i '.I
FRUITION.
The r1r,u1 linn;; too low, too low,
I he Ici lxiund utivami rftw to lng;
ThP mill. l)l-k IiIimU may liltli'r blow.
And nulunf nifunii to llnw
Hut, true us Truth, ut luhtconiua Spring!
We toll mill till with bruin iinil han.l '
Tl ut our Hmr world nrmy lintfhtcr yield;
V h p no blossom on tli lund:
Hut. w fnll4!r. (lod'n o'litniui'l
Ui-nsm li'imiiif r uii niul iwlaVn flilil.
Down whore the ronpi:M uli-kls rlns,
V.'t limit iiml vi nrii for Imrvn-.u o er;
Our hi'iirtn lire full of nuiritiiiriniMS
We toil In ilimlit. L. Aiituinii lirlnirs,
A true i Timo. It tr iisure utoro.
All. trie todxl'a (rood ttmn. urn done;
Ali. tnie m Tfiilli. de)llo our feur;
J'.m'h eyrie rnmiited out In Him
Ort-tiinle: nil ect fruition won
II wiMiiy hrmti! have eher, (food cherr.
Ktlyur I,, W'uhtiiMn, in VliaiitJiiinMit.
THE DANK OF FKAXCE.
An Index of tho PrOBporlty of the
Republic.
Hoiitrtliliig About IU lllntory ml I'riment
. MuiiMKDinrnt-Ontr HW,niM.000
Standing In 111 Oeillt-lt
' ppnr in Clrruliitliin mill
', Hvtallle Iiml.
' Next to tin; It.ink of England, thfl
r.iink of France is tln largest and most
Important of nil dm other hunks in
Kurope. Occupying very nciiiily the
wimo position in France as thclaiiU of
England does in tliis county, it is in
many respects similar, ami performs for
llie eonnlrv Ilm name kind of dutij'H
Thepiililic moneys am deposited with
dm Hank of Frame; it alone lias me
talc right of issuing notes for that
country. (This is what Sir Kohert IVcl
would have atlai hed to the privileges
of the Hank of Finland, if ho h id lieen
aid;'; hut usage and vested interests
were too powerful.) lis capital is
piiwii-'seil ly a proprietary wh.se lia
bilities arc of a similar nal lire to those
of any other banking iu-!iliilion. It
opi'iis.ii'cimnts wilh properly inirodueed
persons, it : il keeps in ils rollers the
metallic reserves.
ll.u iug incut ioned I he p analogies be
tween these two "Teat banks, there arc
lioiuls wliere their conduct diverges.
The transadions of the Hank of En
gland are on u larger scale, owing lo
the lnrg-r mercaiitiie operations in tliis
count n. 'I'Ih' comnicrcial habits of llie
French are plainly indicated in the
class of bill business which their chief
bank undertakes. During the w hole of
lat year it discounted no fewer than
l..V.li'l.NM bills under four pounds, most
of them pnyiilile at private addresses.
It Is an unusual tiling for an English
banker to take a bill under ten pounds,
and he will require satisfactory reasons
for discounting bills payable at private
addresses. It is presumed here that in
Mich a case the acceptor can not be a
substantial man, or lie would have a
banker.
Another point of divergence, again,
is in the government of the bank, w here
in the French have shown their belief in
the clliciency and elVecliveness of gov
ernment control. Our own government
can not in any way interfere with tlir
opiT.iliomi of the Hank of Falkland, c
cepl In respect of ils nole Issue. The
French hank is presided over by n gov
ernor, tippointcd by the government,
who also nppoinis the two deputy
governors. 'J'he three highest olllces are
thus held by government men; and the
ulliceof the governor is lield for life. It
is his duly to see that the obligations
imposed upon the bank by die govrni
luent are in nil respects carried out, mid
to hi t as the eo. i iccting link between it
and the gover i n -nt. In addition to the
govcrnnrund w.'n deputy-governors, the
retieral user.i ilv, ronsistinr of two
hundred of th ' largest sliareholders,
elect the gcner.il council, which is niade
upoflifteeil regents and three censors.
The manufacturing and trading inter
est are supposed to beduly rciireseuted
in the coiiiu ll, for live of the regents
must he chosen from each of these
bodies. There is vet another committee.
of twelve persons, who must he share-
haulers earning on business in Paris,
appointed by the ( elisors. Tliis com
lillltce lias the resiionslliilitv ol exauiin-
iuand passing all t!m bills taken for
discount.
The bank was established In ISIKI by
the Ftnperor Napolenu Honaparte. Ils
constitution has been slightly inodilied
from time to time, as circumstances
have rciiuircd. It has been successfully
and prudently managed, tliouh thev
have been times when ils existence
been threatened. In ISIS, during (lie
Revolution, it made lar,e advances to
I lie d eminent and to the city of Pari
w Hu ll, coinliiiietl Willi a seere drain
on its eohl, hltaiued ils resources to so
i at an exlent that it w as compelled
to suspend specie payments. To lessen
the evil of this measure and limit the
Inconvenience arising therefixun, its
notes were made and have continued to
be legal tender.
The reports annually issued by the
council of this bank to the shareholders
aif full of lutci'ctiii; and iustrurthe
details, wliercby compariou witli those
ot other years, and the progre-s uf the
business, can be followed, and the pub
lie support estimated. These reports
present a curious study to bankers and
economist in this coutilrv, fur they
alloiil a glimpse of the nature of the
banking business carried on in France
and of the commercial habits of the
French people. To the statistical! thev
form a ivpcrtorr of llgurcs from which
be can construct tables of the trading
transactions of the country, alwaysim
iniKnt:int and valuable in historv
From the tetort before us for the yeai
lss"i, we shall lay before our reader
hoine of the items mentioned.
Tlie Hank of Franco not only informs
its .shareholders of (lie amount due to
Its iu-4oiners, but also of tho total
mount ocrntcd through their account.
There wciv H,,V,!2 cunvnt atr,mnts open
tl Paris and the branches with a sunt
6(X2f.724.O00 utandingto their credit I
ut the end of tho year. Omitting We
hnliinrw iluo to the treasury, tho fluc-i
timtlmiH of tho total balance duo on
these account aro given as regards
their limit. On the lWli of April.
the maximum amount due by tho bank
was 20,801,000; and tho minimum
amount on the 28th of February was
I'M..V)G,00l)-bcinga difference) of H,
718,000. The total operations in tho
year amounted to l!)2,'J8:l.Oy2-bcin;
jess than the operation of 1881 !
50,Gj8.180. The returns from th'
clearing-house in London liavo revealert
l!ie name features. Wliilo tho volume
of trade a a whole ha not diminished,
the money value havo shown a per
ceptible decrease. These effect are due
to the fall in prices in Franco no less
than in England. Wo feel curious to
know whether the operation of die
Hank of England would cxcertho.se of
its sister hank. Out of tho total opera
tion already gven, 220.755,520 arc
accounted for by tho operali ms con
ducted gratuitously for the puMie t reas
ury. The, report congratulate tho share
holders on the increase of the metallic
reserves in two year of 12.000,000. of
which the greater part was gold. Tliis
is not to lie wondered at, seeing that
silver has fallen in value so rapidly and
to so great an extent. When silvir
was worth five shilling an ounce,
the holding of the, Hank of France was
Ano anxiety, but now tliat silver nas
fallen to three sinning ami niucpencu
an ounce, the amount of it metallic
reserve in silver i not worth so much
hv about one-fourth a the sum stated.
Thus, out of 8:1,552,00.') gold and silver
held by the bank, a little less than half
(i:W'l 1.000) was in silver. Inducting
it fourth, the value of the silver may.
he pul at about mooO.OO'l.
There is nothing more curious in the
whole statement Ihan the particulars of
tlie comnicrcial bills and "paper" dis
counted. The amount reaclcd :i70.-0')l.8li8-untie
up by 1 l,(i(iJ,.r8:) bills;
making an average of :12 for the bills,
willi an average of nearly 112 days to
run. The large number of 10:1,001 bills,
for :1.58V.I2i, were refused discount
i large p illion on account of irregular
ities of form, ami the remainder lor
ml of conlidence. In Paris, alone,
5.017,'JiU bills, amounting to 158,8:12,
H!I2, were admitted to discount; of these,
1 1, Kill bills were of the amount of Ss.
4d. and below; (i5li,H80 were from 9s.
to 2; "l!).75:t were from 2, 0s.
Hid. tol;and !l, 127.0li5 were above I.
These lignres are an indication of the
trade habits of our neighbor, and show
the services rendered lo the retail trade
iv the chief bank. An idea of the im
mense ipiantily of work connected with
these small bills, pavahle chiellv at the
esideuces of the drawees, can be gath-
ereii troiu a paragra in in mo siaiemcui
living an account of the day s work on
tlie Illst of October, the heaviest for the
vear. It included the manipulation of
11)11,272 bills, representing tho sum of
C I.8'i0,70l.) -to receive which, applica
tion had to he made at 00,707 dwellings,
riieexpenseof a large staffof collecting-
'.crks and others to perform these
lu'ies adds a very large proportionate
cost to these document in aduitiou to
the discount.
The bank makes advances on public
ecurities, railw ay securities, and other
securities. I lie maximum amount ut
Paris was mi tlie 12th of January,
mil reached 6,508,000 die minimum
on tlie 2."ilh of March, reaching 5.!US.
0011. At the branches the maximum oc
curred on the 12lh of Julv. and was
0,152,000. The minimum was very
nearly coiicidenl wilh the minimum at
Paris, occurring on the 27th of March,
and amounting to 5,5, 000. Tlie total
operations in advances amounted to
25,058.801.
The note circulation i given in nut-
plilicd detail, the statement showing the
iiumberof notes in circulation with their
Icnomlnaliou, the numbers issued, can-
eel leu, ttiwi roved, anil withdrawn iiuriug,
,, , , i .,i i , .
the car. On the 2S:h of January, 1880,
there were 18,l:l'.t,505 notes, amounting
to U0.O.'iO.5:!l, in the hands of the
public, There are no notes issued higher
than live thousand francs (200) each,
and there w ere only live of these iu cir-
datum. I he note most in use was
that of one hundred franc (l), of
which there wero 12.810,075; and the
ono least in use is of the denomination
of two hundred francs (8). There I
were only 2,021 notes of two hundred
francs (8) each; 1,212 notes of which
the form was out of date; and 101,020
notes for live francs (Is.) each in cir
culation. Ibiriug the ear there wci'i
l.t,:i."i0,lKK) notes issued, representing an
amount of 81,:iO'),tW; there were can
celled, 0,711,01:1 notes, representing an
imouut of 02,7:11,200. Thero were
destroyed, 21,058.500 notes, represent
ing an amount of 101,128,0:12; and
there were withdrawn from circulation,
l2.O70.:iOO. The manufactory of the
Rank at Riercv produced y,08'.,000
notes, of w hich more than half were
notes of fifty francs (2). The growth
of the circulation reouiringiin increased
production of notes, fro;.h buildings
were erected fitted with every improve
ment, and capable of meeting all the
demands likely to be made.
Tlie transactions iu connection with
the deposits of securities form a con
siderable iVtioil of the services ren
dered by the bank. The business at
tached to ibis is of three kinds the five
deposits, the deposits as guarantees,
and the securities deposited by the syn
dicate of slock-brokers. The general
operations iu all these divisions wero
4.0l't,:ll in number. There were de
posited in tho safes at Paris 4.2:18,281
securities, the value of which a-
niouutiil to 12O,!0O,iXX) represent
ing 2.il.o82 deposits brought, by
41.80'.! depositors. Of the ii kind
of deposit the fre deposit the
number of securities iu the safes at
rarl wM2,f59S.252-rcprepntinj 82..
923.500. ol 1,67 uinoront uiwcripuoiu,
belonging to 31.1.)7 depositors.
Dur
ing the year, 190,000 persons called at
tho bank in connection with these
securities. Only three branches those
at Hordcaux, Lyons and Marseilles
appear a having carried on any oper
mioti in connection with tho deposits
(,f securities. Tim branches trans
mitted to the chief oflieo 99.110 cou
pon. Tho amount ot the charges for
custody of valuables at Pari reached
:J5,C17; and at tlio threo branches
enumerated, 7,891; and, a the report
goes on to say, these charges aro a
Trilling recompense for tho expense and
the responsibilities which the under
taking these duties impose on the bank.
Tim branches, of which there are
ninety-four, are classified according to
tlio importance of the business done at
each during the year. Placed in order
according to tho extent of their oper
ations, numbers are allixed again,
them to show the order in which each
branch stand in respect of the profits.
The branches at lVo'deaux, Mar
seilles, Lyons. Havre, Lille and
Kouen, stand in tho first rank as re
gards the iiuportaiico of their oper
ations; bir. respectively first, second,
fifth, third, fourth, and tenth in respect
of their profits. The largest net prolits
(72,717) were realized at Marseilles;
tho smallest (27) at Digne; and five
branches showed a.loss. Ono of these,
Har-le-l)uc, stands forty-fourth in re
spect of it operations, but shows a loss
of 1:17. La Itoche-sur-Yon shows the
highest loss (002).
The expenses connected with tho
Bank at Pari amounted to 255,472;
at the branches, 2:16.09:1; and those of
a general character, such cost of
transport of specie, duties and taxes,
129,02 1, of which ;).MSH represent
taxes. The amount, distributed among
the 25,782 shareholders was 7, 7s. Od.
per share. The buildings occupied by
the branches had coU 1,2:11,9.18; but
of this, there had been written oil
857,50.1. The number of ollleials em
ployed at Paris was about the same as
those employed by the Hank of England
in Loudon "(1,01 1); those engaged at
the branches numbered 1,222.
There are a great many more particu
lars of less general interest in this very
interesting document, hut we have
given sufficient for our readers to form
an idea of its natuiv. We can not bet
ter conclude than by adding the words
of the Council: "We should have de
sired to reduce the size of this state
ment; but it derives tlie greater part of
its interest and importance from the
comparative figures with which it neces
sarily bristles, and we have been com
pelled, to make it complete, to pass all
of them before your cyss. This is our
excuse." Chuiii'ia' Journal.
AUSTRIAN NOBILITY.
l-niiiostloniilily tli I'onriMt t Most Ex
clusive Ai-latovnu-y in tlie V oriel.
No aristocracy of tlie world is so ex
clusive as that of Vienna. It seems to
have inherited the appalling loneliness
and isolation of the Hapsliurgs. Tho
English nobility admit ordinary mor
tals to their presence if tlicir character
or intellectual abiliiy entitles them to a
certain distinction. It is so also in
(icrmauv and elsewhere, whero a titled
aristocracy exists. It is not so iu
Vienna. Hero nothing but tlie bluest
of blue blood entitles 1)1 ill ill whose
Teins that precious fluid flows to min
gle with tlie real lutiil Ion. Oilicial po
sition amount to nothing. A foreign
embassador may bo the most eminent
of savants, skilled in literature, rich,
socially accomplished, but lie is des.
tined, though he passes many years at
Vienna, never to see the interior of
salon of an Austrian nobleman, unless
wilh a ticket of entrance when tho fam
ily aro from home. In the eyes of this
class, to bo a republican, a simple citi
zen of the United States, represent
ing the (lovernment at Washing
ton at the Austrian court, is
to bo an humblo personage in
deed. But what would become
of the greater part of these exclusive
without this adventitious distinction of
birth. They would be the merest no.
bodies. As an aggrieved person re
marked to me: "It is all they have.
i Most of them are poor, their fortunes
or remnants m ionunes nauug uecn
I long since swept into tlie coffers of the
Jews, to whom also have passed some
titles of the lower jrrade, with the obli
Rations on certain properties and
modicum of social distinction. The
Jews are as airtrressive at lenna as
elsewhere on the Continent. They aro
the bankers and brokers. Most of tho
line buildings erected within tho last,
fifteen years belong to them. Th
principally own the railroads and street
car lines, and the stock in insurance
and other corporations. Among them
are numbered many of the ablest of
journalists, lawyers and doctors. Thi
success of a race, against w hom person
ally and a a religious sect there is
prejudice inconceivable in America, has
given rise to u spirit of anti-semiiisni
which is intense, but can not in so lare
a city, as it sometimes does in Hungary
and lloiiemia, result m actual outrage
and violence, lo the (loverninent and
llie nign nooiiiiy tncir relation liaslieeii
principally that of in :iev-lcnders. and
this ha been tic lever to ivhateve
amount of social consideration thev havo
achieved. Vicuna Cor. San Frttudneo
Vlirouii'U:
.uiHiier. win you lend me your
.i .. . .,, i i
hair switch?' ."Why, what iu the
world can you want with it, Harry?'
-(). some of us boys are going to have
a show, and 1 ingoing to lie Ruffalo Rill
and scalp Indians." nrjur's Young
IVeir,
A man's income should never
judged by the uumlcr of dogs he is able
to keen. FuU Hivtr AJctmw
" TWO VETERANS MEET. '
On of Tl.m !-.. Th.t IU W I
nil Srnrljr Hurled a Af0.i
r l,,.,l the L'reatest kind ol a stir
rriso a few day ago
ngo.sai.1 Colonel
f this place a vet-
t.niwi, Artiistrollir
nr.ui of the Mexican war, "and although
f
s
t.l.u irl.nl in havo it it lias rat he
brokeirthe thread of my reminiscences
of the past forty year.
'you see I went to Mexico wilh the
Second Regiment of Pennsylvania vol-
unteers, being a lai-meiioni m
K. one oi the pmau-s in inu ..!"....,
was a voting man named William R.
Shields'. He was from (ircciisburg, too.
On the inarch from Perota to Puebla
Shields became very sick. When we
reached Puebla we took possession of
au old monaster! meie, linn usi u I
a hosnita!. U'ii"U we put Shields in tho
hospital he was unconscious, and we all
felt' that it was only a matter of a few
days when we would nave to miry mm.
Sure enough, one nay inn Hiirgruii,
..I f..... V..,.tt, ',,( ill II 'I TO-
voinr; i 1 1 .oi iii'iu ...Mm i.,i,v
ported that Shield was dead. We laid
liiui out on a sort of catafalque on one
of die monastery porches, having placed
the hodv in a cullbi. A detail wa
ordered to dig hi grave and attend to
the interment. We had plenty of time
, i i. .i.i .i i.. :...i I
ami fouiu no sucu tmii-s mwiui jo
then. While poor Shield's grave was
being dug ono of the old monks of the
monaster!' came to the eoflin, which
wasn't closed vet, and began to mum
bio oravers over tho bodv. The monk
was in the middle of his mumbling.
when all of a sudden he threw up his
hands and exclaimed in Spanish:
''This man is not dead!'
"Of course we thought the poor monk
was crazy, hut we couldn't quiet hi
frantic protestations that we were about
to bury a live man, and his appeal to
be permitted to have the body carried
to his apartment so that he could ex
periment on it were so earnest that to
satisfy die noisy old chap we hud the
bodv, collin, and all carried to the
monk's mom. Wo thought we'd let
him satisfy himself that Shields was
about as good a dead man as he had
pverseen, and then fetch the body back
nnd iro on with the funeral. If he
hadn't happened to come along, though,
just then, Shields would have been lin
er ground within the next twenty
minutes.
"While the monk was experimenting
with lho body, the command received
orders to leave Puebla at once and
march to the City of Mexico. Iu the
hurry and hustle of preparing for the
march we had no time to think about
the funeral, and left Shields' body to be
disposed of by the monks. The regi
ment went to the Mexican capital, and
many and many a time after that won-
red how long those monks kept tlie
orpse before they gave up and buried
"Well, the other day I was in Ivuhn's
law otliee, when a hearty-looking old
ireutlcman came in.
Ah, Colonel,' says Kuhn to me,
here's another Mexican veteran.
Colonel Arinstroni:,' savs he, 'shake
hands with Mr. Shields William R.
Shields, of Conncllsville. U.i was in
Mexico, too.'
"The name rather startled me, but.
of course, odly for a moment.
Shield, savs 1. 'I had a man in
my company named vi imam u.
Shields,' says I. -Company E, Second
Pennsylvania volunteers.'
" -I was tlio man,' says he. 'That
wa my regiment and company. The
Lieutenant's name was Armstrong,'
ays he.
Well,' says I, considerably stag
gered, 'if you're the William Shields
that I mean, the last time I saw you
you were dead and in your collin wait
ing to be buried, forty years ago tins
spring, at Puebla.' "
I was very sick at ruebla, says
Mr. Shields, staggered considerably
himself, 'but I have no recollection of
having been dead and colli nod.'
" 'Of course not,' savs I, 'but you
must have heard about it.
" 'Never until now,1 says he.
" Wall, then, I've got a nice piece of
news for vou,' savs I; 'but if any one
had told me forty years hgo, as I stood
looking nt you in your collin, after
detailing men men to dig your grave.
that I would be telling vou of it to-dav.
I'm afraid I wouldn't have believed
him.'
And I up and told the old gentle
man the story of his death and inter
rupted funeral. He was as much sur
prised to hear it as 1 was to see him
ilivc and in the flesh. It seems he had
come to under the care and doctoring
of the monks, but thev hadn't said a
word to him about his having been
dead and in his collin. or if they had he
didn't know it, as they talked only
Spanish. Ry the time he was able to
join his regiment the City of Mexico
was taken and the war virtually over.
Iu the general rejoicing his return was
never noticed particularly, and no one
happenej to mention it to him that he
had been dead. Si he was ignorant of
how doso he came to being buried that
day in Puebla, for all these forty years,
until I happened to meet him the other
day, and lie has lived right over hero iu
Conncllsville. too, ever since he camo
back from Mexico. !rccnslirj
tor. I'hiatiji) .l.i.V.
Pleasant for Strangers.
Stranger (in Yorkville barbershop)
"That's twice you've ciit me."
Rarlicr "Yes, sah."
Stranger "If you can't do better
ban that you'll drive away customers."
R.irber "I ain't had 'sperince 'uuft
Vet, sah, to shave customers. The boss
nilv 'lows mi! to shave stransrers." X.
THE STAFF OF LIFE.
A Compilation or iiueresion iiii,.ri,m.
rut'U nnauug' i iirmu,
T".ivmolo"V -Food made from grain.
The earliest historv wo nave oi nreau
v . . . 1
FhoWH tlus people did not possess the
k)1wl(.(1;rt. ,,f t,:tVoa r yi-:ist. ninl tlmt
the primitive way of m iking bread was
to soak tin- grain in water, then pivss
lo-uise It. forniiii:r it into cakes and
drvin" it, cither by the sun or through
th;, .l(;t()) ()f tf Tlt, n,,xt .lvanee-
(t ,( p,.,,.,,,,.,,,,, or ,.:lther the ini-
.m.,.m.t, was to pound or nray oe-
lim,n (done, or in a mortar, nciore
nioistcniiiy or baking, and from this
0,,P..lti(l,Z.braving; somo etymologists
t,spo(,iap,v Too'ke) are led V believo
tlt. .,.,! .e:H is from lira ved, If ludng
th(1 .. 1-1I-ti-I of bray. This Is
eonti":iry to ctvmologv. as shown ny
,..,.,,,.. ,.,! cr.,..lts. w"i10 ,,110to some ol
(ho worijs. Anglo-Saxon, brcod;
Mi((n(, Eu-lish. breed or bred; old er-
ln:llli IVt. sut.tlish. hrod; Danish,
i,r.l(.,i; ij ,i;VI1i brood; llelirew, liarouth,
. . ......, . . .11 !.-...
nnii insist that l ie root oi an menu iu-
ilient., it. was brew, bake or break,
and so on. and aro the natural
result to forinaiion bv fctlnentation.
Todd remarks, "it is a full as probable
tho Saxon brcod. whence our brea.l.
,..., il, vni-ii lie.il.in. to noiiris i.
' ...... i
jJ(lt j nm ( (j,,, opinion that the xvoru
hnVi is ,,r,,)ablv tlie correct one. A
rather more elaborate pressingor grind-
in-' of grain led to such simple forms
of "bread as the oat-cakes of Scotland,
1 . .
The bannocks of Scotland, madu of
barley meal or pease meal, the Jewish
passover cakes of wheat ni"al; the
dampers of Australia, made from wheat;
the East Indian si-ones, tlieconl-ilodger
of America, and the cassava cakes of
outh America, made from the cassa-
va-root or tapioca-plant.
These were made from coarse meal,
salt and water, and kneaded with the
1.....1. ., ll-il Jilrf I'.i," 1 tut lll W:U
tben cither rolled thin or shap,d with
the hands and hiked in or before th,
lire. And this bread as named above
represents what is called the inliMVC.i,
as no leaven or veast was added to cause
fermentation (th: pnrosiiy and light
ness of the mass)
Referring to sacred history we
Iiml
bread first mentioned in Genesis xviii. 5,
when Abraham ollered to "letch a
morsel of bread." Again in xix. 3,
'He made them a feast and did bake
uuleavcii bread."
The nrehistorie excavations at the
Lake Dwelliii'' of Switzerland snow
abundant evidence that bread-niakin:
was one of the arts of our prehistoric
ancestors, and as early as the stone
period we find stones for grinding meal
and also specimens of the oread nave
been disinterred in large quantituv
The dough must have consisted of grain;
of barley coarsely crushed, and formed
w ith bands into small cakes about the
si.e of a tea-biscuit.
Tradition gives us that Cliing Nonng,
a Chinese ruler B. C, l'J'.W. was gifted
1... .1... ,.-Wt tlwi ,,,. ..f i,i.il.'tnir
IM llie jii"
bread with grain, and then taught his
people the great blessing. At a very
early period the art of baking was car
ried almost to perfection by the hgyp
tian. who baked cakes in loaves m
many varieties and used several kinds
of Hutu-, and flavored their breads with
aromatic ingredient. Iu hirvpt it is
hi"hlv probable tho Jews learned tin
art of leavening bread. It is supposed
that the Egyptians were tho first to use
leaven, and the secret afterward hi
came known to the tireeks, who, ac
cording to Diodorus, ascribed thi) iu
vention of leavening bread lo Pan. who
was originally an Egyptian deity, and
it is mentioned that no less than sixty
two varieties of bread wero known to
the ancient Greeks, and from them it
became known to the Romans, and
R.
v,. no mu mi oi u.c.-...-....m,.lf; ""
,i .i l i .....i. i..
eare so respected that u wa cnaugeu
bv them to a profession.
R. C. 118, numbers of skilled Greek
bakers came to Rome and. being given
special priwu-e.es. miuii oimiiiu-u ,v uiu
nopolv over native bakers.
Pliny says professional bakers were
lll-st introduced into K line at the close
,.f H, ..,,. u-itl. P,.,Miw Kiiur f Mu.,..
don. The art of making bread made
its way northward slowly, as it was
carried by the Romans during their
campaigns in the northern countries,
and who spread the knowledge far and
wide as thev went.
The difl'crcneo between leaven and
veast is that veast is formed bv a mix
ture of hops and barley, or potatoes and
malt, and allowed, through the action
of heat and other sources, to become n
mass of yeast blossom or yeast germ-
which can be dried and used at any
time. Leaven or sour dough, is dough
in which putrefaction has begun, and
which, owing to the presence and rapid
growth of the yeast plant or germ.
quickly communicates it character to
the fresh doiiirh with which it minjrles.
and causes the process of fermentation
to take place. Uu use of leaven in
baking dates from remote antiquity, but
the employment of veast is of a more
recent date.
the invad mentioned in thoN-rip-
tnres was made from cither wheat, bar
lev, lentiles or kuns. Rarlev bread
was only used in times of scarcity and
distress. ,'a ")( M. Floyd, m (.iiVa'o
Jonrn'tl.
According to Scandinavian tradi
tion, the swallow hovered over the cross I
of our Iord, crying "Srnla! ,n-io.'"
(Console! console!) whence it was called
sralotr, the bird of consolation. There
is a curious storv that this bird brings I
home from the seashore a stone
that 1
gives sight to her fledglings.
In Prussia women earn from
twelve to twenty cents a day acting
guards at the railroad crossings. Thev
have to open tind close the gates at
tend the lights and sweep the crossings.
BABEL OF
Description of a Vllt to th Hbreitn
- ter of tlie I'ltjr of Am,ter(U1
There is a tmrt of this (Trr
voted. r rather given i,p cnti'
the Hebrew race. It is called tl
docxtoniioeK. inoso who have travZ
in Italy, visited th lums of p J
London or New York, have somT1
J'et to see to prove that man's ima.;
lion is deficient Tho Israeli
whom C5.000 live in this city. L,
"-" '"' no, jor wealth
inumr, mm inousuiai encrn
the peers of most won, and yct
ing tho Jewish quarter, a traveler ?
did himself in n labyrinth of
narrow, muddy alleys, flanked by
houses that seem to bo tumbling dom
aioji, lii-nnm-tu, uiucrett trouf,
patched petticoats flutter ami suv..
and fro on ropes stretched from winj
to window, on tho wiudow-si
or uangnng irom nails drive
into mu uouis. in tlie d.
I If. 1 I'd All ilin lllTkl-ntl e,....-
" " oicus,
tumbling-down railings old ooodj ,s
spread for sale. Shattered ruiM $
furniture, fragments of liro-arnu, t
votional objects, scraps of Mlu
on oi musical insuuments, bni
ens, oiu
dd iron, dilapidated eroekpn
I r..:..An ....... ,i. e i i .. . '
'"H"' i "men it is m.
possible to Iiml words to describe, ths
1 t.. m i i . '
nave uecn spoucu uy rain, by
by fire, by rust, by carlessness, bvffi.
"ess, poverty, or death; things th
servants sweep into tho dust-hole; thx
the rag-picker disdains to pick Mp; tlm
the beggar treads under foot; that it
mala scorn lo notice; every thing
h.'kes up room; that contaminates; ths
exhales a fetid odor; that soils;
-!!... ...... .1.- I i. .!,!.... 1
uisgnsis ini; least mciisuivb neniir u,.
bo found thero in heaps .and hf
destined to become the object of m;,
tenons bargains. In tho midst of tk;
I cemetery of inniiiniato objects, of thi
babel of filth, lives a populace of hs,
gl-l.mking, bogging, gp,,,.
Dlfi
and women, bv the side of wlmhil,
AJbaicin gypsies of Grenada would j.
pear a cleanly and sweet-smcllif
race.
Here, as in all countries, they hi
borrowed the color of their hair scd
skin from the people they live anion'
But they have preserved their uoot!
noses, sharp chins, curly hair all tin
features, in short, characteristic of lit
Semite race. The dictionary does k
contain word wherewith to givo in
scription of these people. Shar?
heads of hair never touched by a com!
eyes that cause one to shudder, bofc
us thin as an unlleshed corpse; sou
as to arouse a feeling of compassi
so old that they preserve scarcely anp
semblance of human shape; wrapped
every sort of clothing, of which it isii
possible to define cither the cut orco,
or to toll tno sex oi mo xm:
er. Whatever they may be doii
thev ilo it on the sidewalk-. Wont
frying fish upon small ovens, girls m
ting children to sleep; men tiirnn
n ..." .t i ....i.t.l .1.. I...U....1...JI .....
- """'''" "-" "'V "
inr about the pavement strewn w
rotten veretables and refuse of Ik
scenes that can not be desciibi'il,
that compel the tourist, when he coil
forth on the border of a broad can
iu a clean open space, to believe tL
his experience has only been a ihei-
and vet situated as this portion nth
brews are in Amsterdam, with alb
poverty, misery and tilth surround:.
them, the records of the criniinaleoft
testify that tho laws of the Mi!
which they live arc observed bytk
and that but one Jew is found in ft
cellular prison of Amsterdam nm
240 inmates. Avixteruuvi- tor.
cujo Tribune.
iMrs. ioiirstar's little girl
tliern T iiiiwt. tell vnn nno of lier
i
little savin "- Her father had a
. , f t) t( ()f ,,is W
and kissinsr him at bedtime sl
marked: Stool! down, liansv drill
..... ,,. v- ,,, wIim... ,he
- BhoWS." 7.0M(M Triltt
u-.-mt,.i.'s t ile
1 100, my wny through tlio lonesome wool
Whero tho Jim-jam sat on a tree.
And the Hypis stood in a pensive mood
Alucl; ! nn J who is me '.
I saw tho scam through the other sail,
Alonn wilh her scmnlcts three;
And tlin fliptUip p;ile, with the scringy trt
Mmle nn awlul face at me.
THE GREAT
F5
5l-i
PURELY VEGETABLE.
Are You Bilious?
Tlir Tirgulatnr nerve full to rut. I
chMTlully recommend It to an wnu .- .
K.lioiu Atlaclt or ny Disease caiuM oy
arranged aie ot tne Liver.
Kansas City, Mo. W. R. BERNARD
Tin Vnn Want. Ooorl TJiffestiOIl?
IsuBered Mtnsely leith I'utl Slamth.B't
tirhr, etc neighbor, u ho had tain
Livrr Regulator, told me it uas a mrt tf'J'j.
trouble. The first dose I took relieve "'
muin, umi in one arts s nir j
heart as I ever iwi. It in the brat met"
-
Richmond, Va. H.G.CmSSA
Bo You Suffer from Constipation .
Testimony of Hiram Warnf,
, : i nave iieu .-.uuniuo I
t'oiutipaliun of my BoweU, caused by a KP (
lleraugement of the Liver, for the
four yean, anil always srtri decided ""r
TTotta Vnn Malaria?
I hare had experience wit jimim"
lalor sine iSo'S, anrl renard it as the 9.
. . ... . 1nrIT
tneatcme of the imir or V M meir
Itttr to matitriol region.
9
rint drservts universal eommenaaiy -
rsal er,
REV.
fur. Set'v Southern Bantist Thevtofiri iem-
Jr. a. l.sn',
Ssfer and Better than Calo
I have been suhjecl lo severe spells ct
of it I jver, and have been in the haH'"
fn,m ,s to ao grams of calomel, men iTT" V
me up lor three or four days. Lately 1
l:il ing Simmons Liver Regulator .which ".
lief, vitAoxt aNy interrupt ?
as
J. it. Zeilin & Co., Philadelphia
uEGULli