The Corvallis gazette., August 03, 1894, Image 3

f 1IK COHVAtAAS (iAZKtfK, FftlDAY, AUGUST 3, iS$i.
THE SITUATION KEYIEWED
Judge Denny on the Dispute
Between China, Japan
and Corea.
Hon. O. N. Denny, state senator for
Multnomah county, is one who has
Iiad peculiar and excellent advantages
for knowledge of tlie grounds of dis
pute bettfCen China, Japan and Corea.
H, 5nPt.wPlv, vrs-in the Orient.
-
one lulf the time iri the diplomatic
service of the United States in China,
the remainder in the service of the
king of Corea, as his confidential agent
arid adviser at his capital. No one
knows better the condition of alTaiis
In Corea, or the relations between
Corea and her neighbors. Yesterday '
Judge Denny came home from his
farm iu Yamhill county, where he had
been attending to his harvest during
the week. Called upon by a represen
tative of the Oregonian he made the
following statement!
"With some of the Oregonian's
Comments on the Coreaii trouble I
quite" agree, but as to others I take a
different view.. As you say, it is a pity
that this country lias no permanent
diplomatic service where men are tlior
Oughly trained Hnd equipped to round
Off bharp points in diplomatic contro
versy wliit'h otherwise often lead to
fctraiiied relations, or humiliation in
Order to avoid them. Had there been
6uch a service perhaps the people of
(his country would not have recently
witnessed th; revocation of the ooin-
fnission of a duly appointed and ac
credited plenipotentiary of this gov-
frmrient to the court of IVking, sim
ply because the Chinese under British
direction regarded the appointee as
persona non grata, for having had the
Courage, while alienator in congress, to
txprcss his candid opinion upon a
great international question of vital in
terest to his own country. Then, too.
such a service might have saved the
people of this government a little later
on the humiliation of seeing the law ol
Congress, restricting the coming ol
Chinese coolies to this country, set at
defiance by the China government in
pursuance of British advice, supple
mented by the lawyers of the Six Com
panics in New York city. And now
it seems we have the third exhibition
of Chinese domination of the state
department "with, the aid of her British
ally, in what appears to be an attempt
On the part of that department to in
terfere in a treaty dispute between the
-Japanese and Chinese governments,
which not only does not concern the
United States, but is couched in such
taw and undiplomatic language as to
Cause strained relations between Japan
and ourselves, or an apology on the
part of the latter to avoid them. This
impertinence on the part of China isj
becoming too monotononsly frequent
to be in keeping with the dignity and
liigh standing of a republican govern
ment like that of the United States
and it ought to be stopped.- Japan is
certainly one of the most courageous,
prosperous and progressive countries
In Hia Orient rnrtiHlu niiTii-nnrhiiicr n
republican basis, always dignifying its
intercourse with Western nations with
candid and eo'OrteCMs treacmclit. Ei
pecially is this true in her relations
with the United States, and now to be
repaid by what appears to be an at
tempted interference in a dispute
wherein the Japanese are in the right,
sl shall attempt to show, simply be
cause the Chinese demand it, is cer
tainly too much for that government to
pass over unrebuked.
"You say 'it appears that Mr. Ores--lham
was induced to send his bullying
message to Japan by the English and
Chinese ministers, both of these na
tions being interested in maintaining
the present government of Corea,
which, indeed for 200 years has been a
-vassal state of China.' Herein is to
be found the key to the whole diffi
culty, viz : the. vassalage dogma set
up by China in the year 1885 through
the Chinese minister to Corea, backed
by the commands of the British gov
ernment, the originator of the plan,
the idea being that if China can main
tain vassalage oyer Corea, it would be
the easiest way for the British to check
the southern advance of Russia'.- In
the brief or pamphlet 1 prepared and
published in 1889, while adviser to
the king and director of foreign affairs,
on the historical and international re
lation of China1 and Corea, I pointed
out, I think to the satisfaction of every
power having treaties with Corea and
representation at Seoul except the Chi
nese and British, that Corea, measured
by those rules of international juris
prudence which have governed West
ern or civilized nations so long and
well, is just as sovereign and indepen
dent as China herself; that in the light
of thos investigations ' no treaty or
Vassalage, either by agreement or con
quest, was ever established with or
ev Corea. The only treaty made bj
Corea with Cliiiia, except the one of
friendshipj commerce and navigation
made in 1884, within the last 258
years, is a tributary one, the same un
der which Corea now annually sends
tribute to the Peking court, and which
was established in the most anomalous
way. Originally it was not a treat
with China at all; it Las only become
so by ancient custom, "fliis treaty
was made in 163G with a Miinchu
prince who was in open rebellion
1 aa,nsl Me ium- ay"y. nie most
. . i v 3 .1
I I .1. y- I . . , I
IJoIuiar one me imiiese ever nan
Tins prince and general was also wag
ing war aero: the Corean bordei, loot
ing fit-Ids and homes, and the king, in
order to free his people from these
raids, promised not to take any further
part in the controversy and as an earn
est of faith agreed to send annually to
the Manchu rebel certain tribute.
which was faithfully done for the eight
years of warfare which followed, when
the Manchus, in 1644, overthrew the
Mings, Hiid have continued to admin
ister the government down to the pres
ent time.
Though this tributary treaty was
made with a rebellious leader, the
kings of Corea have kept this tributary
pledge, perhaps because the traitor be
cune a patriot by becoming the hea1
f the government. Tlie mistaken
notion of Corea 's v.-issnlage has grown
out of the fact that most people re
gard tributary and vassal as synony
mous terms; whereas all writers on in
ternational jurisprudence make the
broadest possible "listincion, assigning
o vassal states the sa.ne relation to the
suzerain slate that t!ie siave holds to
the master, while to the tributary stale
is assigned all the elements of sover
eignty with reference to internal and
external affairs that the superior slate
possesses. The vassal derives abso
lutely no authority except from the
suzerain, while the stnct obligations of
trihiitai-y stales are discharged when
the tribute is paid. If tributary rela
tions constitute vassalage then Great
Britain is the vassal of China by rea
son of the tribute she pays the Chinese
vernnient for account of Burmah.
So also were the European states
vassals of the B .rbary states by reason j
of the tribute they paid those states to J
keep their black pirates from molesting I
their commerce. I might mention J
other simil .r instances, but these are
sufficient. The unerring test, however, !
of a state's sovereignty and independ
ent character is its right to negotiate,
to conclude treaties of friendship, nav
igation ami commerce, to exchange
putiic ministers, to declare war or
peace with other sovereign and inde
pendent powers. These are rights
and conditions consistent with sover-
eignty which, when possessed by a ;
state, place it in the great family of in-,
dependent nations, while states which j
do not p Assess such powers must be j
ranKea as semi-inuependent or vassal,!
according to the terms or the agree
ment. Corea has in the nast exercised
a
nd is now exercising all the functions
of a sovereign and independent state.
In 1876 Corea in her sovereign ca-L
pacity concluded a treaty of frierdship,
navigation and commerce with Japan,
without contention on the part of
China on the score of vassalage. Six
years later, or M ly 22, 1882, the
American tieatv was signed at Che
mulpo (Jensen). It is true that the
preliminary discussions over the pro
visions of this treaty Viceroy Li, who
had been requested by the king to aid
in its formation, brought up for dis
cussion the subject of vassalage. Two
diafts were submitted to that conven
tion, one by the viceroy and the other
by the American envoy. The fir.it
clause iu the viceroy's diaft was for
the recognition of vassal or dependent
relations between China aud Corea,
which the agent of the United States
declined to consiner or even discuss
further than to say that, as his mission
was to make z treaty with an inde
pendent state, such a treaty he would
have or none at all. Notwithstanding
this, the viceroy urged the adoption of
the dependent clause to a point beyond
which he could not go without break
ing off negotiations, when he yielded,
but thereafter in all the treaty conven
tions which followed not one word was
heard from China on the subject of vas
salage. Neither was it mentioned in
1883, when the treaties were concluded
with Great Britain and Germany, nor
in 1884, when those with Russia and
Italy were made. In 1886 when the
treaty with France was concluded, I
was one of the king's negotiators, and
in all the discussions which followed
the subject of vassalage was not men
tioned or even thought of so far as I
know. Not only were all these treat
ies made with Corea on the basis of
a sovereign state, but each treaty con
vention pledged its government to the
preservation of Corean autonomy, and
that in the event of any nation acting
unjustly with Corea to lend their good
office or assistance in righting the
wrong, X et not one word was ever
heard from China afctotit Vassalage.
"In 1883 Great Britain and Ger
many concluded treaties with Corea,
and the subject of vassalage was never
mentioned. Russia and Italy in 1884,
Fiance in 1886, concluded treaties
also. In the latter convention I was
one of the plenipotentiaries for the
king, and in all the discussions the
subject of vassalage never was men
tioned, or even thought of, so far as 1
know. I do know, however, that
since China has undertaken openly to
enforce her vassalage scheme, the
rights, privileges and concessions guar
anteed by Corea in her treaties with
Japan and western powers have been
greatly encroached upon and abridged,
.simply because the Corean govern
ment is bullied into it by threats' of
war and general intimidation influence
from the Chinese.
"As China claims to be the sover
eign of Corea, she now undertakes to
abolish or render nugatory the solemn.
stipulations of all the Corean treaties,
and that is what Japan is resenting by
her invading armies, as she intends to
compel the Coreans to keep the faith
already pledged. While I was m tin
service of the king of Corea there was
hardly a wcek passed that the Japan
ese minister did not call my attention
to clear violations of the treaties, dw
rectly traceable to the intimidating in
nuence of the Cmnese minister to
Corea, and on numerous occasions did
I lend my personal and official efforts
to smoothing down the irritation be
tween the two governments from this
cause. On the occasion of my last
visit to the great viceroy at T;eu Tain,
I pointed out with all the earnestness
I conlJ command the certain serious
trouble which would come to Corea as
well as his own government, if this
recent pohcy of absorption of the lit
tle country was persisted in hy the
Peking government: that th-j conces
sions made in the Corean treaties
would not le surrendered by the
treaty powers, especially by Ja,au, ex
cept at the point of the bayonet; and
now as the conflict appears to be on
iu earnest, I am not at all surprised, as
I knew it must come. Tiier are two
i)ai.tjes m Corea, as there re in China
an, Ja!mn: one the brigade of corruot
()lfi;.ias who illft.st the king's c iurt, f'-o
COward!y to resent insult to their kin.
llI1(i wlo .,re entirely without loyalty to
Lis niajwrj or devoJon to their un
try, the same who packed their effects
ready lor flight to t!i mountains at
the first intimation of the defeat of
the government forces in a mere pre
liminary skirmish, ready to abandon the
king to the tender met cies of the op
position; the other party, and the one
auoiiorting the Japanese, are the nro
j,,.esi,ive Coreans, who are making war
n ,ie corruptionists, but who are
oy:li to the Mn,,f because they believe,
as t believe, him to lie a loval and
t,.i;)tio ,.uler Tl,j, t aso i,e.
lieves Corea to be just as sovereign
and independent in law and fact us
Ciiina or any other c iuutry.
While the Chinese are a great
people, with wonderful business ca
pacity and energy, yet they lack the
patriotism nd esprit du corps which
the Japanese possess, which makes tlie
latter better soldiers, and wrt-h their
absence of fear of death, and the aid
of their short two-edged sword i, in
the contest which seems a' ready on,
they will leave many a battlefield
strewn with the bodies of their ene
mies. In a long contest, however,
the odds are against J ipan, as she is
not only a sm ill country, but finan
cially weak, while China literally
swarms with her hundreds Of millions
of people. Besides she has no
national debt to speak of, and she can
raise ample means with which to carry
on the war.
"As to Russia: and France, neither
is prepared just now to enter the con
test, although there is a deternfiriaiion
on the part of both these states not to
permit China to render nugatory
through her. vassalage notions the pro
visions with Corea.
"Neither do I believe that Russia
now has the slightest idea of encroach
ing upon the Corean peninsula. In
1860 Russia took from China a strip
of territory down, to the" Amoor, in
cluding the Usnri river, and on to the
Tumen river, which now forms the
boundary for 40 or 50 miles between
Russia and Corea, and which includes
the fine harbors of tlie Pbssiette, 60
miles north of the Tumen, and which
is open the year around, as well as the
harbor of Vladivostock,- further
north and now the base of Russian
operations on the Pacific. These har
bors give Russia all the facilities she
needs, without further encroachment
upon either CBina or Corea, and at
the same time relieves her from the
responsibility of . defending the 1500
miles of Corean coast, 600 miles of
which are next to China, on the gulf
of Pichili which, with a war on her
hands, Russia could not defend, while
in times of peace the coast would need-
no defense at her hands. What Rus
sia may do when her great Siberian
railway is completed, no one can tell,
not even Russia herself.
"As Corea is regarded the keystone
to the political arch in the East, the
outcome of the present complications
will be watched with deep interest and
in some quarters with intense anxiety.-'
But whatever the result between China
and Japan, poor little Corea is to be
pitied. B ing the battle ground, her
people will be plundered, robbed aud
murdered, whi'e the country will be
laid Waste, the government bank
rupted, if not entirely wiped Out of ex
istence. The king, being loyal to his
people, as well as soberj industrious
and progressive, is constantly seeking
informat on which will aid him in
directing his subjects into those paths
which lead to the higher plane of
civilization which h?ve done so much
to humanize and Christianize the
Western world efforts which are a
source of constant irritation to the
Chinese. While in the service of the
king of Corea I discovered and exposed
two plots of the Chinese" minister
which had for their object the over
throw and desii uction of the king.
The Japanese well understood the de
sire of the Chinese to get rid of all
government in Corea, and if there is
truth ill the dispatch that they have
oanied the kirjr off to Jupan, it is for
the purpose of having a live king to
restore t- the throne after the war is
over, if there is a throne left."
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CONNECTING WITH
STEAMER 'HOMER
BETWEEN
YAQUINA and SAN FRANCISCO
Stoampr leaves Sun Fmncisco March 26th,
and aliout i-very todays then-utter.
Leave? Yaquina March 31st, and about
every ten days thereafter.
RrgliU reserved to change sailing dates
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For freight and passenger rates npply to
any agent. CHAS. CI AKK, Keceiver,
Coi vallis, Oregon.
EAST and SOUTH
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THE SHASTA ROUTE
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Express Trains Leave Portland Daily.
801'TH. NOKTU.
Lv Portland . . .6:15 p. m. J Lv Pun Frisco 7:.V pm
Lv Albany 10:2:5 p. ui'Lv Allianj' .4:23 am
Ar Nan l'risi:o lU.4"a.m. I Ar Portland 8:20 air
Above trains stn'at alKtJiti. ns fr'm Portland to
Albanv ir.t-lumve, , Halsey, Harri -
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Roselmrg Mail Daily.
Lv Portland 8:30 a.m.
Lv Albany 12:45 p. m
Ar lloseuurs 5:5U p ni
I Lv lioi-tburg.. .7:00 a. m
I Lv Allany 12:30 p. m
Ar Portland 4:3U p.
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8:'0 a m. ..Lv. . . Albany Ar. ..3:25 p n:
9:00 a m. . Ar. . .Ltl.inn . ..Lv. . .2:39 p m
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Corvallis 12:15 p. m
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In 1857.-
I'KOPrilETOR.-
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