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About The Oregon daily journal. (Portland, Or.) 1902-1972 | View Entire Issue (Nov. 1, 1908)
BANK GUARANTY PLAN NOT VISIONARY OF NEW J. II. -Albert of Salem Gives a Clear Statement, of In vestigatiohs 3Tade by Itfen of - Finance and Some of the Conclusion Already Beached. Written for The Journal br 3- J1 -AI berl president of the Capltel : Natlon- ! bank. Salem. Or. ; it hsVbeen urged by , Republics journals and campaign- speakers that ths question or guaraniy ci onam um ! posits la only a political or partisan vrj to be forgotten after election; that ' U 1 a new. question and one which - neither careful banker nor prudent de positors wUl want.. They have invent ed vlaionary guaranty plana, wild .ln- isunuioe schemes, vagaries 01 . meir own; hate demolished, them and Imag- !ne their eophlatry has xniea jne pr.n IxJsita, the elaboration of which la not a poUUcal or partisan PUra .but purely on of cononci.tn agiutlpa - Sx whloh boganlong WorMhlr polit ical campaign, had no connection with either? -the partlea and aiter this elaeUofa will not be forgotten, nor wlU ft dowS wUl it be' eemed by prorldlng eecurity from loss to the depositors as la now vouchsafed to ..the note holder. i Eminent Banker Tsroe n. It has been the subject of earneet oonalderatlon and discussion in ers' conventions and In congressional committees for decade or more and u one feafurj of the new currency bill adopted and reportedly tnexom L. . limner to the house of rep- ressntattvee at Its last eiiionof whloh 1 the Honorable CharlesN. wlen a conservative banker and an authority on financial legislation, la chUrma and, I understand, received the moral 'support of the president.' , This bill provided, for an additional t national bank note issue and the estab lishment In the United States treasury Jisnment n u M00.000.000 to .guarantee the 1 redemption ot those notes in gold ooln ana protect u -posltors In national banks. This bill .was a Republican measure and was de feated only by a coalition pi the f risftds .of the Aldrich 4Hd the Vreeland bills, resulUng to, the passage of a teporary patchwork bill called, the Vreeland-- : dricb bill, expiring by limitation in v but providing for a monetary com mission of ulna senators and .nine rep resentatives, to which Is referred the ; guaranty question and all others af fecting our monetary eystem -to report at Its discretion. Many of wir eminent bankers favor the guaranty of national bank deposits, anions them the . dis tinguished financier, the Honorable Ly man J. -Gago. late secretary of the treasury, who aays; , . xyma J. Oage's Opinion. There -is no difference la principle Knivivn the' obligations of the bank expressed by a credit on Its books, and. its note wnicn roar pui irom hand." - To the committee on currency and banking when asked by Repre sentative Weeks, "Do yeu think it would be Judicious for congress to pass 'the Fowler bill substantially as ft is in Its entirety and practically change our circulating- medium at one Jumpr Kx-KecreUry Gage answered "Tea, I think the people would look upon 4700,- . AAA AAA i .AW.- l.-4b-V4tfirHTM up,' as' security for ,ots redemption guaranty; and for deposits, with perfect complacency, xney woura oe very uu reasonable if they did. not" ii . Others who nominally oppose guar anty of deposits favor its equivalent, vli Bolldarlte In the relation between 'the banks in this system and their de positors, such as exists between the parent bask and its branches In other countries. ... we . nave over .. e.uuw branches In our national system, but no central or parent bank. The comp troller of the currency, .William B. RMrlev. In hia last reDort December 1, 1807, referring to the central banking system, says: "A national central bank. eta. etc would not be open to the objections urged against the former United States banks, that they were really private Institutions engaged in a banking busi ness, u Buch a bsnlc would be mue more thjtn a deoartmeht of the government. It would greatly improve the efficiency. ana value or me ireaauir veparuneni ajnil make It a mean's of assistance and benefit to business. Instead of a menace and a Aanorer. and would make our cur rency and banking system a source ot : impregnsois sirengin w iun iiuw Clal stress. . - , Wotild "Trerent raaios. ' "By the wise use of Its great powers and. facilities it would be able to ab solutely prevent the recurrence In the -United (states or a wiaespreaa oanx panic It would add to the stability of our business In every line and' give us a banking and a financial system acual to anv in trie world. "Some of the objections to the guar anty of deposits by the general govern ment jnrould not hold in the case .of its being done by a central banks which might be given power to do that In its charter. If the experience of the coun try In the bank panics from 1867 to in 91 needed any further confirmation. the panic of .1807 has demonstrated be- rond the possibility of denial that per ectly solvent banks. If independent. Isolated units wit a no power or coopera tion except through such voluntary as sociation as their clearing houses, can not protect themselves in a panto and save - themselves from failure without such a suspension of payments as to produce disorder and demoralisation in 'all the business of their customer. No single .bank or group -of banks can rin thla for themaei vea. They must de pend on the government of the United Biaies. ror.ima reason mis quaauuu Is submitted for your consideration, . sriuMteaarfnl In Canada. : Tha solution of such a vast problem as this presents. Is not te be hoped for In any short time. Opinions are still ' too diverse to bring about quickly any - such agreement as Is necessary to ac complish a. definite and final result." ' iQ w JL uo uui ucimr Li ik I. luuoiuiiivj to depositors'" though an important fao tor need a wait the solution of the whole problem. I believe the. government stands in a similar relation to the na tional banks that the narent Dank in Canada does to Its branchea The na tional system is the' creature of the government subjeot to its rules and actually governed by it through the comptroller of currency and the regu lationa of the currency bureau. It has bn reimbursed for tvery item of ex sense incurrea ny it ana nas reapea oesiaes a net pront or jli7.o&,t)6j.7X. 'while the total losses to depositors and Other creditors of its -involvent banks during the 41 years of tbelr exlstenoe is but I3l.188.jfc3. 00 or less than one- fifth of the amount of the government's net snare oi earnings, wnue tne gov ernment has contributed nothtnc to ths capital, it has received a Urge snare of the profit hnd((rlliev should be Uablef J i. uw sac as a ihviiu ssas gucut vciuioi for losses. At least . to .'the extent of surh participation- in the profits. Hot Add Burden. feuch Indemnity -would not . interfere with or in any manner change the eon Nluct or supervlnlon of ' the national banks nor (ay at-.y ' additional burden upon them, but will solve the question ' thm doDoaltor Who asks Why a denoslt cf J100 In a national bank for which he recelvea its cnirsrni cermwsw is Dear? rr 4s safer than the other 1100 depoe Jted at the same. time, for. which-he re- 1.1a t v the same bank to hie order. The one being a national bank note,- the ,vher a national bank certificate of de- Hfiit. "'J ' ..... It is to be regretted that In the dfi tui'tt'on of the Question raised, in th Miftorm of, the ZJembCrStic party rela- . .. . . . r 4nnlVnt national hankft itm and fttLiavr .to bring It Into disrepute bv clUi'fc'. the sjjoradlo 'SPtlon of the ( Ui kin system of Oklahoma Irf- ujtiirat.vi only a heif a year ago with it th ri i'atle data, to be (obtained only f-i ni ! "C perloj of banking expert- as"irtlnent to the real question - -rr""? .: : ; ' arn entitled to consideration lri'ita dls- cuasion. 1 ,. . t "'v. - Bxlner Btonar Ifrom Hiding. The fact that the' Platform 1 snores the Oklahoma method ,1s evidence that it jloes not gpirrov it; and its phrase ology Indicates that it lacks confidence - lnT Independent action on the part o" the stmte banka There being reason for this lack of confidence In the his tory of the note Issues of the state banks under the heterogeneous systems which prevailed before the war, causing a loss of many millions of dollars to thlr note holders. The framers of that platform well knew thatUn; our so-called state oanxe we nave 4S different systems, food and bad, old and new, with o fem lance of uniformity, furnishing no re liable data -upon which to base a guar anty, law acceptable to . conservative bankers. On the other hand, our na tional ayatem, with its 44 years of ex perience. Including three periods of great financial stress, furnishes suoh re- uaoie aata pertaining to possible maxi mum and minimum losses, and the aver age losses to depositors in insolvent national banks for that nariod. as to enable It oloeely and safely to estimate lroaiii sum zuiure losses. Mence tne only guaranty legislation surges tod In the platform pertains to national banks and suoh state banks as may voluntarily adopt the same or a similar plan. It suggests no plan simply promulgates the doctrine. Thla would apparently give great advantage to the national ank for reasons above eta ted. vet no hegira from the state banks need be expected indeed, Under normal condi tions a guaranty would make little dif ference with ths patrons of a bank, but It mla-ht be of rreat value In the dawn of a panto, and might be valuable at all in ment ' has been cut down .to about the one-twentieth part of 1 per cent of. the average deposits.- ' j Again, - it is regrettabls, that disin genuous sUitementa should be -made to the public upon this question, especi ally by those la a position to know , the facts. For instance, I quote below a stock argument used by Mr. Taft in his oampalgn Itinerary: ' ' : "It la permissible under the national banking act for banks to organise with a capital f 126,000. The security which banks offer the depositors . de pends upon the amount of capital, the amount of surplus and publlo confidence in ma officers or the institution. mntfttr the nronosen' svatem the de nnalrora In a hank with a canltal Oi $26,000 and no surplus, and with oft I- mee in calllnr out of hldtnaf monev hoarded by a class of people who had before been afraid of all hanks. ,. t ratrons Save Blind, ralta. To show that detositcra do not nau. ally patronise one bank Instead of an other on- account, of comparative strength and safety, but that they con sider ail banks safe. I will, cite the pres ent status of banking In Oregon. Seo- tion or our constitution provides that "The stockholders of ail corporations i anq joint siock companies anaii te liable for the Indebtedness of said corporation to the amount of their stock unpaid and no more," ao that under our law the de positor In ai state bank has no recourse upon the officers arrd shareholders, but must rely solely upon the assets of the bank; while- the depositor In a national bank Is scoured by the personal liabil ity of every shareholder to the extent of the full par value of, his stock In addition to bis original payment of Its par value. Yet, about one half of the deposits In this state are held by the relatively insecure Dan as. The sniaranty 'Plan Is Impractical. In Oregon except by voluntary action of such of the state banks as 'would be willing to be Jointly liable for each other and without personal liability of shareholders Its guaranty fund would necessarily . be very large to be ade quate. . xs jsuiwanc or nyseem. - -The creat bulwark ef the national banking system Is the reserve of $906,- eoo.ooo personal liability or its stock holders and it la due to the fact that Xshla reserve has been so liberally drawn upon in uie past to meet tne liability of its insolvent banks that the average Idea to depositors since its establuh- eers of little experience and indiffer ent reputation can orrer tne puoiio ex actly the same seourity. for the payment of deposits as a bank with a capital of $600,000, a surplus of $260,000 and with officers known to be honest and abla Depositors, therefore, Insofar as security of deposits is concerned, are as likely to make their deposits in ths $26,000 bank as in the bank with the capital of $600,000." w . 'ow Mr. Taft, lcng-rTMie member of the cabinet and candidate for the 'office of president of the United States, should know that "it Is permissible under the national banking act for banka to or ganise with a capital of $26,000" only In towns of not more than 8,000 popu lation where it would be Impossible to come Into competition with a bank of $600,000 capital and $260,000 surplus." If Mr. Taft does not know better some friend In the currency . bureau should correct his blunder. Xepeate Taffs Blunder. Another of his statements repeated by the Baltimore Sun, Is that the lbse to depositors "amounts In the national banks of the oountry to one-twenty-sixth ef one per oent of the deposits each year" and In another place gives the present amount of deposits at $e, 000,000,000. The fact Is that the loss of one-twenty-sixth of one per cent was ths average loss to depositors upon the annual -average deposits of national banks since their organisation, auch annual average deposits being bat lit tle in excess of $1,600,000,000. Now as the loss to depositors has no rela tion to the amount of deposits, some of the heaviest losses having occurred when deposits were at the lowest ebb, the nercentaare of the annual lose at present would be as 1 Is to 6, but mak ing the correction upon the basis of the last report of the comptroller of the' currency ft wouid really be approxi mately one-fiftieth of one per cent. . Again Mr. Tan says: i "In Oklahoma, the place where they ry out the experiments, they are flnd nr that banks are belna- orkanlsed with a capital of $10,000 by persons who have failed In ths banking business before, by men that are under charges of embezzlement, but who are able to ret deposits by saying to depositors: 1 am a good fellow and want you to ualn me out Put 'your monev In mv back, . because this million-dollar bang! up ner of Mr; umun s is my security t H a , vmi -vtll arm vmir ,nAaUA-tnr., ' ' Bephes to M. Tart. Now what bearing has this upon the question of the guaranty by the govern ment of deposits in itiiOwn hafiksf To the old timers ef the south, Mr. Taft's present Itinerary will recall .that Of his mythical prototype of "Baron Roor back's" tour through the westers -and southern states. There are Jtngoa on both' sides of this question who .are detrimental to its solution. Ths optimist who builds castles In the air and deems the guar anty a panacea for all financial' ills, that under its provision there can be no panics, that by some occult process fold csn be instantaneously transferred rom New Tork to Portland to meet the exigencies of commerce. . and, on the other hand it can be miraculously wafted back again to meet the exchange demands of our customers Ignores the fact that over 00 per cent of tho busi ness of the country Is based on credit and that when any locality demands the cash that it sometimes becomes a physical Impossibility to comply . with ,the demand. a lt As not ajguestlPii ef sanfldjnce In responsibility and ability finally to pay the demand, but in confidence In 1 the ability to pay now and here that caused J me -panto or. a year w """ hand we. have the pessimist, "the calamity Howleri who predicts absolute ruin of the good banks of the present by amnvaslon of swindlers and raacaia who will leave the gambliag tables and Urt banks i purposely to wreck them to gat rich on the spoUa This class w6uid lead 'you to', believe a paradox., via .that guaranteeing deposits will re sult in unsafe banking, that national banks are safe now because . they are not perfectly secure, and that to make them perfectly secure would make them unsafe. ' ""r" --. To establish the fact that our nation al banking System .was not Irkglby the banks and capita list ftfiat'day but was-purely a ereafon of the goy ernment and forced upon the, banks by the- exigencies of wet,' and that there is a moral obllgatlonas well as a fiscal one on' the pert of the government to Indemnify their depositors against loss, we need but" review briefly their history. History of Ban-inr. ' TheJ financial crisis of; 186T had rM the several states banking easterns of thAlo iiAinnnil lnMtnttnna' leavlnr but few atandinir In the west, and placing: the whole oountry on a solid specie pay-l ins; casus. . , inuring tne general suspen sion, the well-secured notes of the east ern and New England state circulated there as freely as before, but the weet ern states had practically no currency left but gold, and having lost heavily through the depreciation of their poorly secured bank circulation, were loath to reinstate paper1 currency of any kind; The constitution of our own state (sec tion 1, article 11), .bears evidence of this revulsion In its prohibition of banks of issue, and our subsequent- adherenoe to the gold standard throughout the war vu tha. raault of the same feeling whloh permeated all the west and which east of the Stocky mountains was over come by contiguity alona Again the remoteness of the Faclfi elope coupled with the fact that It had no backs or Issue led It to adhere to the gold stand ard In all transactions except those) with the general government. ' The entire national debt at the begin ning of 181 was abotrt $90,000,000. The customs fell off durlnar the year In eon sequence of the taking effect in April of the Morrill .protective tariff (the first Republican tariff) so that they amounted for the current, year to (only I39,000,,000. less tnan naa Deen reansea n anv formar vear atnea 1818. The cir culation consisted ot nots (of spew paying state banks) 1200,000,000;,, gold and subsidiary sliver, $240,000,000. "' . Was 'War Time Measure. On July 17, 1881, Just four days prior to the disastrous defeat of our armies at Bull Run, within cannon sound f the capltol, President Lincoln approvea "an act to authorise a .national loan and for other ussue of not Unite States sum. However, was author nea to ot is sued In treasury notes, payable to bear er on demand, none to oe issuea of a less denomination than $10. This was the first note Issue of the rovernment The banks of New Tork, Philadelphia and Boston? immediately took $60,000,000 of the bonds, advancing the gold as required by the government. Later these same banks took $60,000,000 more. In the meantime the; conclusion was reluctantly reached by the government and the people that the war was not to be ended In a few months, and that the fireparatlons financially were entirely nadequate to the pressing needs present and future. The banks had parted with $100,000,000 of their gold which the government could not repay and the In ability to respond to further calls, coupled with the rumor that con frees was about to' Issue a large amount of notes giving them legal-tender powers, forced the banks ef New York, Phila delphia and Boston to suspend specie fiayments, which they did slmultaneous v December SO. 1881. when gold and bank notes parted company, not to meet! again unui me resumption si specie payments on january-4, 187$.--- -.:' Our national credit had been Impaired ahmad by a combination of -unfortunate events. Our defeat at Bull Run had been exaggerated and misrepresented in Europe. Our soldiers accused of cow ardice. The humillatlnrconcluslon of tf5 i eumome a ji&uonu ionn anu purposes," providing for the not exceeding; $250,000,000 of ates bonds: $50,000,000 of this (Continued on Next Page.) 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