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About The Oregon daily journal. (Portland, Or.) 1902-1972 | View Entire Issue (March 27, 1904)
THE OREGON JOURNAL'. PORTLAND. SUNDAY MORNING, MARCH ,27, 1804. True Story of the 'Massacre of an Immigrant Train by Indians at "Bloody Point! Tale Lake, Klamath County, Oregon, In IQ52;f: ' THE SAB FATE. "OF THE BEAUTIFUL UNKNOWN. i HE late Jsaaq Constant, who wal ii captain of the train, is authority for the enclosed story, sir. won- etant came to Rogue River val ley in September, 1862, and took up a donation claim near the present site or Central Point He was one of the best known ana most pnymnem iarmoro in the valley. A man tofj stem Integrity and unbending will, Ms word was as good aa his bond. He lived continuously on bis claim up to the date of his death in January, 1890. He was uncompro mising in matters of principle, a man of much influence and had the confi dence and esteem of all who knew him. The writer, with his parents, was about ISO miles behind the murdered train, and passed around the same noted point, our train being guarded by Ben Wright men. . The story In all respects is substantially true and has never been published. W. J. PLYMALE. Early In the spring of 1852 a party of Immigrants arrived at Weston, Mo., bound for the "Golden West" They were people from the middle states who had sold valuable farms and were all well-to-do. They bought outfits here consisting of horses, wagons, oxen, pro visions, ammunition and everything nec essary for the long and arduous Journey of which they had been fully advised. This was the second or third train of the great Immigration of that year. At Weston two young men. made' applica tion to accompany u irajn, promising to perform such duties as might be re quired of them, and in all things to be faithful and devoted td the best inter ests and most speedy progress of the train. Their manner was such aa to Inspire confidence, and they were al lowed to Join the company. ; f t When everything was In readiness the train pulled out and crossing the Mis souri river, camped about Ave miles out in the Indian territory. It must be remembered that at that time Kansas was not settled, and that when the Mis souri river waa crossed the Indian ter ritory was at once encountered. Here the company organised by electing Isaac C. captain. .. Mr. C waa a man ofsplen dld self -poise, strong personality, good Judgment, fine executive ability and had the confidence of every member of the train. And though many of the company were anxious to reach the gold fields of the Pacific at the earliest date possible the captain decided that no traveling should ' be done on Sundays. . He be lieved , the Journey would be made as quickly and with less wear and fatigue by resting one day in seven. The train was well . supplied with reading matter and musical instruments, and when Sunday came It waa soon found to be a The Fine (By ' Xeelet XL Qabbert.) v- 1 1 HE first inaugural ball In Oregon I v was a notable function of his I torlc Interest . General Josvph Lane, who had served with dis tinction In the war with Mexico, was wounded in one of the engagements un der General Taylor. Soon after his re turn from the war he was appointed the first territorial governor of Oregon, and was commissioned on August 18, 1848. Governor Lane and his staff reached Oregoa city March S, 1849, making the trip from Portland to the falls in a bateau, or flatboat The new executive . and his party were received at Oregon City, then the capital of the newly organized territory, with great pomp. It was the beginning of a new epoch in the history of the northwest for It was the transition from the provisional govern ment organized In 1846, - to that of an organised territory of the United States. The reception to the governor, and his staff took place at the home of William Livingstone Holmes, now- known as "Rose Farm," Just outside of the pres ent corporate limits of Oregon City. Many prominent persons were present, including DT. John McLoughlln; George Abernethy. who had been governor un der the provisional government, and Su preme Judge A J. Lovejoy. Almost the entire population participated In the function, including residents of Port land. The dinner or banquet was served In the afternoon on the long porch In front of the dwelling, and appropriate toasts and responses enlivened the, fes tive occasion. The meats for the ban- if if 9 . ., ' i W. E. Curtis in Chicago Record-Herald. Everybody who keeps in touch with the slowly changing social conditions In India is convinced that the caste, the most Important fetich of the Hindus, Is gradually losing its hold, particularly upon the upper classes, because they ranot adjust it to the' requirements of - modern civilization and to tbe foreign customs they . imitate and' value so much. Very . high authorities have pre dicted In toy hearing that caste will be ' practically obsolete within the next 60 years, and entirely disappear before, the end Of the century, provided the mis sionaries and other reformers will let It atone and not keep It alive by contro versy. It. Is a good fetich, and when it is attacked the loyal Hindu Is compelled to defend and Justify It no matter what his private opinion of Its practi cability and advantageaiay be, but, if foreigners will ignore it, the progres sive, cultured Hindus will themselves discard It , The influence of travel, official and commercial relations, and social Inter course with foreigners, personal ambi tion for preferment In the military and civil service, the adoption of modern customs and other agencies are at work undermining the Institution, and when a Hindu finds that the laws interfere with his comfort or convenience, he is very certain to Ignore them. The ex perience of the Maharaja of Jevpore, of whom I wrote you yesterday, it not 1 unusual. His case Is only one of thu- sands, and nearly every native-prince and wealthy Hindu has broken caste again and again without suffering the slightest disadvantage, which has1 riat- - urally make them Indifferent ': Travelers see very little of this pecu liar Institution, but It Is so complicated that they csnnot comprehend It without months of study. They notice that halt the men they' meet on the stets have odd looking signs upon their foreheads. Ityss,; our bearer, calls them "god marks," but they are entirely artificial, and indicate the particular deity which the wearer Is in the habit Of worshiping. as well as the casta to, which he be longs. ; A ' white . triangle means great relief and source of satisfaction to rest and read and collect In groups and listen to vocal and Instrumental music. After the company had become weary' and travel-worn, Sundays were looked forward to as so many happy oasis In the desert of a toilsome Jour ney which seemed more disheartening with each succeeding day.,. . It Is not the Intent of this paper to relate the many graphic and interesting Incidents that transpired along the way, as these are common to all trains and would only be n repetition of what in some measure all experienced in cross ing the plains. The narrative will there fore be confined mainly to the "un known" and the two, young men. In pursuing Us way westward the company occasionally came to a trading post where some adventurous spirits had reached an understanding with the Indians and were trading them goods and cheap variety notions for furs, pelts and other articles of commerce. These posts generally carried in stock sugar, coffee, tobacco, etc,, and were supplied by fast mule teams which placed them In direct and reasonably speedy commu nication with their sources of supply In the east It was natural for trains to stop at these posts to inquire the news and make such small purchases as tney chanced to need. All each successive post was reached the company was in formed that there . were two small trains ahead. It was represented that there were a number of womeri - and children with these trains, and special mention was made of a handsome young woman,' tall and willowy, with a wealth of auburn hair,, dark basel eyes and truly fascinating to all who came In contact with her. It was said of her that she had a happy greeting and pleas ant smle for-all and that her reassuring and cheerful disposition was a constant' Inspiration to the weary and disheart ened. Her words of cheer and encour agement were as a grateful balm to the worn and spiritless and all such turned Instinctively to her for that confidence and renewal of hope which she alone seemed able to Impart At every sta tion as the train advanced the young woman was the chief subject of con versation. Inquiry failed to elicit any thing concerning her name, antecedents, where she came from or whether her parents were with the train. The post traders seem to have been too much ab sorbed in her beauty and engaging man ners to make any inquiries concerning her. From all reports she appears to have been of charming personality, re fined and cultivated, and fitted alike to be the companion, of common people or te adorn with all the graces of superior womanhood the most advanced society. She was at once the pride and pet of the whole company. ' Old Home at WILLIAM LIVINGSTONE HOLMES. quet including beef, venison and bear, were roasted over live coals in a pit dug in the ground, in barbecue style. After the banquet followed the Inaugural ball, which lasted until daylight the next morning, closing the festivities In honor of Oregon's first executive. Krishnu, and a red circle means Siva the two greatest gods or vice versa, I have forgotten which, and Hindus who are inclined to let their light shine before men spread on these symbols with great care and regularity. At ev ery temple, every market place, at the places where Hindus go to bathe, at the railway stations, public buildings, In the bazaars, and wherever else multi tudes are accustomed to gather, you will find Brahmins squatting on a piece of matting behind trays covered with little bowls filled with different colored ochers and other paints. These men know the distinctive marks of all the castes, and for. small fees paint the proper signs upon the foreheads of their patrons, who wear them with great pride. You frequently see' them unon children alsd; and on holidays and re-J ngious anniversaries, when the people come out for pleasure, fir during special ceremonials at their temples, nearly ev erybody ears a "god mark," JuSt as he would wear a badge denoting his regiment and corps at a Grand Army reunion. The more you study the question of caste the more confusing it becomes, but If li interesting and Important be cause it is the peculial Institution of indta ana ir not found In any other country in the world. The number of castes s almost Infinite. The 200,000,000 or more Hindus in the emolra am di vided Into a vast number of litdanendent. well -organized and unchangeable groups, wnicn arejseparatea oy wide differences, who cannot eat together or drink from the same vessel or sit at the same table or Intermarry. There have been, and still are, eminent and learned nhiloao- phers and social scientists who admire caste as one ef the highest agencies of social perfection, and they aaree that it alone' haa prevented the people of India from relapsing Into barbarism, but foreigners in general 'and Christian mis sionaries In particular take a different view, ana many thoughtful and pat none jtiinaus puoiiciy declare that it la the real and only cause of the wretched condition of their people and te greatest, obstacle of their progress Mr, Shoehce. Chunder Dutt, a very After the company had reached within about 100 miles of Goose Lake the young men became restless and - complained that the train was going too slow; that the trains ahead were gaining on them, and that they were anxious to catch up with them before they reached the settlements. The captain tried to reason with them concerning the condition of the teams, and the Impossibility of urg ing them beyond their usual-speed. The young men were not satisfied.'- They had been inflamed by the stories told of the beautiful young- woman, and had re solved to . go on a-foot' and catch the company with which she was traveling. The train was now entering the most dangerous country yet traversed, Danger signals were posted up here and there along the road, warning. Immigrants to look out for Indians, to guard well their stock, and to keep a close watch out after night Since the young men had proved themselves so faithful, their as sistance and protection were especially desired through this dangerous section. The entreaties ' of the captain, however, were unavailing, and early one morning he was notified by the young men that they had decided to leave the train and go ahead. . In vain did the captain plead with them to abandon so dangerous an undertaking. They had read the notices along the line of road, fend had been ad vised by , returning Callfornlans. of whom there were many on the road, that the lake country was Infested with hostile Indians, and that the utmost care should be taken to avoid the killing and theft of stock, or a possible surprise of the train. Unmoved by the entreaties of the company or the remonstrances of the captain, and turning a deaf ear to the recital of dangers to be encountered, the young men had resolved to go' for ward, and nothing could dissuade them from their resolution. The next morning after notifying the captain of their Intention, they were generously' fitted out with such provis ions as they were able to carry, and bidding adieu to all with many wishes for their safe arrival at the settlements, the young men left the train and went ahead. Many wrung their hands and went Into their tents. Fear and sorrow were on every countenance fear for the safety of the young men, and sorrow for the great loss the train had sus tained. Their departure fell as a blight on the company, and with heavy hearts and grave forebodings the despondent travelers pursaed their way westward. Contrary to the opinion of the young men, the train they left was gaining on those ahead and was only a short dis tance behind them when they left. When the train was approaching Tule Lake, the captain, as was his custom, went ahead to look out a camping place. Con Oregon City in Which Mrs. Dan O'Neill, the oldest daughter of Mr. Holmes, who still lives in the historic house on the old homestead, dis tinctly remembers the details of the first inaugural ball. She states that the costumes worn were becoming to the dignity of the function. People In these early times wore good clotnes on festal occasions, for they had brought their dress suits across the plains, and there was no difficulty in. getting good articles of clothing at the stores. "There -were no common people In those days," said Mrs. O'Neill, "for the early pioneers were persons of intelli gence and of high moral cnaracter, who were attracted to Oregon by the stories of Its health,- delightful . climate and other advantages, consequently there ex isted no condition for social castes. People appeared to enjoy themselves in those days, as there was little formality and no striving Jealousy for social po sition." Christmas, New Tear's, 4th of Jan uary, 22d of February and the Fourth of July were celebrated by balls, and the Holmes residence was the popular place for these gatherings, although oc casionally parties were given in town. A large hall on the upper floor of the Holmes mansion was especially suited for dancing, and It was the social center of the territorial capital. Picnic parties from town would often walk out to the Holmes dwelling during the summer evenings, and enjoy a social season of musio and dancing. When the gov ernment mounted rifle regiment waa sent to Oregon City, new life was added CASTE IS SLOWLY DYING OUT IN leared Hindu and author of a standard book entitled "India, Past and Present." declares that t "civilization has been brought to a standstill by Its mls- chievlous restrictions, and there is no hope of Its being remedied until those restrictions are removed." It is curious to learn that the word "caste" is not Hindu at all. but Portu guese, and that instead of being an an cient feature of the Hindu religion, 'it is comparatively a modern Idea. The first " form of religion In India was the worship of nature, and the chief gods of the people were the 'sun, fire, water and other natural phenomena, which were Interpreted to the' Ignorant masses of priests, who gradually devel oped what Is now called Brahmlnism. and. In course of time, for social rea sons, divided the people into four classes: First, the Brahmins, which Include the priestly, the literary and the ruling portions of the population; sec ond, the Kshatryas, dr warriors, who were like the knighthoods of Europe In the middle ages: then the Valsyas. or landowners, the farming population, and tnose engaged in mercantile and manu facturing Industries; and finally the 8u- drasjjr servants who attended the other caiieu, xouea in tne neias ana aid the heavy labor of the community. uraauauy these grand divisions became divided Into sections or social groups. From the Chicago Record-Herald. , James It Tillman has announced his Intention of trying to break Into con gress. , Tillman, while lieutenant-governor of South Carolina, shot and killed Editor N G. Gonzales, a political rival. Notwithstanding the fact that Gonzales was unarmed at the time of his. death, and in spite of the fact that Tillman had boasted that he would shoot the editor down "like a dog," a South Carolina Jury acquitted the - slayer of the charge of murder.. Not satisfied merely to bs a free .... ... ' , , .. , ' j . M""; ,". " ' , ' . ' KILLER TILLMAN FOR CONGRESS ditio were unfavorable for grass and waterland the train traveled later than usualbefore reaching camp. A number of times during tbe day members of the train thought they saw the dust of an other train three or four ' miles ahead. It was Rearing : sundown vwhen the wagons reached camp an& were run into a circle for protection. . : . The tracks of the last train ahead followed the main' road U the left -around the point next to the lake. The captain took a trail leading up to a flat on a spur that extended 'down to the lake and soon came to a spring where there was good camping ground. The company had barely camped and turned the stock out when a rifle shot was heard from the direction of the lake. Then another and another in quick succession, and soon the firing became rapid and general, in dicating that a. battle was being fought at the point, of rocks below. ' The fir ing lasted but a short time and all again was quiet. The train was quickly aroused, the stock gathered up, -arms and ammunition placed ready at hand, and , every precaution taken to protect life and property should an attack, be made on the train. While all hands were keeping a close watch from Inside the circle, three horsemen were seen ap proaching from the point at a 'swift gallop. The anxiety, and "excitement upon this discovery were intense, but all preserved silence and prepared for the worst. When the, horsemen came close enough to be recognised as white men, the captain stepped out from the circle and greeting them as they rode up. In-' vited them to dismount take ' supper, and remain , over night with them. They accepted the Invitation and were soon surrounded by anxious members of the company, who hailed tnem as thrice welcome protectors. Soon supper was served and -during : tne conversation which ensued it was learned that the men were volunteers under Ben. -Wright who had been sent out from Yreka to protect the Immigrants. They Informed the captain, with many regrets, that their arrival was too late to save a train which had. Just been murdered at the point of rocks below. Upon Inquiry as to the firing the volunteers said they came upon the Indians while they were robbing the wagons and stripping the dead, and succeeded In killing a few, but that most of them escaped In the rocks and tules. The captain was then Informed that it was the intention of the volunteers to bury the dead the next morning, and he and two other men from the train decided to go with the volunteers and assist in the work and search for the body of the young wo man of whom they had heard so much during their Journey. The volunteers assured the immigrants that there was no danger of Indians as long as they ROSE to the social functions, and the soldier as well as the civilian took active inter est in entertaining and being entertained. Dr. McLoughlln occasionally attended the social events, usually remaining long enough to shake' hands with everyone, and playfully threatening to kiss the girls. Trades, professions, tribes and clans, and particularly those who worshiped the same god. naturally drifted to gether and were watchful of their 'mu tual interests. As there are as many gods In the Hindu pantheon as there are Inhabitants In India, these religious as sociations are very numerous. Occupa tion Is not a sign of caste. Every caste, and particularly the Brahmins, have members in every possible occupation. Nearly every cook In India is a Brahmin, which Is a mstter of almost imperative necessity, because no man can partake of food cooked of even touched by per sons of lower caste. The Brahmins are also more numerous than ony t other caste. According to the recent census they number 14,888,000, adult men only being counted. The soldier casta num bers more than 10,000,000, the farmer caste and the leather workers . have nearly as many. Nearly 20 per cent of the population of India is included In .those four castes,"- and - there , are 40 or 60 others, each having more than 1,000,000 members. There are more than 1,800 groups of Brahmins, who "have become so numer ous and so influential that they, are found everywhere. .The number lrt the public , service Is very large, represent ing about 86 per cent' of , the entire mass of employes of the government in every capacity : and station, and they have the largest proportion of educated man, Tillman now wishes to have fur ther political honors. Congressman G. W. Croft defended Tillman in his trial for the killing of Gonzales. Croft died recently, and it Is 'his seat In the na tional house of representatives that Till man? wants to occupy. - Whether the people of South Carolina will desire to add' to what was done by tne jury which acquitted Tillman re-1 mains to be seen. The testimony pre sented at Tlliman's trial for - murder showed that the killing was done in cold blood. Furthermore, Tillman's rec Were In the vicinity, and, that all could rest in safety. When readysto leave for the scene of the massacre, the party took the back track down the incline and soon reached the main road that wound around, the point of the lake, They had gone-but a short distance when two .oodles were discovered lying near .the road, On ap proaching them the captain and ,. hla companions were horrified to recognise the remains of the two young men who had left the train but a few days before. They were stripped of clothing, . but th'elr bodies had not been mutilated. A short, distance from these lay the vic tims of the massacre. The sight, was simply appalling. : ;The giound :'' was strewn with blood and presented a spec tacle sickening beyond description. The dead were lying in all shapes. Some entirely' nude, others partially, stripped as though the Indians .had been Inter rupted before their work was completed. A number were hacked and mutilated In the moat shocking manner. . While collecting the bodies for burial, the volunteers were Informed of the cir cumstances of the beautiful young wo man and - requested to make, a special search for her remains. .When- the bodies had all been collected, It was found that none of them answered to the description of the, young woman. Upon the burial of those found, careful search was made among the rocks and In the tules, but without avail. Her body was never found. - . ' V , Captain Wright gave the train a suit able escort an J In a few days all reached the settlements In safety, and with last ing gratitude to the gallant captain and his brave volunteers who came in the nick of time to nave this train from the fata of the other. After 20 years had passed away and the 'Indians had been gathered on res ervations, Captain Jack and his braves left the Klamath reservation, and took up their homes In the Lava Beds. , They were insolent and annovtnc to settlers and rnany complaints were made against them. The Indian agent had repeatedly ordered them to return to the agency but they refused to do so, alleging that this was their land and country, that they had never sold or ceded It to the whites, and -that they Intended to re main there. Complaint was finally made to the government and an order came from the war department to compel Captain Jack and his men to return to the reservation. This brought on the Modoc war. During the war a small scouting party came across the skeleton of a person at the. foot of a rocky preci pice in one of the deep defiles of the lava beds. The guide who for many years had been Intimate with the In dians, assured the 'party that the skele ton was not that of an Indian. After the Firs FARM. Mrs. O'Neill deems Dn McLoughlln the greatest man that ever lived In Oregon, and has suggested that it would be but a tardy recognition of his services to erect a monument In his 'honor. - William 'Livingstone Holmes, wife, and three children arrived in Oregon City from Missouri in 1843, and lived men. It Is a popular delusion that every Brahmin Is a priest, when the fact. Is that they are so numerous that not more Hhan a small percentage Is em ployed In religious functions. But for more than 2,000 years they nave main tained their Superiority unchallenged. This Is not' only due to their preten tions, , but to their- Intellectual force. They have been the priests, the writers, the rulers, the legislators of all India, because of their force of character and mental attainments, and" will always preserve their supremacy through the same forces that enabled them to ac- The laws of caste, as explained by Mr. Shoshee Chunder Dutt, the Hindu writer referred to above, provide: ' 1. That individuals cannot be mar ried who do not belong to the same caste. ',' ,J ; '"''i' ''''.'"': 2. That a man may not sit down to eat with another who la not of his own paste. h 8. That his meals must be cooked either by persons of hla own caste or a Brahmin. 4. That no man of an Inferior caste Is to - touch his cooked rations, or the dishes in which they are served, or even to enter his cook room, 6. That no water, or other liquid con taminated by the touch of. a man of In ferior caste can bs mad use of rivers, tanks and other large sheets of water ord, aside from his reputation as a man killer, is far from Inspiring. It may be, however, that the South Carolina Vot ers will consider him a fitting successor to the man who was his former law partner, - who secured his acquittal In court and who was always his friend. It would be a national shame and a public misfortune If this member of the Tillman family were elected to congress, but South Carolina has a way of doing unfortunate things, and It should not be surprising If Tillman's present ambition were gratified. consultation It was decide' to take It to camp. They did so. The company's surgeon was called, and after careful examination of the bones pronounced them to be those of a young person, pre sumably a woman. , i After the close of the war and Cap tain Jack and his confederates had been hanged: for the murder of the peace commissioners, an old Indian who re mained on the reservatlon4 hearing of the skeleton and where It was found, told the following story: He said the Indians were opposed to the . whites coming Into or passing through their country. That they had Inherited the land from their ancestors, and that It had descended from one generation to another for ages before the great Crater mountain whose snowy summit . once pierced the clouds , dissolved In flame and jsraoke and was blown away and left a deep, dangerous lake Inhabited by a monster serpent, aye, long before tne wnite man was, the Modocs pos sessed this goodly land, and It was theirs by every right of Inheritance and prior occupancy. .That when the Indians learned that many whites were on the road with intent to pass through their country, preparations were made to sur prise and kill the. invaders that others might be. warned' against trespassing upon their territory, consuming their grasses and .killing their game. ' They selected the point of rocks for the. at tack, and secreting themselves in the rocks and tules, when ' the train ap proached, shot and disabled the teams and killed or wounded those in sight with j bows and arrows, and rushing upon the rest with knives and. clubs they were thrown into- confusion and' murdered before they had time to col lect for defense. But one escaped. Af ter completing the work of death, a sub-chief who had discovered some loose horses in the edge of the tules a short distance away, went to drive them in as individual spoil. In passing around them he came across' the young woman who had escaped -the massacre and secreted herself in tha tulea He left the horses (and returning with the young woman claimed her as his cap tive. - Captor and captive were quickly surrounded by '.the desperate and ex cited pillagers whose hands were yet wet with the. blood, of the slain. A scene of the wildest confusion ensued. Angry protests and threats were hurled at the sub-chief, defiant Imprecations and yells of "kill her" in the Modoe tongue rang In their ears and echoed through the rocks, and the life of the young woman seemed, for a time to waver in the balance, and hang by the tenderest thread. When the fury had somewhat abated, a consultation was called and while in progress, the cap tor fled with the young woman Into the tules and was soon In the lava beds within the sacred precincts of his own In a log cabin until the main part of the present building was erected, October. 1848. The Holmes place, now known as "Rose Farm," Is owned and occupied by Captain and Mts. Dan O'Neill and Miss Mollis Holmes, the two latter the only surviving children. Mr. Holmes was sheriff of Clackamas county for 12 consecutive years under the provisional and territorial governments, and took a prominent' part in affairs. The front or main part of the dwelling, built M years ago, is still In an excellent state of preservation. Additions were subse quently built, and the historic house now contains 26 rooms. The frame of the orlglnal'part of the house was made of strong fir timbers, mortised and made stronger with wooden pins. The lumber was whip-sawed by hand, and the car penters were paid from ST to $10 per day. During their lifetime. Mr, and Mra Holmes were noted for pioneer hospitality, and no belated stranger waa ever turned away, nor any remuneration accepted for his entertainment Minnie Holmes was married In Sep tember, 18S8, to Dan O'Neill, who oame to Oregon City with the government mounted riflemen. The ceremony took place In the corner of the -parlor, where now stands the upright piano brought around the horn In 1K62. Later, Captain O'Neill became prominent in steamboat circles. -' "Rose Farm" Is still an attractive and Interesting place with Its historic relics, some of great value; furnishings, librar ies of books, and a dwelling that was noted for the entertainment of early-day INDIA being, however, held to be incapable of defilement y - . 6. That articles of dry food, except ing rice, wheat, etc., do hot benm im pure by passing through, the hands ef a man of Inferior caste so long as they remain dry, but cannot be taken if they get wet or greased. - - 7. , That certain prohibited articles, such as cows' flesh, pork, fowls, etc., ere npt to be taken. . ' 8. That the ocean or any other of the boundaries of India connot be crosses over. y-:-. .-,-:'.: .A- v. The only acts which now lead td ex clusion of caste are the following! , t l. Embracing Christianity or Moham medanism. . 2. Going to Europe, America or any other foreign country. 8. Marrying a widow.- . , 4; . Throwing away the sacred thread. 6. . Eating beef, pork or fowl. ' 8, ' Eating food cooked oy a Moham medan, Christian or a low caste Hindu. 7. Officiating as priest in the house of a low caste Sudra, 8. By a female going away from her home for an immoral purpose. 9. By a widow becoming pregnant - When a Hindu Is excluded from caste his friends, relatives and fellow towns men refuse to partake of his hospitality; ha is not Invited to entertainments in their houses: he canot obtain wives or husbands for his children! even his own married daughters cannot visit him without running the risk of being excluded from caste; his priest and even his barber and washerman refuse to serve him; hla fellow caste men ostra cise him so completely that they refuse to assist him even in sickness or at the funeral of a member of his house hold. - In some cases the man excluded from caste is debarred from the public temples. - . - , ,; ,;,.;,', ;... .r. v . To deprive a man of th service of his barber and his washerman is becoming more difficult these days, but the other penalties are enforced with more or less rigor..'.- ''-vv '.,,.-., ;,":'-. .-. They tell us that foreigner cannot appreciate the Importance of caste. Murrey's guide book warns the traveler to remember that fact, and sava that wi-kl-up where none dared molest him. The sub-chief already Lhad stwo wives who loqked upon the pale .face as a vile Intruder end regarded her with the ut most Abhorrence. They were not will ing to share their brave with the dough- , faced alien and their Jealousy, Inflamed by the marked attention of the chief to the new arrival, was soon intensified Into a flame of frenzy; The sullen gloom and desperation Into which the two wives ' had ' been plunged by ' the hated rival made the chiefs life a bur den, yet he refused to hear their ap peals to drive her from the camp, trust ing that time would smooth or modify the bitter .resentment and his wives be come in a measure reconciled. The young woman had . been there but a short : time when it became - necessary for the chief to leave the wl-ki-up and go in search of food. ' This afforded an opportunity for the outraged wives to wreak revenge on the young woman, and acordingly when the chief was. well out of sight, they fell upon her with rocks and clubs and beat her in the most shocking manner: and but for her screams which, brought to her relief a passing Indian, the.y would have killed her, : The Indian remained (or her pro tection until the chief returned. When the chief got back he understood at a glance what had happened. The face and head of the beautiful young woman had been beaten and bruised almost into a Jelly, and were so swollen and disfigured aa to be unrecognisable. With a look of disgust at the repul sive transformation, he rolled himself In his blankets and went to sleep. When he awoke next morning, he aroused the young woman, who had spent a night of pain and terror, without sleep, and taking his gun beckoned her to follow him. Bruised and bleeding and wretched from the beating and agony of - the night, she was barely able to drag her self along after him as he took hla way to a high point of rocks overlook ing a deep defile. ; Arriving at the edge of the precipice, he bade her knoel down facing the gorge below and stepping back -a couple of paces sent, a bullet crashing through her heart Her body pitched forward and bounding from crag to crag crashed on the rocks, be low a mangled and shapeless mass. For more than 20 years the bones of the unfortunate yeung woman had Iain and bleached in the sun,' and but for the Modoc war, the absence of her body at the scene of the massacre, would always have remained a mystery. " ' An effort was made to learn something of her history and parentage but with out avail. She must therefore ever be characterised as "The Unknown." The party of 12 who discovered Cra ter lake were out prospecting and searching for this young woman who was supposed to be a captive among the Indiana ."' I';. vly 1 I GEN. JOSEPH LANE. celebrities, Is still the scene of soma de lightful social occasions. - The house can "be reached In a shorter way from the city limits by a pathway that passes through a natural park, which extnnds to a short distance from the front' yard. the religion of the Hindu amounts ta little more than the fear of demons, of the loss ' of caste and of the priests. Demons have to be propitiated, th caste rules are strictly kept and th priests presented with gifts. Great care has to be taken not to eat food cooked by a man of Inferior caste; food cooked in water must not be eaten together by people of different castes, and castes are , entirely separated with regard to marriage and trade, A sacred thread of cotton Is worn by the higher castes. Washing In the sacred rivers, particu larly the f Gsnges, and especially at Allahabad, Benares, Hardwar and other exceptionally holy spots, is of efficacy In preserving caste and cleansing th soul of Impurities, ',':-' "The traveler should remember," says the guide book, "that all who are not Hindus are outcasts, contact with whom may cause the loss of caste to a Hindu. He should not' touch any cooking or, water holding utensil belonging to Hindu, nor disturb Hindus when at their meals; he should not molest cows, nor shoot any sacred animal, and should not pollute holy places by his presence If any objection Is made. The most sacred of all animals Is the cow. then the ser pent, and then the monkey, i The eagle U the attendant of Vishnu, the bull of Siva, the goose of Brahma, the elephant of lndra,,the tiger of Durga, the buffalo of Rama, the rat of Ganesh, the ram of Agnl. the peacock of Kartikkeys, th parrot of Kama (the god of love), th fish, the tortoise and boar are incarna tions of Vshnu, and th crocodile, cat. c"! ' Plsnts, tones, rivers and tanks are sacred." Nevertheless, Brahmins are ' very clever in dodging an issue when It is necessary for their convenience. For example, when a modern water supply was Introduced for the first time Into a city of India the problem arose, how could th Hlndus"us wster that came prohibited them drinking It from ves sels 'Which may have been touched by peopl of another caste? After much reflection fend discussion, th pundits de cided thaV-the payment of water rates should'be considered an atonement for violating the 6rdlnances of their religion.