ELOW the Cretan kings, who
held state In the great palaces
ot CnoBsus and Phaestos four
thousand years ago, there
ranked, as we know, vassal
princes and noble families, each of
whom lived on and by a smaller town
ship or district, contributing, doubt
less, In kind or in service to the
royal treasuries, writes D. O. Hograth
In The Illustrated News. Such min
or townships, dominated by miniature
"palaces," were laid bare In eastern
Crete, at Qournla and Palaikastro, by
Mrs. Boyd Hawes and the British
school at Athens; and perhaps the so
called "Royal Villa" at Hagla Trlada,
excavated by the Italian mission, must
be regarded, not as a king's seat,
but as a very splendid example of a
territorial noble's residence, overlook
ing a rich fief at the head of the Bay
of Messara.
Quite recently, by the enterprise
and care of the Cretan Department
of anlqultles, directed by Dr. J. Haz
stdakls, the chief ephor, another of
these selgneurlal settlements has been
excavated at the village of Tyllssos,
near Candia. The place lies some
seven miles west of Cnossus in a fer
tile hill country which extends to the
base of Mount Ida; and no doubt It
was the center of a territorial flef
held under the Mlnoan kings by some
noble house.
Large Bronze Vessels.
Some years ago it came to the
knowledge of the Ephorate that pea
sants ot Tyllssos were in the habit
ot resorting for building stone to a
certain locality hard by the village,
and that the stone procured there
was ready squared. In the process of
Quarrying they had thrown out quan
tities of potsherds, and one peasant,
more fortunate than the rest, had
come on some large bronze vessels,
much battered and crushed, but com
plete. These were Impounded for the
government, but for a long time sup
posed to be of Hellenic date. Since,
however, systematic excavation has
k, - . A' iwK.
. AW e.
GROUP OF bUILDlNGS EXCAVATED
been prosecuted, the whole site has
been found to be Mlnoan, and those
cauldrons must be accounted rare and
. precious survivals of the metallurgy
of the Later Palace Period at Cnossus.
What has been laid bare at Tyllssos
Is rather a group of large residential
houses than any "palace," properly so
called. They resemble In type certain
bouses found In 1900 in the town ot
Cnossus at some distance from the
palace building, but are larger and
more richly decorated. The different
residences, having had some architec
tural connection with one another,
sm to have formed a sort of block,
much as bouses of the same age at
PhylakopL In Meloa, were found to be
linked one to the next, and probably
they represent a family settlement
Around them, but separated, are re
mains of a few poorer dwellings, form
ing a dependent village or hamlet. In
habited by villeins or retainers, as
was the case at Hagla Triads. What
buildings are now visible are of the
Third Middle and First Late Mlnoan
Periods that Is, the sixteenth century
B. C, or thereabouts; but there were
both selgneurtal residences and also
poor dwellings In a previous age, the
Second Middle Mlnoan,'. and possibly
a village existed before any noble
bouse was built This point, It is
hoped, will be cleared up when the
excavations In the area suroundlng
the main site have ben carried deeper
(tad wider next season.
The two chief houses of the later
period repeat several features of the
Cnosslan and Phaestlan palaces, not
ably pillared halls and store-rooms
with great Jars ranged round their
walls. The larger living-rooms seem
to have had finely frescoed walls.
Many fragments of their decorations
have been recovered and are now
pieced together' to show groups of
Mlnoan ladles, warriors in procession,
and fan-bearing slaves.
Of the furniture, besides the bronze
vessels already alluded to, painted
vases In great variety have been
found, among which are very good ex
amples of that use of natural vege
table forms for styllstlo ornament
which la characteristic of the early
Late Mlnoan period; and some . ves
sels in stone also have been unearthed
of which one, a slender vase in black
obsidian, of exquisite form and admir
able symmetry, once more fills us
with astonished envy of the capacities
of Cretan craftsmanship. That such
a material as this volcanic glass
could be turned with truth by work
men who had no tools but of stone
or soft bronze would never be be
lieved, had we not this vase and some
early vessels in Egypt to- prove the
fact. The process must have been al
most as slow as a process of nature!
One remarkable statuette in bronze
has rewarded the Ephor's labors. It
shows a male figure, clad in belted
lion-cloth with frontal flap, and stand
ing in an attitude of salutation. He
Is probably an adorant of the Cretan
goddess. Many similar figures in
similar attitudes have been found else
where in the island, notably in the
Psychro cave; but none so carefully
and scientifically modelled as this.
They all seem to have been deposited
in shrines and holy places by men
desirous to put a vicarious representa
tion of themselves in constant relation
with the deity.
If the excavators had found noth
ing but this statuette. It would have
repaid their enterprises. But, in fact,
" - .i Ifct-Srin i mi V'i1 it T-T--II iliTi. n.ii n.,iilii
S
they have found much else, as we
have seen, and before they leave Tylls
sos, should find yet more.
CAPTIVE IN MUSIC'S SPELL
Quail In No Uncertain Mood When He
Heard the Call of the
Notes.
"A baby quail was captured and
brought to the house. The large cage
provided for him stood upon a square
of oilcloth, and this was little Bob
White's ranch. Here were his food,
his basin of water, and the sandplle
where he took his dally dust-bath. The
door of his house was always open,
but he seldom wandered beyond the
limits of his own domain.
"One thing invariably tempted this
little recluse to venture forth; this
was the sound of musld. Like a small
boy racing after the band, the mo
ment the tones of the piano reached
his quick ear, he started on a run.
and the quick pat-patting of his tiny
feet announced his approach. He
would circle about the piano and, with
a fluff-fluff of his short wings, mount
to the keyboard. The little square cor
ner at Its end was his opera chair,
where he cuddled down contentedly as
long as the music continued, at times
expressing his appreciation by a con
tented, soft, purring sound." Subur
ban Life.
ft J
3 SkA3
BENEFIT BY USING CONCRETE
Farmer Adds Both Comfort and Safe
ty, Besides Saving Money Cem
ent Is Not Lsrge Item.
(By WALTER B. LEUTZ.)
Safety, economy and utility are the
prime considerations in silo building
and on all of these points farmers are
finding themselves gainers from the
use of concrete". Concrete structures
are much safer and In the long run
are more economical. The original
cost is about the same as for silos of
other materials if the farmer is able
to do the work with his regular force.
When the durability and lessened risk
are considered it is seen that the con
crete construction is economical in
almost all circumstances. The con
crete silo is sanitary and preserves
the fodder in a satisfactory way. This
fact has been demonstrated by gov
ernment tests.
Fanners-who have not studied the
subject ot concrete construction will
do well to take It up. In most cases
the material will be cheaper and
handler than lumber. It is of high
value for walks, dairy floors, milk
houses, watering troughs and steps,
as well as for general architectural
work.
Where the farmer Is able to supply
the sand and gravel without much
expense and has time to perform the
labor of construction, or at least to
Concrete Trough for Stock.
supervise it, the outlay for any given
piece of work will probably be less
than it would be If lumber were used.
The proportion of cement required is
not a large Item of expense.
The farmer also gains In the matter
of insurance as he goes forward with
his experiments in concrete construc
tion. This Is an important considera
tion, and he adds both comfort and
safety, besides saving money.
FARMING IN HAPHAZARD WAY
Course at State Agricultural College
- Will Imbed Desire to Work In
More Modern Methods.
(By R. Q. WKATHERSTONB.)
There is no need for any farmer
to keep on farming In the same old
haphazard way. A course at his state
agricultural college will fill him with
a strong desire to farm in the more
modern way the way which brings
success. Plan to spend a few weeks
or months, If possible, at the college
this winter.
All of these schools have short
courses for those farmers, young and
old, who cannot be away from home
for any length of time, but in these
courses, the time Is so fully taken
21
Farmers Learning to Pick Apples.
up morning, afternoon and evening,
that the wide-awake farmer can ac
complish a great amount in a very
short time.
A course in general agriculture Is
given for farmers, who do not care to
specialize In any particular branch of
farming, but wish to secure a better
knowledge of all phases of agriculture.
It includes work In soil fertility, farm
management, farm crops, poultry
raising, dairying In all of its branches,
animal husbandry, horticulture, in
sect study, and plant diseases. .
A study of these subjects will in
crease the earning capacity of every
farmer.
Feeding Place.
Don't throw duck feed in the filth.
Feed in troughs, and only what can
be eaten clean. Take out whatever Is
left over. Keep ducks In good appe
tite. The duck has no crop like the
chicken. Therefore soft foods are
necessary.
Negligence With Seeds.
Poor seed only shows negligence on
the part ot the farmer. He can be
certain of his seed if he gives It his
proper attention.
Useful Tool.
A tool used to fight fires on the
California forests combines a rake,
spade and hoe. It Is compact, so that
It can be carried on horseback, and
weighs less than pounds.
Water for Ducks.
Ducks kept on land must be sup
plied with fresh water three times a
day.
Success In Dairying.
Sucoess In dairying now depends en
tirely on the brains and business abil
ity of the man behind the cow.
Scenes'
governor's
AMERICANS are solely respon
sible." said Edgar K. Frank,
the globe trotter, the other
day, "for the high cost of
living encountered by tour
ists. Especially did we find this the
case In Japan. When Germans and
English composed the travelers every
thing was cheap, and even, yet, where
tourists are from any other country,
no attempt is made by landlords, shop
keepers, and the rest to gouge in the
matter of prices. But wherever goods
are sold, Americans are asked more
than anybody else, and they usually
pay it The hotel man, as soon as he
discovers you are an American, will
ask you $10 a day for a room that Is
not worth more than 15. and if vou ar
gue the matter to a finish you will get
tne room for S5. Everything else the
same way.
Baked Beans Surprise Britons.
"At Penane we became acaualnted
with the durian, a fruit It Is remark
able, because the more vou eat nf It
the more you want At a delicatessen
here we bought American baked beans
and gave the English officers on the
vessel an American treat They had
never eaten any before.
Tou may not know that Penan Is
known the world over for Its tin de
posits. Most ot our tin comes from
there. Both at Penang and at Kuala
L.umpur, tne capital of the district, are
smelters for tin.
"Our next ston was' Slneanore.
known as the Gateway of the East It
is one of the most lmnortant and Inter
esting of the eastern cities. It is the
aistributlng and collecting point not
only for the Malay peninsula, but for
inao-Chlna and Dutch Indies.
It was at a hotel here ttiHt
learned what 'bathroom attached'
means In an advertisement. We read
the advertisement went to the hotel.
ana looked in vain for the bathroom.
Upon Inquiry we were shown an Im
mense yard, or courtwav. reached hv
crossing a bridge from the hotel
proper, where bathrooms were lined
up In a row, and numbered to corre
spond with the numbers of the rooms.
lhe Chinese practlcaly own the
town. They are the wealthy part of the
place and live like millionaires. Awn
autos and have every other comfort
Singapore Is but one and one-half de
grees (80 miles) north of the eauator.
Java Is only 40 hours' ride from Singa
pore, but faulty boat connections pre
vented us from going there.
"Did you ever hear of the traveler's
treeT We saw a lot of them around
Singapore. They grow probably ten
feet high, the branching palm-like
limbs spreading out like a fan. By
tearing off a branch the thirsty way
farer gets from a glass to a quart of
water.
"Our next landing" place was Hong
kong. The real name of the port is
Victoria, and it Is a free treaty one
no customs regulations to be gone
through with.
"All through China you will find
Hindu policemen. There are Chinese
police, too, but everywhere the pecu
liarly dressed Hindu seems to be on
the force. At the time ot the mutiny
it was discovered that the Hindu was
a man who could take care of himself
in a scrimmage, and city management
has seemed to recognize his worth as
an officer of the peace. The Chinese
are good people also In business, hon
est, polite, quick calculators superior
to any other orientals we met on our
travels.
Manila Now Healthful.
"Much has been written about Ma
nila, the Pearl of the Orient, and with
out participating In the political prob
lem of what the United States govern
ment should now do with our posses
sions there, I cannot refrain from say
ing that our people have wrought a
wonderful improvement ontheialnnHa
They have cleaned them up. They are
now comparatively neannrui. AH who
come from eastern countries are vac
cinated before they are permitted tn
land, so that smallpox Is rare and ty
phoid is practically unknown. There
is sewerage, good schools, a better
moral tone In fact no comparison can
be made with the old regime.
"Like all other Americans, we went
to Clark's, where Americans gather,
Palace.
and here we saw the first soda water
sign that had met our eyes In months
of travel. We have made good roada
there, and there Is now plenty of Ice,
a plant for the making of artificial loe
having been put up by our govern
ment. We mooned on the Luneta, Ma
nila's wonderful parkway, and visited
the new Y. M. C. A. building. A Mr.
Tener, cousin of Governor , Tener of
Pennsylvania, Is in charge. The build
ing cost over $100,000.
"No one who has not been there can
have any conception of the Interesting
old city, with Its moss-covered walls.
Its age-defying temples and beautiful
shrines and innumerable objects of
rare historic value that abound on all
hands. Manila bay, made famous In
America by the brave Dewey, was al
ready the most important seaport of
the Orient lying midway between the
newly opening territories of North
China and the thickly populated pos
sessions of England In India. The Ba
taan mountains loom on the left as you
pass up the bay, forming a glgantio
barrier between the bay and the sea,
and to the left Is Cavlte, the naval
town. Here was given Dewey's famous
order, Tou may fire when you are
ready, Gridley,' which for all time
shattered the hopes of Spain for Ori
ental power, and with the sinking ot
her warships a rule of more than 300
years passed away.
"Continuing up the bay, Manila Is
brought Into closer view. The first
view from the boat la charming. It
looks a tree-embowered city, the sub
dued colors contrasting with the vivid
green of a luxuriant tropical foliage.
Today it is a city of contrasts. It la
a city of the east yet the younger and
more vigorous west has made great
changes in the quietness and drowsi
ness of the old place. The Paslg river
divides the city Into the north and
south sides. On the south bank are
the old walled city districts and on the
north are the Escolta, the main busi
ness artery. The junction of the Es
colta and the Bridge of Spain Is the
actual center of the business section,
and at this point cars may be taken
for nearly every part of the city and
suburbs.
"Manila Is a city of churches, the
oldest having been built by the Order
of St Augustln In 1571. On the Plaza
McKinley Is the Ayuntamlento, which
contains the offices of our government
To the Luneta In the early evening all
Manila goes. With two bands playing,
people of all ages and countries and
garbs stroll under the brilliant electric
lights. The most important item com
mercially Is the manufacture of cigars.
About 20,000 people actually live on
the river. On the road to La Loma is
the great BUlbld penitentiary, sup
posed to shelter a large number ot
convicts than any other prison In the
world. Fort William McKinley, seven
miles from Manila on the Paslg river,
Is the largest post of the United Stater
army."
BOUGHT HOME WITH BERRIES
Maine Woman Has Been Picking and
Peddling for the Last Twenty
Three Years.
Paying for a home by picking wild
berries is the feat performed by Mrs.
Seth Davis of Skowhegan, who for the
last 28 years has been engaged in thta
Industry. Her major berry is the rasp,
berry, and she averages about fifteen
bushels of these in a year. She picks
about eight bushels of the field straw
berries in the year and many bushels
of wild blackberries.
Besides picking these she peddles
them out In Showhegan. She now
owns a fine farm and she remarked
that she had paid for It by picking
berries. She not only picks berries,
but she assists her husband in many
ways about the farm. In the winter
time she will take a load of wood with
a pair of horses, go to Showhegan and
find a market for it, unloading It her
self. Mrs. Davis is one of the most fre
quent patrons ot the public library,
but she believes that life is worth
more to her by outdoor air and work
than It could be otherwise. Lewlston
(Me.) Journal.