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About Lincoln County leader. (Toledo, Lincoln County, Or.) 1893-1987 | View Entire Issue (Jan. 9, 1914)
FARM gg ORCHARD Sorts end Instructions from Agricultural Colleges mnd Experiment Stations el Oregon and Washington, Specially Suitable to PacUk Coast Conditions Spray Calendar for Stone FrulU. Oregon Agricultural College, Corvallls. A convenient and reliable guide to spraying atone fruits for Insects and diseases Incident to Oregon trees has - been prepared by Professor H. F. Wilson, entomologist, and Professor H. S. Jackson, plant pathologist, as follows: . . What to spray Condition of for tree or relative What to use Remark. Peach Leaf time. 8PRINQ CurL Aa the buds are Lime-sulfur 1- If leaf curl, moss and lichens Peaches,Prunea, awelllnf In the 11 plus Black are the only troubles use Bor- Plums Scale, aprtng. leaf-40, 1-800. deauz 6-6-60. If curl haa been Insects, Peach serious In previous years, and Twig- Miner, Insect pests are present use Aphis, Moss, Bordeaux In February and llme- Llchena, Red sulfur plus Black Leaf-40 ' as Bplders. buds are swelling-. ;allfornlaPeach About first Self-boiled lime- Repeat last week In May. If Blight and week In May. sulfur 8-8-60. disease Is especially serious Fruit Spot Al- make an application in the mid- so attacks apri- die of May also, cots and al- -monda. Peach Tree First of June. Asphaltum. Ordinary paving asphaltum Borer. should be used and can be ap plied with a paint brush. Ap ply from base of tree to 12 or 14 Inches up the trunk. Caterpillars and As soon as they Arsenate of Not necessary to make this ap- Bud Moth. All appear after lead non-acid plication if insects do not ap- fruits. Slugs the leaves are 1-60 powdered, pear, on Cherry. out or 2-60 paste. Bud weevils (on When they be- Tree tanglefoot These insects cannot fly, -there- principally1" " t0 subsUnce."UCky 8tJcky ub8tonce ed on bands about trunks should keep them out of the trees. Tree tanglefoot Is prob ably the most efficient material to use. Bugs In trees when bands are put on can be shaken ! from tree by Jarring. SUMMER Brown Rot First appllca- Self-boiled lime- If spraying prunes, Bordeaux, (peach, prune, tion one month aulfur 1-8-60. 4-4-60 or lime sulfur. 1-40. can plum, apricot, after petals fall. be used with safety, cherry). Second, one month later; 3rd, one month before ripening of fruit FALL California peach Last week In Bordeaux, 1-4- This is the most important ap blight and fruit October. 60. plication for California Peach spot. - Blight . Fall spraying should become regular orchard practice in all sections where this dis ease occurs. After the disease is once under control fall spray ing should be sufficient and the spring applications for this disease may be dispensed with. High-Grade Apples of Few Varieties. Oregon Agricultural College, Corval 11s. Western fruit growers ship too many varieties East, and put In grades that are too low, according to Eastern dealers. Instead of growing 65 vari eties in quantities sufficient for ship ment in carload lots, they should con fine themselves to about 16 varieties, choosing from this number the kinds best suited to their districts, say the Eastern dealers. And the only two grades that should be shipped are fancy and extra fancy. The varieties most favorable named by jobbers and retailers are as fol lows, according to Dr. Hector Mac pherson, who made a careful investi gation of Eastern apple markets, as the Oregon representative of the American Commission: Wlnesap, Staymen Wlnesap," Newtown Pippin, Delicious, Spltzenberg, Rome Beauty, Ortley, White Winter Pearmaln, Black Ben Davis, Gano, Arkansas Black, Jonathan, Grimes Golden, Winter Ba nana, and Mcintosh Red. On the ques tion of grades, Dr. Macpherson thinks the rigid exclusion of all but the two highest grades may be a little ex treme. "If the frultmen were strongly enough organized to operate their own systems of cold storage, canneries, dryers, and vinegar and cider plants, the risk of handling the lower grades would be reduced to a minimum," says Dr. MacPherson, of the Oregon agri cultural college. "An efficient system of market reports would Indicate the best disposal of the low grade fruit "I sampled dozens of boxes of West ern fruit that was on sale In Chicago stands, and have many pages of my note-book filled with the names of growers and shipping associations. And it is a fact that many of these apples never should have been shipped East They should have been sold at home for what they will bring, or util ized In a cannery, dryer or vinegar plant "But the whole matter hinges upon effective organization. The most far sighted wholesale- men in the East said to me: 'Unless you Western apple men can get together somewhat after the manner of the citrus organizations, you will run amuck over and over again. A reliable organization should standardize and control the apple crop of the whole Northwest No other force can place the fruit where It Is the most needed and In the right form to command the highest price.' "Is such an organization possible T The question Is answered by a map of fruit distributing association, which was displayed at the National Apple Show In Spokane, Indicating the sale of 2779 cars of fruit, whereby more than one and a quarter million dollars were put In the pockets of Northwest growers. It looks as though organiza tion were already an accomplished fact" ' Poultry. Now Is the time to get rid of all surplus stock, such as an over-supply of cockerels, culls, and late-hatched pullets that won't begin to lay till spring. Place this surplus, which is not to be used for breeding purposes, In a fattening pen and feed the follow ing ration, selling when prices are go ing up and do not wait too long: FATTENING RATION Equal parts ground oats, middlings, and cornmeal with 20 per cent beef scrap, moisten ed with sour milk fed all that will be eaten up clean three times dally. It Is a good plan to pour boiling water over the corn meal to cook. It before mixing tne mash. Begin to feed this ration two weeks before marketing. - Feed all laying hens a balanced ra tion, consisting of a variety of grains. requiring them to exercise a good part of these days by scratching for the grain portion of their rations. Feed a little more corn at the evening meal during these coldest nights, but keep close watch on the fowls' appetites to see that they do not become fat and lazy. Give abundance of green stuff, such as mangolds, carrots, kale, and caebage. Keep all fowls comfortably housed where there are no drafts or damp ness, nut plenty of fresh air and sun shine. See that the buildings are ab solutely free from lice or mites. A good plan is to .whitewash the houses, placing in the whitewash a few drops or carooiic acid as a disinfectant, and painting the under sides of the roosts. Provide the fowls with a good clean straw five or six Inches deep, and If tne noor isn't a dirt one, place a good dust bath In the sunlight where the birds will have free access to it Keep an noppers supplied with grit granU' lated bone, crushed oyster shell, bran and protena. Keep the sexes separate until the mating season, which Is not far orf. This will result in stronger breeding power and more fertile eggs at the proper time. Now is the time to get all new breeding stock for the coming season. Feed these male birds well and see that they exercise In or der that they keep healthy and vigor ous. LILLIAN BLANCHARD. Two railroad men in the Terminal yards were discussing. James J. Hill on me occasion oi the empire build er's recent visit here. "He's a great man, this Jim Hill," said one. "That he is," replied the other. "Have you ever seen hlmT" "Seen hlmT Yes, often." "What does he look llkr "Well," thoughtfully, "he has the oamo wuihkbts as jesus in the pic tures you see, but he's a leetle bit neavier set" Italy has Joined several other Euro pean nations In prohibiting the manu facture, Importation and sale of ab- siuiue. LITTLE THINGS COUNT English Farmer Profits by Keep - ing Detailed Records. Ram Is Kept Separate Until Ewes Are Gathered for Inspection, Thereby Avoiding All Over-Exertion In . Running Around. (By E. H. JATNES.) - Nothing is more discouraging than a lot of lambs of various ages, uneven In size, running with a flock of ewes that would, had they been given the opportunity, have lambed at the same period. For the past month or two the ram should have been In a lot by himself and eating all the nice juicy grass he desired. The value of such a grass plot can hardly be over-estimated. It gives the ram a tender bit of picking, caus ing him to take sufficient exercise to keep him In the best of trim. Supplement this with an abundance of fresh water, a little salt and a trifle of oats, and we have a combination guaranteed to give results In the line of a big, strong, vigorous sire. A practice that Is common with English breeders and which our farmers must eventually follow Is the bard coupling of ram and ewes. The American farmer turns his ram with the ewes and trusts to luck 1 1 bring him a good Crop. He does not know whether the ram Is safely set tling the ewes or not Too often the ram abuses himself. to the detriment of the latter part of the crop. Then, too, the exertion from running around, as a ram in a bunch of ewes usually does, undermines his vigor. Compare this with your English farmer . The ram is kept to himself all the time except when he Is led out to the ewes. He gets his allowance of grain and his bite of grass, no mat ter how hard pressed the farmer is for feed, for be knows too well that a handful of grain given to the ram is as good as one given to each of the ewes. When evening comes, the farmer leads his ram out to where the ewes are gathered for the Inspection of the ram.' The lead is loosened from his halter and he quietly proceeds to In spect the flock. One Is found In heat, she Is served and the shepherd quietly removes her while the ram continues his Inspection.., . . When all has been served the 'ram Is removed and a record is made of the ewes bred, the date and anything else that may be needful. The pure bred owner takes the ear tag number of his ewe and her date of breeding is put down on his flock A Prize Winner. record. The grade sheep owner marks his ewes in some conspicuous manner. t ' For instance, the first week he uses red paint placed on the hip, the sec ond week on the back, the third on the shoulder, etc. Different colors of paints being used, If possible to know by the mark on her back just when she will lamb. When lambing time- approaches there is no question about when a ewe should lamb. He has the records. A glance and he has the whole story before him. A sharp contrast to the AUTUMN CARE OF THE COLTS Young Anlmala Should Be Given Some Grain and Hay Juat Before Pas tures Begin to Dry Up. Young colts should not be left out In the pasture until they begin to get low in flesh. It Is much mors profit able to begin feeding them a little grain and hay along before pastures begin to dry up to have them In readi ness to go on dry feed later without any serious trouble. This Is too often neglected; and, when young colts are brought In thin In flesh, and thsy cannot be taken through the winter In the condition that they could have been, this neg lect Is Inexcusable. In weaning the colt from tha mare, it should have tha very best of care, as the change of conditions Is liable to cause some trouble. While on the good summer pasture the mare gave milk that was easily digested and In taking colts from milk to dry food, It is necessary that they should re ceive the very best of attention. They should be properly fed In order to former who has to "tell by guess' about when a ewe Is to lamb, and who consequently looses a high per cent of his crop. Is It too much trouble to do this? Is it too much trouble to get your corn planted or to harvest your oats when ripe? Tour lambing season Is your har vest It awaits you, but the time of harvesting (giving birth to lambs) Is uncertain, unless you know by your records when to expect It. Brother farmer, it Is these little things that count They mark the difference between the progressive farmer and the- shiftless or indifferent, between the business farmer and the work horse kind, between the money maker and the loser, between success and failure. We are all of as either one or the other. HOW ONION SMUT IS SPREAD Disease Is Conveyed From Field to Field on Farm Implements One Remedy Used by Growers. During the last Ave years this dis ease has spread rapidly, the smut prob ably being conveyed from field to field 8mutted Onion. upon farm Implements and with ma nure containing smutted onion refuse, as discarded onions are usually de posited upon manure piles. In some sections the losses resulting from this fungus have been so great that the growers, in some cases, no longer find the crop profitable. The severity of the disease In dif ferent localities Is variable. It ap pears at first In isolated spots here and there in a field, and from these spreads In all directions' ' until the whole piece becomes affected, and the cultivation of onions upon It has to be discontinued. Short rotations do not materially diminish the amount of smut; In a particular field badly smutted the order of planting had been clover for two years, corn one year. A five-year rotation will not, from the experience of growers, elim inate the disease. It appears reasonably certain that the disease ie not generally spread by the seed. It may, however, occasion ally be introduced with seed from an infected locality: It is also certain that the smut Is spread with plows, weeders, harrows, rakes and hoes, by spores clinging with infected earth to the implements. When soil Is known to be affected one pound of 40 per cent formalde hyde to 25-33 gallons of water should be applied with a drip attachment on a seed drill at the rate of 600 to 700 gallons of solution per acre. This has been used with success by sev eral large growers. In one instance the treated part of a field yielded over 600 bushels per acre, while the un treated plot yielded only about 100 bushels of inferior onions to the acre. Small Fruit Matters. During the fall and winter Is a good time to begin preparation for the set ting of the strawberry bed next spring, or those bush fruits that should be found in every garden. Late fall plowing is advantageous. It tends' to the destruction of insect life. Fall plowed land is, as a rule, In a workable condition In the spring ahead of unplowed land. The action of the elements will make the soil more friable. Because of these two points gained, the mois ture, contents-and conserving power of the soil will be increased. prevent any bowel troubles. This rule, will hold good In taking young calves through this period and In fact will ap ply to all kinds of live stock, but more especially to the young of the farm which are expected to turn in a profit for the farmer the next year. Rot of Tomatcea. This disease often attacks planu that are not sprayed. It Is first no ticeable as small, black or brown spots on the leaves or stems of the plants, occurring first on the lower and older leaves; but with favorable weather It spreads rapidly until the plant Is de foliated, and the spots on the stems have coalesced Into Irregular, blackish patches. It a piece of bark with these spots be examined under a high power microscope, Innumerable small, cres cent-shaped bodies may be seen. These are the fruiting spores of the fungus. Spray with Bordeaux mixture, Keep the Garden Working. Allow no ground in the garden to Us Idle. As soon as one crop has been ploked, clear up the ground and plant another. UNKNOWN TO SCIENCE STRANGE ANIMALS BELIEVED TO EXI3T IN AFRICA. Particulars Have Not Been Mads Pub lic, But Professors of-Natural His tory Are Inclined to Credit the Report. Ex Africa semper allquld novL The proverb of the ancient world still holds good In the bustling days and amid the unflagging activities of the twentieth century. The latest report from what used to be known as the Dark Conti nent appears In a contemporary, tha London correspondent of which re cords a report of the discovery of "yet another strange and unknown beast" In East Central Africa. Particulars are said to have reached the Natural History museum at Lon don of the existence of an animal "about the size of a bear, tawny color, with very shaggy long hair." This In teresting creature is also described as "short and thick-set In the body, with high withers and a short neck and stumpy nose," and "its existence Is vouched for by more than one offi cial." Inquiry at the museum by a repre sentative of the Pall Mall Gazette fails, however, to confirm these attrac tive details. In the eyes of the author ities at South Kensington "particu lars" of such discoveries have to be of a definite and material kind In the shape of some portion of the animal, bones, for example, or a piece of skin. Nothing of that sort la at trMant forthcoming. "Rumors have, however. reacned tne museum," said an official of the mammal department, "of the existence of a hitherto unknown ani mal, possibly such as Is described, but , we have no 'particulars,' and can, therefore, substantiate no account of details. When the okapl was discov ered 'particulars' were forthcoming In the form of belts made from Its skin and worn by the natives." "Ton do not, then, credit the ac count T" "We don't say such an animal does not exist All that can be said Is that no 'particulars' are to hand no to now. There was a rumor some time ago of tne discovery of a water elephant which, apparently, was of the nature of a very substantial tapir, but noth ing seems to have come of It If n could have a proper systematic survey or central Africa it would nrobablv ra- suit In the discovery of any number or new creatures. ' . "The Kongo region, whence thia m- mor in all probability arises, is almost unknown from a zoological point of view. There are. for Instance, mv number of new monkeys there, con cerning which we find nothing In the books of ten years ago. A few men nro engaged In natural history research on tne ooraers of the Kongo region, and the East Africa districts have been swept by the big earns einpdlHnnp nr Roosevelt and others. But without doubt there are many unknown ani mals yet to be discovered in the Kon- go region." Practical Nursery Rug. For a good all-round rug in a room where children run about, an army blanket Is Just the thing. It clings to the floor and dust does not go through. It sweeps easily and washes without any shrinking or wrinkling. - When asbestos table mats are soiled and unfit for table use, try laying them for a few minutes on a glowing fire In the furnace, handling them, carefully, with a garden fork; they will come out with the dirt burned off and white. Lemon juice will clean aluminum. If your aluminum pans and nettles be come blackened, just put a little of the juice on a cloth and rub the uten sil well. Reveres English. The school concert had begun.. Four little girls were dressed to represent the word "Star," and each had one letter of that word pinned onto her snowy-white dress. Each letter began the verse of a touching little song. "Now," said the teacher, "form your selves In position, and wait until the curtain goes up." The little girls did as they were told., and while the piano played the accom paniment the curtain went up. Instead of applause to greet the llttle girls, howls from the audience mat them. The word they spelled was "Rats." Ntw Explosive. Trotol Is the name of a new explo sive said to be the safest high ex plosive known. Its formula was worked out by Lieut Harold C. Wood ward, an officer In the New Tork Na tional Guard. Six ounces of trotol, it. Is said, will do the work of II ounces. of dynamite. Pores In Man's Hand. There are 26,000 pores la the hnl of a man.