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About The Eugene City guard. (Eugene City, Or.) 1870-1899 | View Entire Issue (June 25, 1887)
i '.I FRUITION. The r1r,u1 linn;; too low, too low, I he Ici lxiund utivami rftw to lng; ThP mill. l)l-k IiIimU may liltli'r blow. And nulunf nifunii to llnw Hut, true us Truth, ut luhtconiua Spring! We toll mill till with bruin iinil han.l ' Tl ut our Hmr world nrmy lintfhtcr yield; V h p no blossom on tli lund: Hut. w fnll4!r. (lod'n o'litniui'l Ui-nsm li'imiiif r uii niul iwlaVn flilil. Down whore the ronpi:M uli-kls rlns, V.'t limit iiml vi nrii for Imrvn-.u o er; Our hi'iirtn lire full of nuiritiiiriniMS We toil In ilimlit. L. Aiituinii lirlnirs, A true i Timo. It tr iisure utoro. All. trie todxl'a (rood ttmn. urn done; Ali. tnie m Tfiilli. de)llo our feur; J'.m'h eyrie rnmiited out In Him Ort-tiinle: nil ect fruition won II wiMiiy hrmti! have eher, (food cherr. Ktlyur I,, W'uhtiiMn, in VliaiitJiiinMit. THE DANK OF FKAXCE. An Index of tho PrOBporlty of the Republic. Hoiitrtliliig About IU lllntory ml I'riment . MuiiMKDinrnt-Ontr HW,niM.000 Standing In 111 Oeillt-lt ' ppnr in Clrruliitliin mill ', Hvtallle Iiml. ' Next to tin; It.ink of England, thfl r.iink of France is tln largest and most Important of nil dm other hunks in Kurope. Occupying very nciiiily the wimo position in France as thclaiiU of England does in tliis county, it is in many respects similar, ami performs for llie eonnlrv Ilm name kind of dutij'H Thepiililic moneys am deposited with dm Hank of Frame; it alone lias me talc right of issuing notes for that country. (This is what Sir Kohert IVcl would have atlai hed to the privileges of the Hank of Finland, if ho h id lieen aid;'; hut usage and vested interests were too powerful.) lis capital is piiwii-'seil ly a proprietary wh.se lia bilities arc of a similar nal lire to those of any other banking iu-!iliilion. It opi'iis.ii'cimnts wilh properly inirodueed persons, it : il keeps in ils rollers the metallic reserves. ll.u iug incut ioned I he p analogies be tween these two "Teat banks, there arc lioiuls wliere their conduct diverges. The transadions of the Hank of En gland are on u larger scale, owing lo the lnrg-r mercaiitiie operations in tliis count n. 'I'Ih' comnicrcial habits of llie French are plainly indicated in the class of bill business which their chief bank undertakes. During the w hole of lat year it discounted no fewer than l..V.li'l.NM bills under four pounds, most of them pnyiilile at private addresses. It Is an unusual tiling for an English banker to take a bill under ten pounds, and he will require satisfactory reasons for discounting bills payable at private addresses. It is presumed here that in Mich a case the acceptor can not be a substantial man, or lie would have a banker. Another point of divergence, again, is in the government of the bank, w here in the French have shown their belief in the clliciency and elVecliveness of gov ernment control. Our own government can not in any way interfere with tlir opiT.iliomi of the Hank of Falkland, c cepl In respect of ils nole Issue. The French hank is presided over by n gov ernor, tippointcd by the government, who also nppoinis the two deputy governors. 'J'he three highest olllces are thus held by government men; and the ulliceof the governor is lield for life. It is his duly to see that the obligations imposed upon the bank by die govrni luent are in nil respects carried out, mid to hi t as the eo. i iccting link between it and the gover i n -nt. In addition to the govcrnnrund w.'n deputy-governors, the retieral user.i ilv, ronsistinr of two hundred of th ' largest sliareholders, elect the gcner.il council, which is niade upoflifteeil regents and three censors. The manufacturing and trading inter est are supposed to beduly rciireseuted in the coiiiu ll, for live of the regents must he chosen from each of these bodies. There is vet another committee. of twelve persons, who must he share- haulers earning on business in Paris, appointed by the ( elisors. Tliis com lillltce lias the resiionslliilitv ol exauiin- iuand passing all t!m bills taken for discount. The bank was established In ISIKI by the Ftnperor Napolenu Honaparte. Ils constitution has been slightly inodilied from time to time, as circumstances have rciiuircd. It has been successfully and prudently managed, tliouh thev have been times when ils existence been threatened. In ISIS, during (lie Revolution, it made lar,e advances to I lie d eminent and to the city of Pari w Hu ll, coinliiiietl Willi a seere drain on its eohl, hltaiued ils resources to so i at an exlent that it w as compelled to suspend specie payments. To lessen the evil of this measure and limit the Inconvenience arising therefixun, its notes were made and have continued to be legal tender. The reports annually issued by the council of this bank to the shareholders aif full of lutci'ctiii; and iustrurthe details, wliercby compariou witli those ot other years, and the progre-s uf the business, can be followed, and the pub lie support estimated. These reports present a curious study to bankers and economist in this coutilrv, fur they alloiil a glimpse of the nature of the banking business carried on in France and of the commercial habits of the French people. To the statistical! thev form a ivpcrtorr of llgurcs from which be can construct tables of the trading transactions of the country, alwaysim iniKnt:int and valuable in historv From the tetort before us for the yeai lss"i, we shall lay before our reader hoine of the items mentioned. Tlie Hank of Franco not only informs its .shareholders of (lie amount due to Its iu-4oiners, but also of tho total mount ocrntcd through their account. There wciv H,,V,!2 cunvnt atr,mnts open tl Paris and the branches with a sunt 6(X2f.724.O00 utandingto their credit I ut the end of tho year. Omitting We hnliinrw iluo to the treasury, tho fluc-i timtlmiH of tho total balance duo on these account aro given as regards their limit. On the lWli of April. the maximum amount due by tho bank was 20,801,000; and tho minimum amount on the 28th of February was I'M..V)G,00l)-bcinga difference) of H, 718,000. The total operations in tho year amounted to l!)2,'J8:l.Oy2-bcin; jess than the operation of 1881 ! 50,Gj8.180. The returns from th' clearing-house in London liavo revealert l!ie name features. Wliilo tho volume of trade a a whole ha not diminished, the money value havo shown a per ceptible decrease. These effect are due to the fall in prices in Franco no less than in England. Wo feel curious to know whether the operation of die Hank of England would cxcertho.se of its sister hank. Out of tho total opera tion already gven, 220.755,520 arc accounted for by tho operali ms con ducted gratuitously for the puMie t reas ury. The, report congratulate tho share holders on the increase of the metallic reserves in two year of 12.000,000. of which the greater part was gold. Tliis is not to lie wondered at, seeing that silver has fallen in value so rapidly and to so great an extent. When silvir was worth five shilling an ounce, the holding of the, Hank of France was Ano anxiety, but now tliat silver nas fallen to three sinning ami niucpencu an ounce, the amount of it metallic reserve in silver i not worth so much hv about one-fourth a the sum stated. Thus, out of 8:1,552,00.') gold and silver held by the bank, a little less than half (i:W'l 1.000) was in silver. Inducting it fourth, the value of the silver may. he pul at about mooO.OO'l. There is nothing more curious in the whole statement Ihan the particulars of tlie comnicrcial bills and "paper" dis counted. The amount reaclcd :i70.-0')l.8li8-untie up by 1 l,(i(iJ,.r8:) bills; making an average of :12 for the bills, willi an average of nearly 112 days to run. The large number of 10:1,001 bills, for :1.58V.I2i, were refused discount i large p illion on account of irregular ities of form, ami the remainder lor ml of conlidence. In Paris, alone, 5.017,'JiU bills, amounting to 158,8:12, H!I2, were admitted to discount; of these, 1 1, Kill bills were of the amount of Ss. 4d. and below; (i5li,H80 were from 9s. to 2; "l!).75:t were from 2, 0s. Hid. tol;and !l, 127.0li5 were above I. These lignres are an indication of the trade habits of our neighbor, and show the services rendered lo the retail trade iv the chief bank. An idea of the im mense ipiantily of work connected with these small bills, pavahle chiellv at the esideuces of the drawees, can be gath- ereii troiu a paragra in in mo siaiemcui living an account of the day s work on tlie Illst of October, the heaviest for the vear. It included the manipulation of 11)11,272 bills, representing tho sum of C I.8'i0,70l.) -to receive which, applica tion had to he made at 00,707 dwellings, riieexpenseof a large staffof collecting- '.crks and others to perform these lu'ies adds a very large proportionate cost to these document in aduitiou to the discount. The bank makes advances on public ecurities, railw ay securities, and other securities. I lie maximum amount ut Paris was mi tlie 12th of January, mil reached 6,508,000 die minimum on tlie 2."ilh of March, reaching 5.!US. 0011. At the branches the maximum oc curred on the 12lh of Julv. and was 0,152,000. The minimum was very nearly coiicidenl wilh the minimum at Paris, occurring on the 27th of March, and amounting to 5,5, 000. Tlie total operations in advances amounted to 25,058.801. The note circulation i given in nut- plilicd detail, the statement showing the iiumberof notes in circulation with their Icnomlnaliou, the numbers issued, can- eel leu, ttiwi roved, anil withdrawn iiuriug, ,, , , i .,i i , . the car. On the 2S:h of January, 1880, there were 18,l:l'.t,505 notes, amounting to U0.O.'iO.5:!l, in the hands of the public, There are no notes issued higher than live thousand francs (200) each, and there w ere only live of these iu cir- datum. I he note most in use was that of one hundred franc (l), of which there wero 12.810,075; and the ono least in use is of the denomination of two hundred francs (8). There I were only 2,021 notes of two hundred francs (8) each; 1,212 notes of which the form was out of date; and 101,020 notes for live francs (Is.) each in cir culation. Ibiriug the ear there wci'i l.t,:i."i0,lKK) notes issued, representing an amount of 81,:iO'),tW; there were can celled, 0,711,01:1 notes, representing an imouut of 02,7:11,200. Thero were destroyed, 21,058.500 notes, represent ing an amount of 101,128,0:12; and there were withdrawn from circulation, l2.O70.:iOO. The manufactory of the Rank at Riercv produced y,08'.,000 notes, of w hich more than half were notes of fifty francs (2). The growth of the circulation reouiringiin increased production of notes, fro;.h buildings were erected fitted with every improve ment, and capable of meeting all the demands likely to be made. Tlie transactions iu connection with the deposits of securities form a con siderable iVtioil of the services ren dered by the bank. The business at tached to ibis is of three kinds the five deposits, the deposits as guarantees, and the securities deposited by the syn dicate of slock-brokers. The general operations iu all these divisions wero 4.0l't,:ll in number. There were de posited in tho safes at Paris 4.2:18,281 securities, the value of which a- niouutiil to 12O,!0O,iXX) represent ing 2.il.o82 deposits brought, by 41.80'.! depositors. Of the ii kind of deposit the fre deposit the number of securities iu the safes at rarl wM2,f59S.252-rcprepntinj 82.. 923.500. ol 1,67 uinoront uiwcripuoiu, belonging to 31.1.)7 depositors. Dur ing the year, 190,000 persons called at tho bank in connection with these securities. Only three branches those at Hordcaux, Lyons and Marseilles appear a having carried on any oper mioti in connection with tho deposits (,f securities. Tim branches trans mitted to the chief oflieo 99.110 cou pon. Tho amount ot the charges for custody of valuables at Pari reached :J5,C17; and at tlio threo branches enumerated, 7,891; and, a the report goes on to say, these charges aro a Trilling recompense for tho expense and the responsibilities which the under taking these duties impose on the bank. Tim branches, of which there are ninety-four, are classified according to tlio importance of the business done at each during the year. Placed in order according to tho extent of their oper ations, numbers are allixed again, them to show the order in which each branch stand in respect of the profits. The branches at lVo'deaux, Mar seilles, Lyons. Havre, Lille and Kouen, stand in tho first rank as re gards the iiuportaiico of their oper ations; bir. respectively first, second, fifth, third, fourth, and tenth in respect of their profits. The largest net prolits (72,717) were realized at Marseilles; tho smallest (27) at Digne; and five branches showed a.loss. Ono of these, Har-le-l)uc, stands forty-fourth in re spect of it operations, but shows a loss of 1:17. La Itoche-sur-Yon shows the highest loss (002). The expenses connected with tho Bank at Pari amounted to 255,472; at the branches, 2:16.09:1; and those of a general character, such cost of transport of specie, duties and taxes, 129,02 1, of which ;).MSH represent taxes. The amount, distributed among the 25,782 shareholders was 7, 7s. Od. per share. The buildings occupied by the branches had coU 1,2:11,9.18; but of this, there had been written oil 857,50.1. The number of ollleials em ployed at Paris was about the same as those employed by the Hank of England in Loudon "(1,01 1); those engaged at the branches numbered 1,222. There are a great many more particu lars of less general interest in this very interesting document, hut we have given sufficient for our readers to form an idea of its natuiv. We can not bet ter conclude than by adding the words of the Council: "We should have de sired to reduce the size of this state ment; but it derives tlie greater part of its interest and importance from the comparative figures with which it neces sarily bristles, and we have been com pelled, to make it complete, to pass all of them before your cyss. This is our excuse." Chuiii'ia' Journal. AUSTRIAN NOBILITY. l-niiiostloniilily tli I'onriMt t Most Ex clusive Ai-latovnu-y in tlie V oriel. No aristocracy of tlie world is so ex clusive as that of Vienna. It seems to have inherited the appalling loneliness and isolation of the Hapsliurgs. Tho English nobility admit ordinary mor tals to their presence if tlicir character or intellectual abiliiy entitles them to a certain distinction. It is so also in (icrmauv and elsewhere, whero a titled aristocracy exists. It is not so iu Vienna. Hero nothing but tlie bluest of blue blood entitles 1)1 ill ill whose Teins that precious fluid flows to min gle with tlie real lutiil Ion. Oilicial po sition amount to nothing. A foreign embassador may bo the most eminent of savants, skilled in literature, rich, socially accomplished, but lie is des. tined, though he passes many years at Vienna, never to see the interior of salon of an Austrian nobleman, unless wilh a ticket of entrance when tho fam ily aro from home. In the eyes of this class, to bo a republican, a simple citi zen of the United States, represent ing the (lovernment at Washing ton at the Austrian court, is to bo an humblo personage in deed. But what would become of the greater part of these exclusive without this adventitious distinction of birth. They would be the merest no. bodies. As an aggrieved person re marked to me: "It is all they have. i Most of them are poor, their fortunes or remnants m ionunes nauug uecn I long since swept into tlie coffers of the Jews, to whom also have passed some titles of the lower jrrade, with the obli Rations on certain properties and modicum of social distinction. The Jews are as airtrressive at lenna as elsewhere on the Continent. They aro the bankers and brokers. Most of tho line buildings erected within tho last, fifteen years belong to them. Th principally own the railroads and street car lines, and the stock in insurance and other corporations. Among them are numbered many of the ablest of journalists, lawyers and doctors. Thi success of a race, against w hom person ally and a a religious sect there is prejudice inconceivable in America, has given rise to u spirit of anti-semiiisni which is intense, but can not in so lare a city, as it sometimes does in Hungary and lloiiemia, result m actual outrage and violence, lo the (loverninent and llie nign nooiiiiy tncir relation liaslieeii principally that of in :iev-lcnders. and this ha been tic lever to ivhateve amount of social consideration thev havo achieved. Vicuna Cor. San Frttudneo Vlirouii'U: .uiHiier. win you lend me your .i .. . .,, i i hair switch?' ."Why, what iu the world can you want with it, Harry?' -(). some of us boys are going to have a show, and 1 ingoing to lie Ruffalo Rill and scalp Indians." nrjur's Young IVeir, A man's income should never judged by the uumlcr of dogs he is able to keen. FuU Hivtr AJctmw " TWO VETERANS MEET. ' On of Tl.m !-.. Th.t IU W I nil Srnrljr Hurled a Af0.i r l,,.,l the L'reatest kind ol a stir rriso a few day ago ngo.sai.1 Colonel f this place a vet- t.niwi, Artiistrollir nr.ui of the Mexican war, "and although f s t.l.u irl.nl in havo it it lias rat he brokeirthe thread of my reminiscences of the past forty year. 'you see I went to Mexico wilh the Second Regiment of Pennsylvania vol- unteers, being a lai-meiioni m K. one oi the pmau-s in inu ..!"...., was a voting man named William R. Shields'. He was from (ircciisburg, too. On the inarch from Perota to Puebla Shields became very sick. When we reached Puebla we took possession of au old monaster! meie, linn usi u I a hosnita!. U'ii"U we put Shields in tho hospital he was unconscious, and we all felt' that it was only a matter of a few days when we would nave to miry mm. Sure enough, one nay inn Hiirgruii, ..I f..... V..,.tt, ',,( ill II 'I TO- voinr; i 1 1 .oi iii'iu ...Mm i.,i,v ported that Shield was dead. We laid liiui out on a sort of catafalque on one of die monastery porches, having placed the hodv in a cullbi. A detail wa ordered to dig hi grave and attend to the interment. We had plenty of time , i i. .i.i .i i.. :...i I ami fouiu no sucu tmii-s mwiui jo then. While poor Shield's grave was being dug ono of the old monks of the monaster!' came to the eoflin, which wasn't closed vet, and began to mum bio oravers over tho bodv. The monk was in the middle of his mumbling. when all of a sudden he threw up his hands and exclaimed in Spanish: ''This man is not dead!' "Of course we thought the poor monk was crazy, hut we couldn't quiet hi frantic protestations that we were about to bury a live man, and his appeal to be permitted to have the body carried to his apartment so that he could ex periment on it were so earnest that to satisfy die noisy old chap we hud the bodv, collin, and all carried to the monk's mom. Wo thought we'd let him satisfy himself that Shields was about as good a dead man as he had pverseen, and then fetch the body back nnd iro on with the funeral. If he hadn't happened to come along, though, just then, Shields would have been lin er ground within the next twenty minutes. "While the monk was experimenting with lho body, the command received orders to leave Puebla at once and march to the City of Mexico. Iu the hurry and hustle of preparing for the march we had no time to think about the funeral, and left Shields' body to be disposed of by the monks. The regi ment went to the Mexican capital, and many and many a time after that won- red how long those monks kept tlie orpse before they gave up and buried "Well, the other day I was in Ivuhn's law otliee, when a hearty-looking old ireutlcman came in. Ah, Colonel,' says Kuhn to me, here's another Mexican veteran. Colonel Arinstroni:,' savs he, 'shake hands with Mr. Shields William R. Shields, of Conncllsville. U.i was in Mexico, too.' "The name rather startled me, but. of course, odly for a moment. Shield, savs 1. 'I had a man in my company named vi imam u. Shields,' says I. -Company E, Second Pennsylvania volunteers.' " -I was tlio man,' says he. 'That wa my regiment and company. The Lieutenant's name was Armstrong,' ays he. Well,' says I, considerably stag gered, 'if you're the William Shields that I mean, the last time I saw you you were dead and in your collin wait ing to be buried, forty years ago tins spring, at Puebla.' " I was very sick at ruebla, says Mr. Shields, staggered considerably himself, 'but I have no recollection of having been dead and colli nod.' " 'Of course not,' savs I, 'but you must have heard about it. " 'Never until now,1 says he. " Wall, then, I've got a nice piece of news for vou,' savs I; 'but if any one had told me forty years hgo, as I stood looking nt you in your collin, after detailing men men to dig your grave. that I would be telling vou of it to-dav. I'm afraid I wouldn't have believed him.' And I up and told the old gentle man the story of his death and inter rupted funeral. He was as much sur prised to hear it as 1 was to see him ilivc and in the flesh. It seems he had come to under the care and doctoring of the monks, but thev hadn't said a word to him about his having been dead and in his collin. or if they had he didn't know it, as they talked only Spanish. Ry the time he was able to join his regiment the City of Mexico was taken and the war virtually over. Iu the general rejoicing his return was never noticed particularly, and no one happenej to mention it to him that he had been dead. Si he was ignorant of how doso he came to being buried that day in Puebla, for all these forty years, until I happened to meet him the other day, and lie has lived right over hero iu Conncllsville. too, ever since he camo back from Mexico. !rccnslirj tor. I'hiatiji) .l.i.V. Pleasant for Strangers. Stranger (in Yorkville barbershop) "That's twice you've ciit me." Rarlicr "Yes, sah." Stranger "If you can't do better ban that you'll drive away customers." R.irber "I ain't had 'sperince 'uuft Vet, sah, to shave customers. The boss nilv 'lows mi! to shave stransrers." X. THE STAFF OF LIFE. A Compilation or iiueresion iiii,.ri,m. rut'U nnauug' i iirmu, T".ivmolo"V -Food made from grain. The earliest historv wo nave oi nreau v . . . 1 FhoWH tlus people did not possess the k)1wl(.(1;rt. ,,f t,:tVoa r yi-:ist. ninl tlmt the primitive way of m iking bread was to soak tin- grain in water, then pivss lo-uise It. forniiii:r it into cakes and drvin" it, cither by the sun or through th;, .l(;t()) ()f tf Tlt, n,,xt .lvanee- (t ,( p,.,,.,,,,.,,,,, or ,.:lther the ini- .m.,.m.t, was to pound or nray oe- lim,n (done, or in a mortar, nciore nioistcniiiy or baking, and from this 0,,P..lti(l,Z.braving; somo etymologists t,spo(,iap,v Too'ke) are led V believo tlt. .,.,! .e:H is from lira ved, If ludng th(1 .. 1-1I-ti-I of bray. This Is eonti":iry to ctvmologv. as shown ny ,..,.,,,.. ,.,! cr.,..lts. w"i10 ,,110to some ol (ho worijs. Anglo-Saxon, brcod; Mi((n(, Eu-lish. breed or bred; old er- ln:llli IVt. sut.tlish. hrod; Danish, i,r.l(.,i; ij ,i;VI1i brood; llelirew, liarouth, . . ......, . . .11 !.-... nnii insist that l ie root oi an menu iu- ilient., it. was brew, bake or break, and so on. and aro the natural result to forinaiion bv fctlnentation. Todd remarks, "it is a full as probable tho Saxon brcod. whence our brea.l. ,..., il, vni-ii lie.il.in. to noiiris i. ' ...... i jJ(lt j nm ( (j,,, opinion that the xvoru hnVi is ,,r,,)ablv tlie correct one. A rather more elaborate pressingor grind- in-' of grain led to such simple forms of "bread as the oat-cakes of Scotland, 1 . . The bannocks of Scotland, madu of barley meal or pease meal, the Jewish passover cakes of wheat ni"al; the dampers of Australia, made from wheat; the East Indian si-ones, tlieconl-ilodger of America, and the cassava cakes of outh America, made from the cassa- va-root or tapioca-plant. These were made from coarse meal, salt and water, and kneaded with the 1.....1. ., ll-il Jilrf I'.i," 1 tut lll W:U tben cither rolled thin or shap,d with the hands and hiked in or before th, lire. And this bread as named above represents what is called the inliMVC.i, as no leaven or veast was added to cause fermentation (th: pnrosiiy and light ness of the mass) Referring to sacred history we Iiml bread first mentioned in Genesis xviii. 5, when Abraham ollered to "letch a morsel of bread." Again in xix. 3, 'He made them a feast and did bake uuleavcii bread." The nrehistorie excavations at the Lake Dwelliii'' of Switzerland snow abundant evidence that bread-niakin: was one of the arts of our prehistoric ancestors, and as early as the stone period we find stones for grinding meal and also specimens of the oread nave been disinterred in large quantituv The dough must have consisted of grain; of barley coarsely crushed, and formed w ith bands into small cakes about the si.e of a tea-biscuit. Tradition gives us that Cliing Nonng, a Chinese ruler B. C, l'J'.W. was gifted 1... .1... ,.-Wt tlwi ,,,. ..f i,i.il.'tnir IM llie jii" bread with grain, and then taught his people the great blessing. At a very early period the art of baking was car ried almost to perfection by the hgyp tian. who baked cakes in loaves m many varieties and used several kinds of Hutu-, and flavored their breads with aromatic ingredient. Iu hirvpt it is hi"hlv probable tho Jews learned tin art of leavening bread. It is supposed that the Egyptians were tho first to use leaven, and the secret afterward hi came known to the tireeks, who, ac cording to Diodorus, ascribed thi) iu vention of leavening bread lo Pan. who was originally an Egyptian deity, and it is mentioned that no less than sixty two varieties of bread wero known to the ancient Greeks, and from them it became known to the Romans, and R. v,. no mu mi oi u.c.-...-....m,.lf; "" ,i .i l i .....i. i.. eare so respected that u wa cnaugeu bv them to a profession. R. C. 118, numbers of skilled Greek bakers came to Rome and. being given special priwu-e.es. miuii oimiiiu-u ,v uiu nopolv over native bakers. Pliny says professional bakers were lll-st introduced into K line at the close ,.f H, ..,,. u-itl. P,.,Miw Kiiur f Mu.,.. don. The art of making bread made its way northward slowly, as it was carried by the Romans during their campaigns in the northern countries, and who spread the knowledge far and wide as thev went. The difl'crcneo between leaven and veast is that veast is formed bv a mix ture of hops and barley, or potatoes and malt, and allowed, through the action of heat and other sources, to become n mass of yeast blossom or yeast germ- which can be dried and used at any time. Leaven or sour dough, is dough in which putrefaction has begun, and which, owing to the presence and rapid growth of the yeast plant or germ. quickly communicates it character to the fresh doiiirh with which it minjrles. and causes the process of fermentation to take place. Uu use of leaven in baking dates from remote antiquity, but the employment of veast is of a more recent date. the invad mentioned in thoN-rip- tnres was made from cither wheat, bar lev, lentiles or kuns. Rarlev bread was only used in times of scarcity and distress. ,'a ")( M. Floyd, m (.iiVa'o Jonrn'tl. According to Scandinavian tradi tion, the swallow hovered over the cross I of our Iord, crying "Srnla! ,n-io.'" (Console! console!) whence it was called sralotr, the bird of consolation. There is a curious storv that this bird brings I home from the seashore a stone that 1 gives sight to her fledglings. In Prussia women earn from twelve to twenty cents a day acting guards at the railroad crossings. Thev have to open tind close the gates at tend the lights and sweep the crossings. BABEL OF Description of a Vllt to th Hbreitn - ter of tlie I'ltjr of Am,ter(U1 There is a tmrt of this (Trr voted. r rather given i,p cnti' the Hebrew race. It is called tl docxtoniioeK. inoso who have travZ in Italy, visited th lums of p J London or New York, have somT1 J'et to see to prove that man's ima.; lion is deficient Tho Israeli whom C5.000 live in this city. L, "-" '"' no, jor wealth inumr, mm inousuiai encrn the peers of most won, and yct ing tho Jewish quarter, a traveler ? did himself in n labyrinth of narrow, muddy alleys, flanked by houses that seem to bo tumbling dom aioji, lii-nnm-tu, uiucrett trouf, patched petticoats flutter ami suv.. and fro on ropes stretched from winj to window, on tho wiudow-si or uangnng irom nails drive into mu uouis. in tlie d. I If. 1 I'd All ilin lllTkl-ntl e,....- " " oicus, tumbling-down railings old ooodj ,s spread for sale. Shattered ruiM $ furniture, fragments of liro-arnu, t votional objects, scraps of Mlu on oi musical insuuments, bni ens, oiu dd iron, dilapidated eroekpn I r..:..An ....... ,i. e i i .. . ' '"H"' i "men it is m. possible to Iiml words to describe, ths 1 t.. m i i . ' nave uecn spoucu uy rain, by by fire, by rust, by carlessness, bvffi. "ess, poverty, or death; things th servants sweep into tho dust-hole; thx the rag-picker disdains to pick Mp; tlm the beggar treads under foot; that it mala scorn lo notice; every thing h.'kes up room; that contaminates; ths exhales a fetid odor; that soils; -!!... ...... .1.- I i. .!,!.... 1 uisgnsis ini; least mciisuivb neniir u,. bo found thero in heaps .and hf destined to become the object of m;, tenons bargains. In tho midst of tk; I cemetery of inniiiniato objects, of thi babel of filth, lives a populace of hs, gl-l.mking, bogging, gp,,,. Dlfi and women, bv the side of wlmhil, AJbaicin gypsies of Grenada would j. pear a cleanly and sweet-smcllif race. Here, as in all countries, they hi borrowed the color of their hair scd skin from the people they live anion' But they have preserved their uoot! noses, sharp chins, curly hair all tin features, in short, characteristic of lit Semite race. The dictionary does k contain word wherewith to givo in scription of these people. Shar? heads of hair never touched by a com! eyes that cause one to shudder, bofc us thin as an unlleshed corpse; sou as to arouse a feeling of compassi so old that they preserve scarcely anp semblance of human shape; wrapped every sort of clothing, of which it isii possible to define cither the cut orco, or to toll tno sex oi mo xm: er. Whatever they may be doii thev ilo it on the sidewalk-. Wont frying fish upon small ovens, girls m ting children to sleep; men tiirnn n ..." .t i ....i.t.l .1.. I...U....1...JI ..... - """'''" "-" "'V " inr about the pavement strewn w rotten veretables and refuse of Ik scenes that can not be desciibi'il, that compel the tourist, when he coil forth on the border of a broad can iu a clean open space, to believe tL his experience has only been a ihei- and vet situated as this portion nth brews are in Amsterdam, with alb poverty, misery and tilth surround:. them, the records of the criniinaleoft testify that tho laws of the Mi! which they live arc observed bytk and that but one Jew is found in ft cellular prison of Amsterdam nm 240 inmates. Avixteruuvi- tor. cujo Tribune. iMrs. ioiirstar's little girl tliern T iiiiwt. tell vnn nno of lier i little savin "- Her father had a . , f t) t( ()f ,,is W and kissinsr him at bedtime sl marked: Stool! down, liansv drill ..... ,,. v- ,,, wIim... ,he - BhoWS." 7.0M(M Triltt u-.-mt,.i.'s t ile 1 100, my wny through tlio lonesome wool Whero tho Jim-jam sat on a tree. And the Hypis stood in a pensive mood Alucl; ! nn J who is me '. I saw tho scam through the other sail, Alonn wilh her scmnlcts three; And tlin fliptUip p;ile, with the scringy trt Mmle nn awlul face at me. THE GREAT F5 5l-i PURELY VEGETABLE. Are You Bilious? Tlir Tirgulatnr nerve full to rut. I chMTlully recommend It to an wnu .- . K.lioiu Atlaclt or ny Disease caiuM oy arranged aie ot tne Liver. Kansas City, Mo. W. R. BERNARD Tin Vnn Want. Ooorl TJiffestiOIl? IsuBered Mtnsely leith I'utl Slamth.B't tirhr, etc neighbor, u ho had tain Livrr Regulator, told me it uas a mrt tf'J'j. trouble. The first dose I took relieve "' muin, umi in one arts s nir j heart as I ever iwi. It in the brat met" - Richmond, Va. H.G.CmSSA Bo You Suffer from Constipation . Testimony of Hiram Warnf, , : i nave iieu .-.uuniuo I t'oiutipaliun of my BoweU, caused by a KP ( lleraugement of the Liver, for the four yean, anil always srtri decided ""r TTotta Vnn Malaria? I hare had experience wit jimim" lalor sine iSo'S, anrl renard it as the 9. . . ... . 1nrIT tneatcme of the imir or V M meir Itttr to matitriol region. 9 rint drservts universal eommenaaiy - rsal er, REV. fur. Set'v Southern Bantist Thevtofiri iem- Jr. a. l.sn', Ssfer and Better than Calo I have been suhjecl lo severe spells ct of it I jver, and have been in the haH'" fn,m ,s to ao grams of calomel, men iTT" V me up lor three or four days. Lately 1 l:il ing Simmons Liver Regulator .which ". lief, vitAoxt aNy interrupt ? as J. it. Zeilin & Co., Philadelphia uEGULli