. i. s-f;j.-; There was nothing that poethals liked so much as this active. ; outdoor life. with the actual command of many men, He was in. the. midst -of the happlnesi attendant upon the completion of a good job on the New England coast defenses. when n was plucked) away to decorate a chair in Washlngxon.' He was ; as 1 signed to the general staff of the army, a job which Goethals did -not like, but , which,' . nevertheless,-' is a . high , honor and a great compliment to e man's ab'.i. ity. ,' Probably the general staff attach. ment was the best thing that ever hap pened to Goethals,', for i while in i that connection' he met Secretary of .War Taft " who 'i was later - to call 'Goethals to' the r attention of . Colonel Roosevelt when a man was wanted to take charge in .PenjimvTrX''.r.t'i The Vgreat opportunity . f Goethals' life came after he bad been attached Ho 1 the .general' staff for Jtour years. In ' February,' 1907, Goethals, still a major, was sentto Panama to aid in the ea- gineerlng work, of which John F. Stev- -ens had charge. Within a few months . Stevens retired and President Kooso veit appointed Gottbals In hie place on the theory that "a military man can t . quit.!'.' ,And Goethals didn't quit ; Quit ting: wasn't In his llne So far as he ; was - concerned there wasn't any such word In the English language. . - ' ' Within a month after he had tackled the world's greatest engineering proo -lem with the energy and.TUror: ciidr- actertstio of .him, Goethals waslinada a lieutenant colonel and . on December -, 1809, two years after he took charge. In the canal sone,' he aa raised to tha rank'Of colonel. ' ' .i- ; "H :' - , WltfUa a few days after-h;o appoint- ' ment as chief engineer or- the isthmian Canal commission, Goethals .was a na tional figure. Several months aftsr he:1, started work he waa a figure of worid wide prominence.' . .. i '4 ;?-yM'':4 BUkisf'the Olat jpjy.. ''V'"" ) "Dlgl Make the dirt ByW ;v This was , President, RooaevSlfe coni- : mand to. Chief Engineer Goethals, and Goethals carried : it. out, to the letter. Ha dug with tremendous,. energy.TTh ' big ditch had never, met '.such a 'Stub--;; bora person before. It had .overcome . many able and accomplished engineers. -but it couldn't oyer.com Goethals, J ' - Ha took Immense Interest In his work. ' He realised that there was more to do . in the sons than dig a canal, i He fouml ; conditions there unsanitary and he ec t , about.' In - military fashion, c ta make 'v things quite the -reverse. lie couldn't have obtained better results If he had had all of the merj and ' equipment -of y the surgeon general's denartment of th United States army at his command. He cleaned up the fever, destroyed the mo squito by destroying the swamn lands. He organised a working1 army of 40,000 ' men and kept them working- , in unison, (3 bvercomlng petty ,-Jealousies, among' the -various division commanders.: He lmV ported the latest and most modern ma- . chlnery-i possible."-, and 'insisted, that " Washington gtve him absolute free reigu -in the conduct of affairs in, the sone. There was much objection- to i mek.' lng. Goethals -ai little 'dictator, but he J home that unless he had the nowar of a '' czar in his own territory ha would Jie able to accomplish ; but little. He has been calleu the "Csar.of the Zone, the "Solomon bf the. Isthmus." and tha TJie. tator of Panama." He was all of, that M no nun nurao... xie neia nis own ouri. : settling, disputes.,: In order not to stop work on the canal for even a, moment ! Goethals held f his court On Sunday r mornings from IM to 10;30j He would 'y hear , 'complaints, defenses? and' rpass f judgmenta His judgment was final. No vjw vr uivugut oi appealing to wasn- -' tngton;fft; 4';i;-v:-,S'';is'vi,j:..'v.'t:tf:VV When .' Colonel Geor - Washlngtoii Goethals finishes the banal he will be , -65 years old. V-.. That will b:in iifL ; Greater honors- are undoubtedly await- lng him.' It has been suggested Severn I times that he be made a maior (mimI. -v outside of the chief of the ireneral staff. tne nignest rank in the . United Btates . - army. , .(-,4''.a.,- :'r,x; Colonel Goethals' Assistants! Colonel Harry JJV Hodses waa Vdii. ted from West Point in 1181; one year' -after Colonel Goethals. r They had been ,; friends at the academy, . ,; ,, .-I ;-'7, UeutenanfColonei David Dm B. Gail-' lard has been in charge "of all excava1 tions in the Canal prism except that in.'' f. cldental to lock and danv. construction " , This means that it has been GalUard'e Job to break the backbone of the lath-' mus of Panama anl m t-kL'il. vertebrae. In a sketch of Colonel Qall-Sf ira in a oook called 'The Makers of r the Panama Canal." it is said' ,tf h.a been a project that the world will at- -ways regard as stupendous. He has unemotionally shoveled the day out of -the way, much as the householder shov. . els the snow from lils sidewalk, and v gone about his business bf cutting tne , . backbone of Culebra." - . t Lieutenant Colonel Willi m t. sik with Hodges and Gal Hard. iB n.,nh.. of the Isthmian Canal Commission., He has been In charge of the building f ,. the great dam and locks at Gatun, and he has, had other duties connected with' the digging of the canal at the sea level stretches. - i ; ,